COMM- Final Paper
Kinesics
Body movement, gestures, stance, gait, posture Facial expressions Gestures Physical appearance Eye contact Silence
Non verbal
genesis, paralingusitcs,
Chronemics
o Chromatics- relations of time
Conceptual Maps of frameworks of intelligibility
sum of experiences and our memories of those experiences determine
Critical Intercultural Communication Studies
(1) understanding and reflecting on the bases for cultural identities and intercultural relations; (2) learning information that leads to recognition, respect, and ultimately mutual understanding and existence; (3) appreciating and caring for dimensions of cultural experience that may at first seem foreign and different but, when considered seriously, constructively lead to complex self awareness, understanding of the world, and the ability to act and function effectively, ethically, and successfully within it.
Liminality
... is the quality of ambiguity or disorientation that occurs in the middle stage of rituals, when participants no longer hold their pre-ritual status but have not yet begun the transition to the status they will hold when the ritual is complete ..
Mistakes people may make by following the traditional approach to intercultural communication
1. we may start believing that culture is static, while in reality it is not. In fact, cultures change and these changes cannot be ignored. USA- individualistic Japan-collectivisiic 2. Traditionally, people tend to associate a single culture with an entire country, assuming that culture is uniform. This is not true, because in each society there exist many sub-cultures,and we cannot assume that a single set of norms will be followed by all the members of that society. 3. Accept the notion that all the people within a particular culture will share a single set of norms. This also is not true, because an individual might be a part of multiple cultures and would thus have multiple identities and even conflicting norms
Masculine/ Feminine
A cultural orientation that describes how the culture orients toward rules of men and women, including how rigid or flexible gender roles are and whether the culture is more direct and goal oriented or relational and face saving
Using a critical perspective, intercultural communication can be defined as
A dynamic, discursive process by which cultural realities and cultural identities are created, maintained, contested and transformed in context. (By critical we mean being reflective about the historical, cultural, social, political, and economic dimensions of intercultural communication. )
Ethnography
A method of research and writing that involves detailed observing usually involving interaction with people, to understand the lives of a group of people
Homophobia, Patriarchy
A system of male based power in which men have authority to dominance over women
Standpoint Theory
A view point or an attitude towards the particular issue from their own perspective is called Standpoint. Introduction The standpoint theory is a post modernistic approach on people's perception. It states how the day to day experience alters or influences a person's opinions. Generally standpoint arises when people recognises the value of power that creates a different groups within the society. The standpoint theory focuses on gender perception focusing on to the feminist viewpoints. Sandra Harding and Nancy Hartsock developed the stand point theory through the book "The feminist stand point: Developing ground for a specifically feminist historical materialism". Nancy Hartsock works were greatly influenced by the concepts of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, a German philosopher who studied the standpoints of the people belonging to various socio-economic classes. It has been emerged from the early feminist theory which studies the socio-economic status of the women in the society and is also termed as feminist standpoint theory.
Acculturation
Acculturation- the process of learning another culture and ones sense of identification with that culture in part or whole either through moving to live in that culture or through two cultures living side by side in the same geographical space
Faux Pas
Applies to any sort of breaking of etiquette or cultural norm, within a culture or between cultures
Dialectics
Aristotle- rigorous methods for testing and competing claims used by scientists and other experts
Culture
As a set of norms which a group of people follow and share with each other some of these aspects are; race, ethnicity, gender, class, language, religion, and sexual orientation
Ethnocentrism VS Nationalism
Believing your ethnicity is better than other. I am proud to be an American-Not extreme more pride Nationalism- Excluding other, fear of intrusion, nationalism can be ethnocentric Germany 1932 nationalism becomes enthocentlrism (happened more natural, limited awareness)
Cultural Context
Cultural context looks at the society the characters live in and at how their culture can affect their behaviour and their opportunities. Think about where and when each text is set. Think about the values and attitudes that matter to these characters and about how they formed
High and Low context
Cultures in which meaning is more often implicit that is inside of the communicators because there know what to expect based on the circumstances and on role and status relationships
Gender is
Developed, not known at birth
Appreciation
Does the US appreciate Vietnam? No history wasn't positive for the US
Subjective realities
Each of us has a particular viewpoint about aspects of our social world
Face Work
Face work refers to ways people cooperatively attempt to promote both the other's and one's own sense of self-esteem, autonomy, and solidarity in conversation. Confidence, levels of social embarrassment talking about an accident and another bringing it up and you getting hot and red Facetiae-Just seeing each other
Franz Boas
Franz Boas is considered both the founder of modern anthropology as well as the father of American Anthropology. It was Boas who gave modern anthropology its rigorous scientific methodology, patterned after the natural sciences, and it was Boas who originated the notion of "culture" as learned behaviors. Because he was so grounded the natural sciences, Boas was aware that what differentiated the study of humankind from geography or zoology was the study of "culture." But culture to Boas was not simply another synonym for "civilization" (i.e. art, technology, and lofty ideas). And unlike many of his predecessors he did not see culture as predestined to some kind of linear progression, onward and upward, until it resulted in the equivalent of civilized European society. He also rejected the corollary prejudice that those who hadn't "arrived", or whose society differed from civilized European society, were simply inferior members of the human species. In fact Boas rejected all such orthogenesis. Instead he stuck to Charles Darwin's own conception of evolution: that change occurred in response to current pressures and opportunities. And, that the path such change took varied in a multitude of ways. There was no one "right" way. When Darwin surveyed the Galapagos, he did not deem the one variation of a species superior to another simply because it was larger or its markings more elaborate. Rather, he saw them all simply as unique adaptations to their own particular circumstances. And this was precisely how Boas viewed various societies. Each was a unique adaptation to a unique and particular set of circumstances. When Boas applied this to anthropology he introduced the principle of "cultural relativism". The idea that each culture was the product of a unique and particular history, and not merely generated by race and environment, was another important contribution by Boas. He further helped develop the basic methodology that underlies modern anthropological research. Boas felt that one could only begin to understand a culture by taking on a complete survey of its mythology and tribal lore, religion, social taboos, marriage customs, physical appearance, diet, handicrafts, means of obtaining food, and so on. As the burden of the task of studying culture grew, and and other parts of anthropology became also more complex and embellished, anthropology became divided into a four-fold profession: human evolution, archaeology, language, and culture. The new standards as applied to cultural anthropology required that ethnographers go on location, learn the language, and undertake an intense survey that catalogued all the elements mentioned above as well as whatever other unique feature that were apparent. Above all, anthropologists must follow rigorous scientific standards and put truth and ethical behavior first.
Assimilation
Giving up ones own culture to adopt another that is accepting both behaviors and underlying ways of thinking
Role Playing
Going home from college and you have changed
Haptic
Haptic- relations of touch •Impression Management •Deception •Phatic communication- inconsequential communication, you do out of habit or ritual-nothing real
E.T. Hall
Has the FSI
Cultural relations—
How broader fields of culture inform, interact with, and determine both subjective and material meanings and outcomes.
Sigmund Frued
How does a child develop gender identity Oedipus Complex-attraction to the opposite sex-competition to father for competition of the mom Developed from Greek Tragedy Fear of Castration --Theory of the Girl
Intolerance
I won't take it anymore, you make me unhappy. Do everything in my power to change it
Cultural Hegemony
In Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the domination of a culturally diverse society, by the ruling class who manipulate the culture of that society—the beliefs, explanations, perceptions, values, and mores—so that their imposed, ruling-class worldview becomes the accepted cultural norm
Inclusion
Include, bring them to be apart of what we are doing. What is lacking? Sorority-Certain types are not included Limited
Positivism was grounded in the assumption that the worl
Including human conducts, follows natural laws or patterns. Very simple way of thinking about things
Individual Racism
Individual racism refers to an individual's racist assumptions, beliefs or behaviours and is "a form of racial discrimination that stems from conscious and unconscious, personal prejudice."
Microaggressions
Insulting from different groups "Women like you"
Impression Management
Is a goal-directed conscious or unconscious process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of others about a person, object, or event. Impression management is performed by controlling or shaping information in social interactions.
Media Imperialism
Lass well's model of communication: "who says what, in which channel, to whom, with what effect Media dependency theory: people "people's" reliance on the media is influence by but also influences- their social networks which are in turn influences by and influence the complicity of society and the role of media in society in general • Transmission view of media communication-sender-receiver • Ritual view of media communication-sense of interacticity • Public sphere-Anywhere the people can go to post to the whole world • Media frames • Absence of frames • Technological determinism-219 • Media ecology
Cultural misunderstandings
Mishaps based on social miscues and social errors in judgment, or faux pas.
Voice
No sound but the ability and right to self-express as part of a democratic and political impulse
Paralanguage
Paralinguistic- voice patterns
Proxemics
Proxemics-relations of space
Color blindness- Race Neutrality
Race isn't an issue. We can't talk about it, better not to acknowledge it so it will go away
Subtle and symbolic racism
Racism that is directed indirectly Symbolic- Symbols within the society --In a lot of movies Asian Americans are nerds
Social constructionists
Reality is not something out there waiting to be discovered by careful observations but is something socially created through the interplay between individuals and other individuals and their surroundings -Provides a theory about a theory (hence why scholars came to think about what they think about)
Self Reflexivity
Referring to or discussing itself or its own creation; self-referential: "a personal, self-reflexive travelogue that ruminates as much on the circumstances of its making as on its ostensible subject"
Ontology
Relates to the nature of a phenomenon (or being or an entity) Has to do with what things or humans are and how we categorize them What is love? What is identity?
Standpoint theory
Share the basic idea that the social locations that we occupy powerfully shape our view of of the world Your reality is how you view the world Health care- Boss hiring and firing, we need healthcare and need you to pay for it, business owner, hard time making money and can't do it (that is your standpoint) Standpoint of the worker: Health difficulties, working hard, really bad cough, can't afford care they ask you for help About your social location in the world
Refugee
Someone who travels outside his of her country either by force or because of violence, oppression, or threat to freedom or life in one's own
Sojourner
Someone who travels to another culture for a longer term but with intent to return home
Constructs
Terms ans concepts that have been created so that they might say more than is possible without them; we create constructs in order to explain complex ideas to one another
Foreign Service Institute
The Foreign Service Institute (FSI) is the Federal Government's primary training institution for officers and support personnel of the U.S. foreign affairs community, preparing American diplomats and other professionals to advance U.S. foreign affairs interests overseas
Cultural Immersion
There is an intangible value which comes from acclimating in a new place, integrating into the community, interacting with local people, and understanding the way others live - that's a very simple and hopefully easy to understand definition of cultural immersion. Cultural immersion is really just a matter of getting out of your dorm room and expat environment and into the world around you. Integrating yourself into a culture doesn't take a lot of work, but you have to actively participate. More than likely, you chose a particular location abroad because it interested you more than any other. Get excited about exploring all of these things that you think are going to interest you.
Representation
Various discourses and other means of expression that depict, render, ornament and characterize objects, people, events and other phenomena in particular ways.
What various identities does one have?
Various identities are not always fixed, we are constantly changing
Self reflexivity
We accept that our claim or conclusion , thus what we take to be truth or reality reflect our standpoint and that others with different standpoints may draw conclusions very different from our own
How do they interact and relate to each other?
We have so many identities, who don't always know which one is going to cause conflict.
Cultural hegemony-
We mean accepted ways of thinking about culture, the way the economy operates, and cultural beliefs about ourselves and other that regulate everyday life and existence.
Ideology-
We mean the broad set of connected and shared ideas and norms that govern knowledge, beliefs, actions and behavior.
Emphasizing the historical aspect of a critical approach,
We mean to provide information germane to understanding intercultural identities, experiences, and interactions, such as, for instance, the different historical immigration factors that help one to understand the specificities of African American and Korean American communication
Autoethnography
What we experience everyday, in short, is a powerful source of knowledge More about the person who is entering the situation/ encountering other people other than the person encountered i go to your family and live there two years and take notes thinking they are weird, at end thinking they are weird, support original idea Tendency to use their original idea Proving what you already thought if you have made no change no if you learn a lot then it is worth is, Japanese don't talk a lot, you analyze the fact you are insecure about silence Shift yourself about what you are learning Autoethnography is an approach to research and writing that seeks to describe and systematically analyze (graphy) personal experience (auto) in order to understand cultural experience
Discursive Formation
Whenever one can describe, between a number of statements, such a system of dispersion, whenever, between objects, types of statements, concepts, or thematic choices, one can find a regularity (an order, correlations, positions and functionings, transformations), we will say, for the sake of convenience, that we are dealing with a discursive formation.
Externalization
While we walk around with ideas in our heads that are a result of our experiences, our particular conceptual maps produced by our own paths in life and through culture, we only externalize—or communicate—a fraction of the ideas we have. We use language, draw pictures, perform by acting, moving, and gesturing, making films, speaking in order to share—externally—some of those ideas.
What is an identity?
Who we are? What people preserve us as? What makes us tick? Not born with an identity, we are given them. Guidelines on how far your identity can go.
Tolerance
You deal with it, but don't enjoy it Unpleasant that you face, but withstand
Emergent
a : arising unexpectedly b : calling for prompt action : urgent <emergent danger> 2 a : rising out of or as if out of a fluid <emergent coastal islands> b : rooted in shallow water and having most of its vegetative growth above water <an emergent plant> 3 : arising as a natural or logical consequence 4 : newly formed or prominent <emergent nations
Nativism
a return to or emphasis on traditional or local customs, in opposition to outside influences.
Culture Shock
a sense of anxiety experienced in a new culture, usually over a longer period of the, as a result of losing a sense of the expected social cues one has in ones own culture
Ideology
a system of meanings and assumptions that each of us holds to assist us in making sense of the social world as well as our role and function in that world
Interpretive Work
aims to describe in detail what subjective realities exist and how they are created
Dominant
more important, powerful, or successful than most or all others : most common
Code Switching
being a women in a group of men In order to be accepted in that group she changes her tone/voice Baby shower-Not using words you are used to- thats so adorable
"How would you rate your bi-fi from one to ten?" they would be asking you to rate your ability to
communicate, the effectiveness of the medium of communication, and the apperception of the interlocutors, as well as the feedback and transfer back of discourse between communicators which produces a communication event capable of being rated in terms of quality.
Social Constitutionalism of Reality- Luckmann Berger
has become the dominant paradigm for understanding reality the world is socially constructed—constructed by humans—and therefore that even the most fundamental beliefs we have about the world are changeable
Institutional Racism
is a pattern of social institutions — such as governmental organizations, schools, banks, and courts of law — giving negative treatment to a group of people based on their race.
Heterosexism
is a system of attitudes, bias, and discrimination in favor of opposite-sex sexuality and relationships. It can include the presumption that other people are heterosexual or that opposite-sex attractions and relationships are the only norm and therefore superior.
Epistemology
is the basis on which we know things, what evidence we turn to when saying what we know and how we know what we know
Phatic Communication
is verbal or non-verbal communication that has a social function, such as to start a conversation, greet someone, or say goodbye, rather than an informative function meaningless communication waving
Acceptance
like inclusion
Classism
prejudice against or in favor of people belonging to a particular social class.
Racism, sexism,
prejudice, stereotyping, or discrimination, typically against women, on the basis of sex.
Deception
the act of making someone believe something that is not true
Adaptation
the action or process of adapting or being adapted.
Integration
the action or process of integrating.
Segregation
the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart.
Intersectionality
the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender as they apply to a given individual or group, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.
When emphasizing a contextual approach,
we mean the political, cultural, and economic complexities that affect intercultural communication, such as, for instance, information that might explain why the economic crisis from 2008 to 2011 might create intercultural tension and conflic
Individualism / Collectivistic
when we see a person as and individual rather than simply as a member of a group A cultures orientation toward the self in relation to others; the degree to which a culture values individual goals and belonging or adherence to the needs and goals of larger in groups
Diaspora
where people of one geographic area and group spread out across many different cultures
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
your cultural, a large part can determine the way you think, language participates o Different ways to explain snow
Jacques Lacan Frued VS Lacan
•Power -Babies are indistinguishable from their environment (don't have an identity or can reflect on themselves •Realm of the Imaginary-^^^ •Mirror State- Scared of the mirror, then recognizes itself-process •Fort Da- Here now then gone- mom leaves and can come back •Realm of the Symbolic- once we break that space we can never return- approximate the realm of the imaginary •Identity shaped relationally and through difference