COMM 2110 Exam #2 Review Questions

Credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speakers. A speaker's credibility is affected by two primary factor-- competence and character.

What is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audience's perception of speaker's credibility?

Make sure your goals are ethically sound, be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language, and put ethical principles into practice at all times

What are five guidelines for ethical speech making discussed in this chapter?

Personal appearance, movement, gestures, eye contact

What are four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?

Use language accurately, clearly, vividly, appropriately

What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?

Reading verbatim from a manuscript, reciting a memorized text, speaking impromptu, speaking extemporaneously

What are four methods of speech delivery?

Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and make clear point of the evidence.

What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?

Speeches about objects, processes, events, and concepts. *To inform my audience about ____

What are four types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? Give an example of a good specific purpose statement for each type.

Questions of fact is a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. The aim of an informative speech is to give information as impartially as possible not to argue a particular point of view. For example: trying to persuade your audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above on the Richter scale will hit California within the next ten years.

What are questions of fact? How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact.

Questions of policy is a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken. For example: to persuade my audience to give time to big brothers or big sisters.

What are questions of policy? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of value.

Questions of value is a question about the worth rightness morality and so forth of an idea or action. For example: to persuade your audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation.

What are questions of value? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of value?

Volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variation, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect

What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?

Speaking intelligibly, avoiding distracting mannerisms, establishing eye contact with your listeners

What are the elements of good speech delivery?

Commit yourself to goals of the group, fulfill Individual assignments, avoid interpersonal conflicts, encourage full participation, keep discussion on track

What are the five major responsibilities of every participant in a small group?

Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action

What are the five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence? Why is the motivated sequence especially useful in speeches that seek immediate action from listeners?

Go through preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse, prepare your speaking outline, practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline, now begin to polish and refine your delivery, give speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class

What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?

No specific (Equal influence), implied (rank, expertise), emergent (Comes up during meeting), designated (Elected or appointed), The three needs: procedural "Housekeeping", task "Substantive", maintenance "Interpersonal relations"

What are the four kinds of leadership that may occur in a small group? Explain the three kinds of needs fulfilled by leadership in a small group.

People find a speaker's message more interesting, grasp it more easily, and retain it longer. It can enhance every aspect of a speech. A speaker will come across as being well prepared, more credible, and more professional. it can help a speaker combat stage fright. heighten audience interest, shift attention from speaker.

What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?

Define the problem (1. phrase into a question; 2. make answers open ended), analyze the problem (1. How severe is the problem; 2. what are the causes), establish criteria for solutions (1. Establish standards of fixing problem), generate potential solutions (1. Brainstorming; 2. Piggyback), selecting the best solution (Reach a consensus)

What are the stages of the reflective-thinking method? Explain the major tasks of a group at each stage.

Hasty generalization, false analogy, false cause, false authority, false dilemma, ad hominem, slippery slope, red herring, and appeal to tradition.

What are the ten logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

Three basic issues you must address on questions of policy are need, plan, and practicality. The amount of attention you give to each of these issues will depend on the topic and audience.

What are the three basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy? What will determine the amount of attention you give to each of these issues in any particular speech?

The three major traits are brevity, humility, and graciousness.

What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?

Oral report, symposium, and panel discussion

What are the three methods for presenting orally the recommendations of a problem-solving group?

Description, Comparison and Contrast

What are the three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?

Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speech, build enthusiasm for the speakers topic, establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speakers credibility, be brief make sure remarks are completely accurate adapt remarks to occasion adapt remarks to the main speaker adopt remarks to the audience try to create a sense of anticipation and drama.

What are the three purposes of a speech of introduction? What guidelines should you follow in preparing such a speech?

Listen courteously and attentively, avoid prejudging the speaker, support the free and open expressions of ideas

What are three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

Use familiar words, choose concrete words, eliminate verbal clutter

What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?

Speakers can enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

Imagery, rhythm

What are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language?

As they listen audience members assess the speaker's credibility delivery supporting materials and language. They may argue inside their own minds with the speaker. When preparing the speech speakers try to put themselves in the place of the audience and imagine how they will respond.

What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech? What implications does this mental give and take hold for persuasive speaking?

They need to enlighten their audience and entertain. Dramatize into human words.

What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?

Appropriate to the occasion, appropriate to the audience, appropriate to the topic, appropriate to the speaker

What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speeches?

Pluses and minus of PowerPoint and planning to use PowerPoint.

What factors should you consider when planning to use PowerPoint in a speech?

The four methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy: problem solution order, problem cause solution order, comparative advantages order, and Monroe's motivated sequence.

What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

Prepare visual aids well in advance; Keep visual aids simple; Make sure visual aids are large enough; Use a limited amount of text; Use fonts effectively; Use color effectively; Use images strategically

What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?

Display visual aids where listeners can see them; Avoid passing visual aids among the audience; Display visual aids only while discussing them; Explain visual aids clearly and concisely; Talk to your audience, not to your visual aid; Practice with your visual aids.

What guidelines are given in the chapter for presenting visual aids?

A small group is from 3-8/12 and it's important that the group allows free discussion among all members. All participants must be speakers and listeners. A problem-solving group is to solve problems.

What is a small group? What is a problem-solving small group?

Analogical reasoning compares two similar cases to draw the conclusion that what is true in once case will also be true in the other. When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere. You may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in like circumstance.

What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. The fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second.

What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

The goal of a persuasive agreement is to convince the audience without encouraging the audience to take action.

Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy.

Gives meaning to events

How does language help create our sense of reality?

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. A strong sense of ethical responsibility is important because public speaking is power.

What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

Evidence consist of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something. Careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is particularly important when the speak is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when the target audience opposes the speaker's point of view.

What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

Incremental plagiarism is failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people. Two ways to prevent this is to distinguish notes from direct quotes, paraphrased material, and your own comments, and when in doubt, cite your source.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrases?

Nonverbal communication: communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?

Reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion. It is the exact opposite of reasoning from specific instance.

What is reasoning from principle? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

Reasoning from specific instances involve processing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. Because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistic.

What is reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

An informative speech is designed to convey knowledge and understanding whereas persuasive speeches often deal with controversial topics that involved basic attitudes values and beliefs some listeners are so committed to their own ideas that they cannot be persuaded to the speaker's point of view

What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech? Why is speaking to persuade ore challenging than speaking to inform?

Denotative: literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase. Connotative: the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning? How might you use each to convey your message most effectively?

Global plagiarism is stealing speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own Patchwork plagiarism- stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own. The best way to avoid these is by not putting off your speech until the last minute.

What is the difference between global and patchwork plagiarism? What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

The fundamental purpose is not to inform listeners but to inspire them to arouse of heighten their appreciation of or admiration for the person institution or idea you are praising a commemorative speech should inspire the audience and its success will depend largely on how well you put into language the thoughts and feelings appropriate for the occasion.

What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?

The main purpose of a speech of presentation is to tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award. Depending on the audience and occasion you may also need to briefly explain the award and if the audience knows who the losers are take a moment to praise the losers.

What is the main theme of a speech presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what two other themes might you include in such a speech?

Emotional appeal are intended to make listeners feel sad, angry, guilty, fearful, reverence, or the like. Use emotionally charged language, vivid examples, speak with sincerity and conviction

What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches.

The target audience is the part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his or her messages.

What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?

Objects and Models; Photographs and drawings; Graphs; Charts; Video; The speaker; PowerPoint

What kinds of visual aids might you use in a speech?

Keep them interested. Use personal terms such as "you" and "your"

What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

Preparing: formulate answers to possible questions, practice the delivery of your answers during, approach question with a positive attitude, listen carefully, direct answers to the entire audience, be honest and straightforward, and stay on track.

What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and- answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?

Subject Matter and Language

What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?

USA is a very diverse place, so our speech should be respectful to the different groups. Avoid the generic "He", avoid the use of "man" when referring to both men and women, avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender, use names that groups use to identify themselves.

Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What four languages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?

You are more likely to be successful if you creatively construct your information.

Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?

You will end up being misunderstood. Define the topic to give your audience basic knowledge.

Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?