COMM 3302 Module 2 Exam

What is a metaphor?

- Expressing something in terms of something else

How does genre criticism address one of the limitations of neo-Aristotelian criticism?

- a limitation of neo-ari: you can't group more than one speech at a time ex. Robert Kennedy eulogy on MLK and Barb. Jordan: if you compare both, you can, it interesting to think of them as individual and think of them as representation of genre of eulogy. - to look at them in a similar way within that genre. --- Ari was 1st ancient greek to think about rhetoric belonging in groups... he talks about 3 rhetorical categories and we have a lot of categories today... ari divided by time.

What is a genre?

A category or group

What conclusions does O'Brien draw about these metaphors?

We see metaphor in other debates; they had same effect with hittler using persuasive

What pathos appeals did Richard Nixon develop in "My Side of the Story?"

You might recall that Richard Nixon in "My Side of the Story" talked about his service in the military. This established his ethos, but it also served as a pathos appeal where he was trying to connect to his audience's patriotism.

How much causality can we attribute to a speech?

+ we must be careful how much causality we attribute to a speech or other persuasive text :as doing this we need to be careful ... ppl lobe it and I am up in poles and I win prez, it is great and speech was a strong factor in my campaign. That are speech was so good that it persuades undecided ppl to vote for me. But if it is rare to hear a speech have much impact. When talking about effects of speech/text we need to be mindful that the speech is very powerful and can talk about it and achieve their goal, but we want to be careful to not attribute too much to power of the text

What is the classical view of metaphor?

- A metaphor is embellishment or decoration "when talking about ppl like ari, he believed meta was important bc he believed that was the case made things prettier. Ex of gift box: a metaphor is a gift box and ideas go inside and the metaphor makes box look pretty. You had ideas, thoughts about what to say and picked out pretty metaphors or vivid ones so ppl remembered and dressed up ideas in box, but as ppl have progresses the modern view of meta ...

What is the apologia strategy of transcendence? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of this strategy.

- Admitting the act and associating it with a higher goal or purpose. " where someone admits to act and will do it again bc they are associating it with a higher goal or purpose. - Diff from differentiation bc they are trying to get you to view act differently. With transcendence, the rhetor is saying yes, I will do it again and the reason bc of this and I will do it again = very chapokegotc strategy of Apologia. Ex, Le Mes, character stole bread, and did it to deed sister's child and will do it again to steal again bc he admitted ti a higher goal or purpose.

What is language?

- An organized, arbitrary, agreed upon system of symbols "when we say lang is organized, we mean we have rules on how to use lang and if you have qs in about when a symbol within a language means or how to put together in order to understand, look up word in dictionary or certain grammatical rules, language is also agreed upon =Ex. of Burrnette recorded zoom on desk, we all know what a desk and if she recorded in a different lang, those speakers of spanish language may agree on a symbol representing a surface you can work on. You agree on diff. symbols to represent concept. - Calling arbitrary lang = is represented with desk example: my calling a desk a desk doesn't change the nature of the desk, it is just ppl of language agreed on the symbol that should be used. You can call it anything and it wouldn't change nature of object. If everyone agreed with Burnette calling desk a lawnmower = changing symbols we would be able to understand bc we could use language and understand it by agreeing to the change.

What are similarities and differences within the eulogies delivered by Robert Kennedy and Ann Richards?

- Ann Richards was more personal, in the way that she was a good friend of Barbara and she was able to display jokes and showcase her personality in the speech. - Robert had to be cautious to not be too personal or very emotional because of the the killing being done by a white man.

What are the two types of logos appeals?

- Deductive Argument: This is arguing from a large truth or premise to a specific case or example ex. "if I said it is wrong, my language truth pr premise is that is is wrong to take one's life, murder of c.p., she applies a large truth and say, "bc we knew it is wrong to take another person's life " in this instance it is wrong to take this persons life. So this lang truth/general premise and apply to - Inductive Argument: This is arguing from a specific examples or instances to a larger claim., - Arguments built upon examples or case studies are inductive. case studies and ex. you are probably making inductive argument. ec. of Burnette and reality TV show and not wanting to watch it again.

What is the apologia strategy of denial? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of this strategy.

- Dissolving the act "if it is true and no evidence can be concluded= good way of dealing with accusations" - Denying the intent of wrong "for instance, if you pull out of a parking space and hit them on accident, you say "it was not my intent" - Denying the wrongness of the act "yea i did it and I meant it but it is not wrong" - Denial is effective as long as it is plausible "any strategy of denial is effective as long as plausible, if you can deny intent to do wrong or wrongness of the act it is plausible and no one can prove otherwise then denial can be effective. But with evidence it can be ruined. Ex of Nizon checker speech- accused of collecting money from people and using it as a political ability. He says I did and it was wrong. He talks about disturbing a person political speech or materials, Should tax payers pay for it? No they shouldn't why I have a separate fund and is transparent about it and persuades audience by saying it was a good thing to do.

What is the apologia strategy of bolstering? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of this strategy.

- Emphasizing a positive relationship between the speaker and something the audience values " ex. a thing the audience can value: a person, accomplishment, fam, values themselves. Ex.2: Nixon spoke about military service, fight against communism, marriage problems, family store = attempts at bolstering. Things the audience valued and Nixon tried to remind and emphasized that he had positive relationship with fam values and what the audience believed. - Camera on Wife: good example of bolstering. Having wife with him, while apologia is made, ppl think it was not as bad bc his wife is behind and I think it is a good thing bc a wife is standing or supporting each other. Bolstering is something you can always do and whatever strategy of apologia rhetor chooses can always have bolstering.

Be able to provide examples of and identify ethos, pathos, and logos appeals.

- Ethos: An ethos appeal Nixon made is how he established himself to be a good person, who is a humble man because he put himself through college and law school. "The only reason we were able to make it go was because my mother and dad had five boys, and we all worked in the store. I worked my way through college, and, to a great extent, through law school." - Pathos: A pathos appeal that Nixon is making is that he is trying to make himself seem like the typical American man who struggles through life like, which makes him seem more personal. In a sense that even though he was a man in position, he is still a normal American like them. "We had a rather difficult time after we were married, like so many of the young couples who might be listening to us." - Logos: A logos appeal Nixon makes is that he had his audit report done by a prestigious and one of the best law firms in the state of California. By having the best law firm do the needed financial confirmations, he is showing the public that he is using a credible source. "It is an audit made by Price Waterhouse & Co. firm, and the legal opinion by Gibson, Dunn, & Crutcher, lawyers in Los Angeles, the biggest law firm, and incidentally, one of the best ones in Los Angeles."

What is the apologia strategy of differentiation? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of this strategy.

- Getting the audience to view the act in a new and different context ' Ex, Lance Armstrong, once he admitted to years of denying and it was proven, once it was not plausible, had a bad impact on how ppl felt about him. So he moved to differentiation. "I used to stay with the opponent, to level the playing field bc all top riders used some days and if he didn't = an unreasonable competitive disadvantage. - ppl thought it did and didn't work. He denied and later admitted that he was just trying to be competitive.

How can metaphor frame or constitute our reality? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of this.

- How do we view the roommate through the vehicle of "Pig": once you said that roommate is a pig, she is constituting this reality, getting audience to view roommate different through the vehicle as a pig or frame. This may mean different things depending on the context or what the audience brings to this metaphor. She could mean being really messy or selfish for eating my food. There are different ways to express vehicle of the pig. But by one mention roommate as a pig, not a colorful meaning but meaning or saying them in a way of framing the reality and giving audience a specific image to use to think about my roommate.

What are six sources of archetypal metaphors?

- Light/dark: "all of us have experienced of light v. dark and most of us have a sensation of light v dark. light we hear it in our lang. bc we talk about connote education or understanding darkness = ignorance of fear" - Heat/cold: "living in a summer in Texas, the "refreshing breeze of autumn" "a sense of light = speaking metaphor bc they have the experience of living through a TX summer" - Seasons: "most of us have experienced watching the cycle of seasons. The reemergence of spring like a renewal and rebirth" - Birth/death - Illness/healing: "most of us have had the fundamental experience of being sick and getting better" - Part of the body: "I felt it in my heart, but in my head I knew I couldn't make a decision, not speaking literally, but head and heart represent not speaking literally, but head and heart represent certain kinds of feelings "all hands on deck.... our hands and heads have come to represent different ways of solving a problem"

What is genre or generic criticism?

- Means something and terms can be used interchangeably "seeks to discover the commonalities in rhetorical patterns across recurring situations (Sonja Foss)

What is the tenor and vehicle of a metaphor used by Martin Luther King in "I Have a Dream?"

- Tenor: equality - Vehicle: check - My example: tenor: injustice/ vehicle: sweltering

What are situational requirements of a genre?

- The perception that conditions in a situation call forth a particular kind of response. "we talked about eulogy asa genre and Kennedy speech is a good ex. of genre that is established through situational requirement. - Certain things to do and not to do at eulogy ex. ppl speaking highly of the person, talk about or good qualities, and talk often about a faith tradition and explain why ppl die in hopes to cope with ppl left. 2. Substantive requirements: features of the rhetoric itself. ex of humor, Wanda Sikes and Chris Rock- the way that we know if they are funny is if what they are saying is funny. If they say things that are funny you say yea that is humor" or in a movie you can also recognize a genre if humor is happening in a different kind of comedy. So unlike situation requirement, a certain kind of situation calls forth a response, with a substantive genre like humor, you can recognize humor regardless of context when it happens bc it is funny. - same is for fear appeal, we can see t in a variety of context not just one condition that calls for the fear appeal.

Will a rhetor's goal(s) for their speech be implicit or explicit in the speech?

- There may be more than one goal - There may be explicit (stated) or implicit 1."sometimes a speaker may have one goal or multiple" 2. "sometimes goals are explicit.

What is apologia?

- To account or defend oneself against accusations of wrongdoing. "easy to recognize: apology but it can mean never saying you are sorry" ex if a person is accused saying/doing bad, that person needs to engage in apologia to clarify or meet accusations/address,

What is the modern view of metaphor?

- We constitute our reality through our use of symbols - Metaphor is viewed as a major means of constituting reality - We make arguments through metaphor - we "fight" disease -- battles can be "won" -- diseases can be "won" -- patients are "warriors" -- implications for those who "lose"? "we don't just pick a metaphor bc it is pretty or memorable, it may be these things we are expressing our ideas in a certain way we are going to be expressing our reality and have our audience hear a certain reality bc the metaphor we choose. " "c.: If I say my life is a soap opera, a metaphor is clear bc life is not literally but expressing life as soap opera, as an audience, they will have a certain perception of life, might mean that to the audience, burnnete is dramatic and unforeseen events, things are crazy... if she says that she might mean she is really busy but choosing this way of metaphor = she is constituting her reality a certain way... and audience hears it a certain way, it is dramatic/ unrealistic in certain ways" "c.3" When we think about metaphors, they are not just boxes or embellishments, they are arguments "c.5: a common argument we see is "fight disease" ex. fighting a disease is used for cancer. Implications on how we see this person and experience of their cancer. fighting = battle metaphor and can be won or lost." "c.6: When we say someone is fighting a disease we are implying disease can be conquered "c.7: and we are also implying 'def" we see the language "warrior against the disease" and ppl find power/energy in this metaphor bc they are not literal warriors, but what we mean bu framing this was is that they are doing important work and bringing a lot of energy and weapons to a situation they can win. = warrior fighting disease" "C.8: but what about the implications on the other side... what does it mean to one who lost: does it mean lost, or didn't fight, suffering hard... a battle/fight meta caries this illustration of notion making an argument through metaphor. We are not saying this person is fighting a disease and hope to recover, if we say this person is fighting/warrior against disease- an argument can be made about how the person is approaching the disease.

What are the two types of effects of a speech that critics can evaluate?

- What were the immediate effects of the speech? - Can we know the long-term effects of the speech? - What can we conclude about whether the speaker reached her or his goal for the speech? "A.1: If I was prez and gave a inaugural speech, did ppl seem unified/did I have a high approval rating? What can we say happened after my speech?" "A.2: Sometimes if we analyze a text that happened years ago we can talk about.... def... if you are talking about a speech from a year ago, you may nit know the long term effects yet with a speech with ears, you have more tow work with. ex of Araron burn from hamilton. He mad a good speech to the senate finishing his last term and had ppl thinking he could run for prez tomorrow and win = strong positive immediate effect. We don't talk much about him bc he was in a dwell with Hamilton and now we don't see him as a statesman who went to study and emulate: long term effect = very diminished and don't talk about it now. Vice versa can happen whether people go back at speeches who immediate effects were muted but generations later you can look back and say it was good. sometimes the long term and immediate effects of a speech are consistent and inconsistent. "A.3: when talking about this we need to come back to what was the speakers goals and what we cab conclude about where they reached their goals"

What are two reasons to engage in generic criticism?

- When we look at genre criticism and situtations that come up and call forth particualr types of rhetric, genre criticism helps us understand social reality. 1. Rhetorical critics can understand social reality and its relationship to rhetoric. "ex of Prez nixon funeral, he dies being the only prez to resign from Prez bc he rather do that than be impeached. Yet, all living and former prez came together for his funeral tells us how these prez and fam is important to show unity and support. Most were against him politically, but they showed bc it shows how important the institution of presidency is. These who spoke at funeral tried to speak about things we could unite behind Nixon. 2. Critics who study genres can see how rhetorical acts influence each other and how rhetoric is shaped by prior rhetoric. " ex of a good friend who got marries and you give a toast, you think of a previous one you saw and think of what you did or didn't like or intent, both cases if you need guidelines to incorporate into own toasting/speech, the previous instances of toasting wedding party will influence you the way you are crafting and delivering your own speech --- What we can learn about genre criticism speech and what it shows us about social reality and relationships to rhetoric genre criticism is a very important and insightful criticism

How does O'Brien discuss the following metaphors in the immigration debate of the early 20th century? a. Organism metaphors b. Object metaphors c. Natural catastrophe and war metaphors d. Animal and subhuman metaphors

- a: the metaphor pf blood, they need blood animals. This group of ppl will affect blood supplies, their blood will dilute other and as organisms we are vulnerable to disease... organism meta may become. - Infection- and disease-related metaphors were very much in keeping with the thinking of immigration restrictionists, and provided a rhetorically picturesque means of sharing these fears publicly. Moreover, immi-grants have always been rightly feared as carriers of disease, and thus the public was conditioned to think of them in such a way. - "An example of the former is the depiction of the immigrant as indigestible food causing digestive pains, while an example of the latter would be the portrayal of the immigrant or the immigrant's home or business as a blight on the neighborhood." -b: "he terms that were used to describe new-comers, however, also fostered the view that such persons were largely impersonalor interchangeable objects. Throughout the primary literature, immigrants were re-38 O'BRIEN peatedly represented as "MATERIAL" whose distinctive characteristic was in theirvalue to the nation as cheap labor." Saying a _ of discourse was "are they good materials" if we feed them into miss machine, will it be different? We need fresh ... the melting pot: "that the congregation ofimmigrants prevented the melting pot from blending them together. Recom-mending that incoming immigrants be distributed throughout the nation, he wrotethat "We have got to take out the lumps or break them up and smooth out the mass" has certain of commonalties that together they become the same substance. c. Invaded: we hear a lot now "what are we gonna do about invasion of war.... it is a war meta when talking about it. Natural catastrophe is using a very destructive concept bc you can't do much in face of the war. In natural catastrophe he is talking about. The natural catastrophe of flood equals how many at once and hard to absorb into economy. them as a surge and war as an invasion of the enemy, you don't expect them D. Cucu birds: rather than build own nest, they take already placed eggs- "push us out of the home we built" = subhuman meta. - I am worried about immigration, about how we talk about issues and debate in policy circles. These meta reinforce fears that they had and assumption of the justifying. - "Animal meta-phors were often used when the particular characteristic of an animal was seem-ingly descriptive of the threat posed by the immigrant group. Foreigners congre-gated in colonies, "like a swarming ball of bees upon a tree branch"" - "The "IMMIGRANT AS ANIMAL OR SUBHUMAN ENTITY" conceptual meta-phor was reinforced by writings that seemed to demonstrate that new immigrants reflected a less evolved state of civilization than "native" Americans and the older immigrant population."

How do King's metaphors, particularly the check metaphor, advance his argument in "I Have a Dream"?

- he makes it an extended metaphor. :to cash a check" - it was something everyday and everyone could relate to it. - he can use universal metaphors: this one is pedestrian and bc it is well known, it is very popular. - It is a metaphor: becoming less resonate - he is reinforcing the idea that justice is owed. Through the declaration of independence, these checks were everyday usage, but when we want to cash in our equality checks, we are getting insufficient funds, our freedom is promised and owed.

What is the vehicle of a metaphor?

- the frame or "something else" through which a rhetor is expressing the primary idea. "let's say for ex. in the case of the pig, the idea or thing trying to express and the vehicles is pig. They are not literal pig, but use frame to tell something about roommate though the metaphor

What is the tenor of a metaphor?

- the subject of a metaphor, the primary idea :so if the meta is expressing something in terms of something else the tenor is the thing you are expressing, what are you trying to get across.... what is the idea?" ex. My roommate is a pig: tenor = roommate

What are pathos appeals?

-Pathos appeals refer to the emotions the rhetor is trying to evoke in the audience, such as fear, hope, excitement, patriotism, etc. You might recall that Richard Nixon in "My Side of the Story" talked about his service in the military. This established his ethos, but it also served as a pathos appeal where he was trying to connect to his audience's patriotism.

According to Nelson, what apologia strategies did Billie Jean King use in her defense?

1. Bolstering: - King appeared with her husband - King and her husband talked of starting a family "1.a: she chose not to deny that she had an affair with woman. Instead she did a lot of Bolstering, she appeared in public with husband in press conference and interviews." 1.b: " she couldn't be of the travel schedule, the audience valued this and they more likely to listen to her and view her more positively." 2. Differentiation: - King (and her husband) talked of the pressure of the tennis tour and of King's travel "she and her husband talked about pressure of tennis and tried to make the relationship with other women as differently, instead of bad and horrendous, i was under certain pressures and was away from home a lot. She was trying to get ppl to view the relationship different.

According to Nelson, what apologia strategies did Billie Jean King's peers use in defense of Billie Jean King?

1. Bolstering: - They reminded people of King's work on behalf of female athletes, male athletes, and women outside of sports. "ex. Chris Evert, came forth and others did bolstering and reminded ppl of all the work she had done for sports for male and female athletes = equal pay and pay for anyone who was a professional athlete. (MLB and NFL pay impossible without King. - Did a lot to promote equality outside of sports. These are the values ppl should use when thinking of King. 2. Differentiation: They made a distinction between public and private behavior. "king also used... in that yes it it very lured and scandalous to heat of having a lesbian affair was super scandalous. But that us with her and her husband and it should not have an impact on the way we think about her as a public figure. She needs to work out her marriage and it is none of the public's business and look at it differently. Think of her aa a public figure. = good example of applying strategy apologia to kings rhetoric and good example of genre criticism.

Be able to define and provide an example of Aristotle's categories of rhetoric (forensic, epideictic, and deliberative).

1. Forensic: Rhetoric concerning the past; legal rhetoric. "easy to remember these days bc of crime shows and programs, we know forensic people are trying to reconstruct the past of environment. Ari says concerning past and clues. ex, of clarence during the scope trial, both sides of a trial are trying to get jury or judge to believe their version of their past. Prosecutor will try to get person convicted of crime. Defense: make argument why person wasn't inclined or had an alibi. 2. Epideictic Rhetoric: Rhetoric concerning the present; ceremonial rhetoric. "Ari called it bc when ppl came together for a gathering, like a funeral-sad, graduation-happy moment what people are doing in the moment is celebrating and remembering the values that bring them together, Whether happy or sad occasion. ex. Ally Stroker winning best actress in 2019 for Oklahoma.When they win award ppl talk about celebrating that moment = epideictic speech. 3. Deliberative Rhetoric: Rhetoric concerning the future; political rhetoric. - Often ppl say it is political rhetoric. ex. of U.S. Congress together = they are deliberating on what laws they want to see pass if we pass this law we will solve the problem, they made deliberate statements.

What are the three types of generic criticism?

1. Genre Description: does a genre exist? "where they do a lot of work to try to establish is a genre exist. they look at examples that they think constitute a genre and making the argument that it is a discovered genre that has never been defined before. ex. tragedy with corporate malfunctions, ex. of gulf of Mexico oil crisis say, companies who apologize for things that happen = corporate apologia 2. Genre Participation: Does a certain artifact belong in an already established genre? "ex. of LBJ giving 1st speech to congress right after prez Kennedy was assassinated it was a eulogy and prez Johnson inaugural speech, they ask if it is more eulogy or inaugural 3. Genre Application: According to an already established genre, how can we evaluate a particular text? "Obama giving state of the union speeches you can look at any state of Union speech, do these other do the same things others do but varies here, goes off in a different direction here bc this Prez does some diff. - we can see, use genre to see how speech fits genre and whether if we speech is strong or weak, ex of genre,,,,

What are the three dimensions of ethos? How did Richard Nixon develop these three dimensions of ethos? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of these dimensions.

1. Good Sense: does the speaker have appropriate knowledge or expertise? "if you listen to Burnnette talk about rhetorical system, yes. But not if she had to have a car convo... audience are always watching this. 2. Good Will: does the speaker have the best interest of the audience in mind? "Big ticket item buying, like a car, they say, :ook at how good this car is," hesitations is bc they want to sell you a car worth more money so they hesitate bc they know the you is a good negative illustration of negative will bc you don't assume the speaker has good will in mind = skepticism 3. Good Moral Character: does the speaker reflect the values of the audience? "interesting bc ari defines less formal character atribute in which the speaker reflects the good values of the audience = good __-- bc different speakers are going to be received by different audiences. ex. during election years, watching prime conventions what you see is ppl like democrats there are some value they ahve in common. Speakers come to speal to them to motivate them to vote for party ticket. The speakers are going to try to represent themselves as reflecting the values of that party. You'll see the differences in values of each party. Ari said it depends on the audience.

What are the three steps of conducting a metaphoric analysis? Be prepared to explain these steps, provide examples, and identify meanings and so what implications in a metaphor.

1. Identify the metaphors - identify the tenors - identify the vehicles " first thing you do is identify the meta and as you are doing it, you have to identify the tenors. Remember it is the idea being expressed and identify vehicle, the language of the rhetor is using the frame tennor and sometimes you'll find both stated and then..." 2. What is the metaphor conveying "then you need to answer what is the meta conveying? and a meta is not just a decorative way to say something... they are making an argument "ex. my roommate is a big pig = colorful lang. and argument. So when looking at text, asl what is the meta conveying?" 3. So what? " so if I said, my roommate is a pig, you can find the meta, identify the tenor, the vehicle, and try to discern from the context what the meta is conveying.... is one saying both? Then the so what question emerges and one says it is not nice to talk about roommate," one thing to say is that is is an effective way to talk about their characteristics.

How does the critic analyze the speech according to the five (or four) canons of rhetoric?

1. Invention: - What were the speaker's ethos appeals? "what were the speakrs appeasl? how did the rhetor present him/herself? When doing a historical context background of rhetor, we are looking for things that can tell us about the rhetor that is saying speech: when looking at the speakers ethos appeals we are looking at what the speaker is doing with the speech. Look at it as historical context: learning about rhetor till they speak and when speaking we look at ethos appeals within the speech. - What were the speaker's pathos appeals? What specific emotions did the speaker try to evoke the audience? - What arguments (logos) did the speaker make? 2. Organization: - How was the speech organized? Did the organization help or hinder the rhetor's goals? How? "was it helpful? help reach goal? 3. Style: - What type of language did the rhetor use? How did this help or hinder the rhetor's goal? "talked about language, what kind? didn't help rhetors achieve goal or did language get in the way?" 4. Delivery: are there any aspects of delivery that affected the success of the speech? "if we can know, we can talk about ancient speech is hard. But last debate we can watch it and if it doesn't have film/recorded, we can find out about delivery of a speech by researching about audience members of those who watched a speech and what they thought and observed. - it is easy to talk about if you can find a video and watch it. But if can't you can find out about ideas going on in the delivery of the speaker. ex: William Jenning Bryan speech "across of sold" 1896 dem national convention, ppl said he was dramatic during delivery.

What are five limitations of neo-Aristotelian criticism?

1. Is effect the best measure of a speech? "alot of ppl became frustrated with it as a premise of neo-aristoleian criticism and aksed "" - hervert spoke on this way in 1925 and decade after ppl were effective but not only want to say about rhetoric. ex Hitller was effective in persuasion but you want to talk about how wrong the ideas were.. neo does not give us a way in how to talk about the bad ideas.... instead ask what were their goals? did rhetor achieve goals? Was rhetor successful? bc of these questions, when talking about Hittler = yes, based on neo-ari criticism he was a successful speaker. Ppl became frustrated bc they wanted to talk more about other things 2. There is a rational bias: are all speeches meant ti be rationally persuasive? " ex think about protest rehtoricL happening decade after 1925, in the 60s and 70s, there were rhetors that understood they persuade not by making rational argument but by shocking ppl, presenting in judgement argument. ex of pic of woman with a sigh saying : I bet she would wear dead dogs" next to the lady with a fur coat we as a society should think why we should allow one kind of fur and another not.... the woman is trying to rationally persuade the audience, not the person. The person with a sign is not rationally attacking her not to wear mink, instead persuade. 3. There us a discursive bias: is all persuasion through words? "discursive assumes persuasion is primarily through words, discursive means that we are looking at words and that is the case. - We are looking at the e,p,l that ari talks about and people are making it without words and speeches. There are times when people make persuasive appeals that are non-verbal/ not discursive. ex of MLK and wife/ children. MLK is in a shirt and hat and other ppl are too, They are making a point about working class that king has children with him = making statement about issues for future generation. To see him dressed this way, they are not discursive bc he is allowing his clothing and it symbolizes things beyond his words of what he is saying, Neo-ari doesn't give us a way to talk about things that are non-discursive 4. Neo- Aristotelian criticism can be mechanical "great method bc it is very ordered. Start with reconstructing context, analyze text according to cannon of metric and analyze effect of speech = a good method of criticism to get into a persuasive text. But once you need many they sound mechanical = frustration 5. Neo- Aristotelian criticism examines one speaker/one speech at a time " going to ex on MLK he was a rhetor who was extremely prolific in his speaking. but you can't get a sense of who king was as a rhetor and persuader to look at one speech and specially sometimes ppl want ti be able to to talk about the arch of a carrear and sometimes ppl like king who have been in the public eye for much of career, his speech had a lot of persuasive materials. We can talk about his rhetoric over the course of career also one rhetor at a time : Neo-ari allows one rhetor at a time. What if we want to look at a movement, where there were more than one rhetor, ex. elizabthe caty santon delivery speech at 1848 Senneca falls speech and was given as a larger mvmt. In this instance, one might want to look at a variety of speakers rather than one at a time and demonstrate silent sentinels are important to nonverbal aspect of persuasion.

What are the three basic parts of a neo-Aristotelian criticism?

1. Reconstructing the context of the speech 2. Analyzing the speech according to the canons of rhetoric 3. Analyzing the effects of the speech

What is the most effective form of a fear appeal?

1. The fear appeal is most effective if the fear is resolved as part of the appeal. "don't just scare ppl and leave them that way." is to introduce fear appeal adn how to resolve the fear: ex. about t.v. commercial and it is about a news worker at the office, why are they looking at me? They are not using right soap social fear will be resolved if they have right soap" date kissing ex. - Yale and ari agree: found it possible to use a fear appeal that is just too strong. Sometimes when we think about how to persuade to use things in our speeches to persuade people is to use things in our speeches to persuade people is "more is better" but the yale people found ... 2. The fear appear is most effective if it is moderate. If the fear appeal is too strong, it can't be resolved and people might reject it, "... if fear is too strong it can't be resolved and instead of motivated by fear, may be scared or reject it. Ex. of Burnnete and Drivers ed

What three characteristics define an archetypal metaphor?

1. They are consistent across time "they are consistent across time -> so the metaphor that were archetypal could be used by William Shakespeare in 16th century and by contemporary american" 2. They are consistent across cultures " one might use in the U.S. might have same understanding in like South America" 3. They are grounded in fundamental human experiences "the reason for consistency across time and culture is bc they are grounded in fundamental human experiences: things most of us have experienced 1st hand"

What are the three basic elements of reconstructing the context of a speech? What questions need to be addressed about these elements?

1. What was the background of the rhetor? "what was this persons experience/level of education. What was the connection to issue they are speaking on? What does the audience know about rhetor before the rhetor begins to speak? 2. What was the occasion for the speech-both the immediate occasion and the long-term history of the occasion and/or issue? "Why us the rhetor giving speech at thus time/environment? influencing this speech. I could talk about the fact that the occasion is the president. Just won the election an was being inaugurated. But every election is going to be different based on the historical issues that influence that campaign. So in occasion of inaugural speech, you talk about what happened in that campaign and why the issues of that campaign were so important during that time," 3. What can we know about the audience/s, including direct and indirect audiences. "Include indirect and direct audiences... the question we need to be asking is as we are reconstructing the context is

Why are archetypal metaphors effective?

1. they are widely understood and can speak to many audiences "bc they are rooted in fundamental human experiences that most people have had experience with. Ppl understand them readily and quickly. 2. They often have a deep resonance. "bc often things we have experienced personally = a deep resonance and explain why we see them across culture and time.

Be prepared to identify archetypal and non-archetypal metaphors.

Archetypal: - "Women have to learn to flex their political muscles" "makes sense if you have an understanding of the body and what i means to flex muscle and to do something that require strength. we understand what this means literally and it is clear she is using it metaphorically. Not talking about women and physical strength, but women should think about political strength and flexing political muscle" - "My greatest political asset, which professional politicians fear is my mouth" "her mouth is archetypal meta bc she is talking about her body/mouth. Most of us have experience with/we understand mouth is apart of out body and most of us know what it means to use words coming out of our mouth as archetypal meta and politicians fear what she would say. Expressing those ideas in terms of human body make it easier/fundamental to understand right away." Non-archetypal: "service is the rent that you pat for room on this earth" "stresses the need to give back and expressing it in terms of notion of rent and how you are renting room on Earth. But not an archetypal meta bc rent is culturally bound and recent. if it is not something you would see in rhetoric or literature going generations back. It is something we would understand differently culturally. Those in U.S. have an understanding of rent and what the exchange is. PPl in other culture may not understand" Which is better?: - It depends on your purpose and your audience "sometimes the archetypal meta is the better more universal sounding way of talking about an idea or try to reach an audience. Sometimes the more culturally or limited historically meta is the effective way in that moment. Ex. of Burnnettee friend needed a reboot: a powerful meta but it is not archetypal. Doesn't make sense before any of us had computers, we had to reboot in order to keep them running effectively. Archetypal meta can be powerful, not necessarily better than other metaphors, but they do have certain qualities that give them a particular resonances with audiences.

What are denotative and connotative meanings of language?

Denotative: literal or dictionary meaning of a word - "Blue": the primary color between green and violent in the visible spectrum "what able is, but if a person is bue, it will look like the pic. They painted ppl blue and point is to celebrate relationship of tourt with sea. - "Cold": having a relatively low temperature Connotative: Any other associations with a word. "not literally meaning blue, "feeling blue" think she is down or sad." C2: "not speaking denotatively, speaking about a way of being - cold = 2 meanings: withdrawn/ curte. or not friendly - I'm feeling blue today - My neighbor was cold to me at the neighborhood party - Meanings are in people, not in words. - meanings are in people, not in words. "bc connotations exist, we must keep in mind :meaning" when burnette says I am able or somebody is my cold, she expects audiences supply the correct connotative meanings. If you spoke to english native language, speaker may not understand the connotative meanings- sometimes words pick up diff connotative meaning in slang and sometimes they out strip the denotative meaning bc lang is an arbitrary system, meanings can change over time as long as ppl agree the meaning can be diff. So they never adhere to words, they are automatically part of words. Meaning one apart of people when giving the meanings to words that we use and hear/read.

How did Aristotle say rhetors should use the forms of proof (ethos, pathos, and logos)?

He said you should use them in balance: it is possible to stress one form of proof inapropriating... ex of ASPA animal commercials = so strong you change the channel

According to Herbert Wichelns, what is literary criticism concerned with?

Literary criticism was "concerned with permanence and beauty." - so if we are assessing plays by Shakespeare or poetry, we would assess that they were great ex of this art form bc they have performance and ppl still perform and read his plays and still consider today. So when talking about literary criticism, we are asking these questions so do we consider them excellent example of art and do they have performance?

What are those metaphors conveying, and what are answers to the "so what?" question about those metaphors?

Meta 1: - What is this meta conveying?: Lincoln does not want Union to come apart., He wants the issue of slavery to be resolved, otherwise the Union will fall - so what: Lincoln uses a metaphor that is easy to visualize and understand Meta 2: - What is this meta conveying? Lincoln is saying that the rep party does not want to change its presidential nominee in the middle of the Civil War - So what?: Lincoln uses a metaphor that is easy to visualize and understand

What are the tenors and vehicles in the metaphors of Abraham Lincoln in the lecture "Metaphoric criticism"?

Meta 1: "a house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved- I do not expect the house to fall-but I do expect it will cease to be divided." - Tenor: the Union - Vehicle: a house - What is this meta conveying?: Lincoln does not want Union to come apart., He wants the issue of slavery to be resolved, otherwise the Union will fall - so what: Lincoln uses a metaphor that is easy to visualize and understand Meta 2: - Tenor: the rep party's nominee for President - Vehicle: a horse - What is this meta conveying? Lincoln is saying that the rep party does not want to change its presidential nominee in the middle of the Civil War - So what?: Lincoln uses a metaphor that is easy to visualize and understand

According to Herbert Wichelns, what is rhetorical criticism concerned with?

Rhetorical criticism was "concerned with effect" - when looking at rhetoric, we need to be thinking different about the questions that we ask... he argues the way we judged wether speech was successful, it did what it was supposes to do is wether or not it did. Ex- Bitzer said rhetoric is pragmatic, it tries to do something and herbert is same, rhetorical criticism concerned with effect and asking ourselves did this persuasive text achieve it's goal?

What are two observations you can make about this metaphor in answer to the "so what?" question?

So what: - yes it is a meta but bc it is everyday, you have to cash it and it is time for the constitution to be enforced. - Stresses the notion of cashing check reinforces economic equality - justice/equality is an everyday expectation - Justice/equality can be distributed within the system

What are stylistic requirements of a genre?

Stylistic (sometimes called "substantive") feature of genre are characteristics of the rhetoric itself. Humor, fear appeals, and so forth can be identified in a variety of speeches regardless of the situations of the speeches.

What are similarities and differences in the situations surrounding Robert Kennedy's eulogy of Martin Luther King and Ann Richards's eulogy of Barbara Jordan?

The situational events of the two speeches showcase that Kennedy had to be formal and accretive to not inspire violence.

What is the strongest type of fear appeal?

The strongest type of fear appeal (and I give a fuller discussion in Lecture 8: Logos, Pathos, and Ethos) is a moderate fear appeal where the fear can be introduced AND resolved in the argument. The strongest fear appeal might not be the most effective if it can't be resolved; the audience might reject the argument instead.

What does it mean to say that the forms of proof are relative to the speaker, the audience, the topic, and the occasion? You may be asked to explain, identify, or provide an example of these factors.

We can't say here are the quaities that are automatically and that makes them a good moral character... Ex. albert einstein: has credibility for physics but there are people with out degrees to contract if you need refrigarator stopped running. He has a different kind of ethos with kids.. then a college lecture bc it leads to the consideration of relative to the audience. 2. Children (audience) will judge different then those in his acadamia are going to judge him. he used different forms of E,P,L to talk to audiences. 3. Topic: has an impact on how persuaders can effectively use their forms of proof, Ex. if albert talks about quantum physics, he can bring dfif forms of proof to bolster what he is saying 4. Occasion: speaking at a funeral, there are already strong feelings in audience and ppl are mindful of the pathos appeals that are appropriate or feel safe using.

What is the primary question that the critic should be able to answer after reconstructing the context of a speech?

What was/were the rhetor's goals? 1."sometimes a speaker may have one goal or multiple" 2. "sometimes goals are explicit. When prez was inaugurated, "I stand here as newly inaugurated pre and goal today it to unite Americans and sometimes there are implicit and by recognizing context of speech will help us figure out whether there are things that the rhetor want ti accomplish in speech, may not be able ti say out loud. Goals that rhetor may have but ex. of ppl who are in surfacing phase of political election cycle. Kamala and Cruz it is too early in election cycle to that. Harris will be talking about serving the W.H. and if she said I will be running in 2028, it is bad form and turns ppl of they can't say out loud, you can learnt his through analysis.

What is the main idea that metaphor communicates?

he is reinforcing the idea that justice is owed. Through the declaration of independence, these checks were everyday usage, but when we want to cash in our equality checks, we are getting insufficient funds, our freedom is promised and owed.