Communications Ch. 7
Representative sample
a critical measure of the validity and reliability of statistics must relate to the demographic of the audience
Timely
account for laws, regulations, attitudes etc. that currently exist
Incorporating supporting material
analogies, facts, examples and testimonies add strength to your speech and effectively convey the message
Typicality
assess the extent to which your example is normal
Information literate
be able to determine what information you need, access information effectively and efficiently, evaluate information critically, use and incorporate information ethically and legally
Advanced information seeking
being able to find appropriate sources, analyze the material and content, evaluate the credibility and relevance of the sources and integrate those sources ethically and logically through a variety of techniques
Literal analogies
comparing actual events, speaker must establish similarities
Oral citation
consists of who authored the material you are using, statement about the credibility of the author, date the information was published and relevant information about the source properly document your sources in order to protect from plagiarism accusations, establish credibility and reliability of supporting material
Search information resources
contain supporting material that can be used in your speech library catalogs database (individual search for information using filters and limits, hidden web) open web (information that is freely available and easy to search)
Figurative analogies
draw upon metaphors to identify the similarities in two things that are not alike clarify situations by comparing them to situations more familiar to audience
Evaluating supporting material
evaluate supporting material beyond face value Are the statistics representative? Are the items being compared in analogies similar? Are the facts verifiable? Are the examples relevant, typical and vivid? Is the source identified and credible? Is the source biased? Is the information timely?
Generate a list of synonyms
generate a list of potential search terms based on key concepts of your topic terms used to search for information
Hypothetical examples
imaginary situation that could conceivably take place in the way it is described allow audience to imagine themselves in specific situations
Extended examples
narratives, stories or anecdotes more developed than brief examples get audience to visualize and relate to your topic
Open vs. hidden web
open = most familiar, anyone can view freely hidden = requires subscription or account for access
Documenting supporting materials
responsibility to orally document the sources of your supporting materials
Developing a research strategy
select a topic prepare to find supporting material find and incorporate sources
Brief examples
specific case used to support a claim
Examples
specific instances developed at varying lengths and used by speakers to make an abstract idea concrete extended, brief or hypothetical
Facts
statement that is verified as true, more effective when audience has no trouble accepting them as true
Testimony
used when speaker quotes or paraphrase an authoritative source rely on someone else's judgement and expertise
Analogies
useful in comparing the defining characteristics of one concept to another (literal analogies & figurative analogies)
Types of supporting material
using multiple types of support adds vitality and keeps the audience interested books (more reliable than internet, wide range of info) journals (created first hand by scholars, adds new info, specific) magazines (current events, helpful with unfamiliar audience) newspapers/ news sources (recent information) government documents reference sources (statistics, dates, medical facts) statistics (numerical method of summarizing data using mean, ratio and percentages (can be overused)) interviews (one of the best sources of information, personalized
Research questions
what do you want to know, what do you think your audience wants to know, what do they already know