communications final exam fill in the blank
This means that the skills of successful public speaking are not so different from those we use in everyday conversations. We make mistakes and stumble over words in conversation and speeches and in both cases it does not undercut our effectiveness.
A speech has been compared to an enlarged conversation? What does that mean and why:
You should begin practicing your speech several days before you plan to deliver it. During practice, you should rely on the outline you will use when you actually deliver the speech. You should also practice with visual aids and any other materials you plan to use in your speech so that you are comfortable working with them. Practice alone at first to gain some confidence and you may also find it helpful to practice in front of a mirror to see how you look and to keep your eyes focused away from the outline. You can record yourself during practice so that you can see and hear yourself and make decisions about how to refine your delivery. Practice in front of others, ask friends to listen, and invite their feedback on ways you can refine the presentation. Do not rehearse too much.
Be able to explain strategies for practicing your speech and the importance of using those prior to speaking.
Oral style refers to speakers' visual, vocal, and verbal communication with listeners. Oral is usually more informal than written communication. Oral style tends to be more personal than written, and oral tends to be more immediate and more active than written.
Be able to explain the difference in written and oral communication.
Statistics: Numbers that summarize many individual cases or demonstrate relationships between phenomena. Limit the number used in a speech, round off numbers (so people will remember the number), timely (make sure the stats are new and recent, they don't care about what happened in 2015) Examples: Undetailed (short sweet), Detailed (anecdote). Hypothetical (forces audience to use their imaginations.. "imagine the day in may when we walk across and receive a degree but ...% of students don't actually use their degree"), stories (if you're a good storyteller use it) Comparisons: similes (explicit): use of like or as (a teacher is like a guide). Metaphor (implicit): (love is a rose) Quotations: Exact citations of statements made by others. Listeners know and respect the source (oral footnotes), make sure source is qualified to speak on the issue Visual Aids: some examples are charts, graphs, handouts, photographs, computer graphics, handouts, or physical objects. Large and clear, Simple and uncluttered (don't put speech on screen, don't read from screen), non distracting/avoid visual overload (keep it simple, one or 2 pics), Reinforce content (what's on the screen should be what you're talking about, if you aren't talking about anything on screen make the screen blank)
Be able to explain the different types of evidence you can use in a speech/how you should use each.
Uses and gratification theory- we choose to attend mass communication to gratif ourselves. People are active agents who make deliberate choices among the media. Agenda Setting- selecting and calling to the publics' attention ideas, events, and people. what is said Cultivation Theory- means by which cultivation occurs; theory that television promotes an inaccurate worldview that viewers nonetheless assume reflects real life, shapes culture Ideological Control- mass media function as tools to represent the ideology of privilege groups as natural and good. Media Literacy- understand the influence of media and access, analyze, evaluate, and respond to mass media.
Be able to explain the five theories we studied about Mass Media.
Not just speaking two verbal languages but two religions as well. Cultural diversity. Understanding a different culture and participating in it. Being able to speak to people from different backgrounds and religions
Be able to explain the true definition of multilingual.
Similarities: symbolic, rules involved in each, both can be intentional and unintentional, and culture bound Differences: nonverbal is more honest, multi channeled, and continuous whole (keeps going and isn't straight to the point) while verbal communication is discrete (starts and ends, very specific)
How are verbal and nonverbal communication similar and different?
Audience participation, engaging audience, audience polls, and sometimes students don't know why it is important to their lives. Activities and getting them actively engaged within your presentation. Key words only so they learn something.
How can speakers use elements of style, retention, and audience participation to prepare an informative presentation?
Audience participation, engaging audience, audience polls, and sometimes students don't know why it is important to their lives. Activities and getting them actively engaged within your presentation. Key words only so they learn something.
How can you develop and sustain media literacy?
Resistance: ethnocentric, attack cultural practice of others, believe our culture is superior. Example would be hitler in germany Tolerance: accepting others' differences, but still ethnocentric. Example would be segregation. Understanding: understanding that differences are rooted in cultural teachings and that no customs, traditions, or behaviors are intrinsically better than any others. An example would be noticing that Japan does not hold eye contact, but he or she would not assume that the Japanese are deceitful Respect: acknowledging others' differences yet remain personally anchored primarily in the values and customs of our own culture. An example would be being aware that a friend participates in another religion, respecting that it is their culture and belief while still remaining fixed in our own. Participation: incorporating some of the practices and values of other groups in our own lives. Example would be going to a friends church and then trying to introduce your own family to the new religion
How do we respond to diversity? Be able to explain the spectrum of responses to diversity from resistance to participation and give examples of each one. (use same example on short answer and explain how each process can be used in that one story)
When speaking to inform, your goal is to tell listeners something they do not already know and when you are speaking to persuade your goal is to influence attitudes, change practices, alter beliefs, and to motivate action.
How is speaking to inform different than speaking to persuade? What are the goals of each and how could you use them in your professional lives?
Call for Participation- bring something for the audience to try or hold in their hands Ask Rhetorical questions- not a question to actually be answered, but it invites mental participation Poll Listeners- "How many of you have taken adderall this week?" Refer to specific listeners- speak to or about specific members in your audience
How should a speaker connect with and include the audience?
Select a topic that matters to you because if you care about your topic then you have a head start in that you already know a fair amount about it. Personal interest in the topic will make your delivery more engaging and more dynamic. Select a topic that is appropriate to the speaking occasion; you should also consider the expectations, demands, and constraints of particular speaking situations. If possible, see the physical setting that you will be speaking in and at what time of day. Select a topic appropriate to your audience so that the topic will appeal to the needs, interests, and situations of the listeners. Narrow your topic- this makes your speech more effective because it limits the speech to a manageable focus.
How should you choose a speech topic?
The Time Pattern- organize ideas on the basis of temporal relationships. This pattern is useful for processes that take place over time, explaining historical events, and tracing sequences of action The Spatial Pattern- organize ideas according to physical relationships. This structure is used for speeches that describe or explain layouts, geographic relationships, or connections between objects or parts of a system. Can be used to structure both informative and persuasive speeches. The Topical Pattern- order a presentation into several categories, classes, or areas of discussion. This pattern is used when your topic breaks down into two or three areas that aren't related temporally, spatially, casually, or otherwise. Topical patterns can be used for informative (3 branches of government) or persuasive speeches The Star Pattern-is a particularly organic variation on the topical structure, yet in which each point is linked to an overriding theme. It has two or three points that a speaker covers in the same order and to the same extent each time the speech is given. With a star pattern, however, a speaker might start with different points and give more or less attention to specific points while speaking to different audiences. The most common use of a star pattern is in political speeches. The Wave Pattern- consists of repetition. Each wave, or main idea, builds up evidence and then crests in a main point. Ex: I had a dream speech The Comparative Pattern- compares two or more objects, people, situations, events, or other phenomena. This can be used in informative or persuasive speeches. The Problem-Solution Pattern- this pattern divides a topic into two major areas: a problem and a solution. This structure can be used for informative speeches with thesis statements and persuasive speeches. The Cause-And-Effect and Effect-And-Cause Pattern- this pattern is used to argue a direct relationship between two things: a cause and an effect. This pattern can be used for informative and persuasive speeches.
Understand 8 different organization patterns for speaking. When should you use each?
Working Outline: basic map of the speech that evolve through multiple drafts, include abbreviations (short-hand notes); helps organize a speech by using a basic map (framework) that can be evolved to be more detailed. Formal Outline: includes all of the main points and subpoints, supporting materials, transitions, and bibliography; not the whole speech; it is a more complete outline than the working and key word outline; it visually lists all of the speaker's points, subpoints, transitions, supporting material, etc. Key Word Outline: less detailed than the formal outline, it includes only the key words for each point; often contains abbreviations or short-hand notes that make sense only to the speaker; when the speaker takes each point and subpoint and writes down key words for that point/subpoint, the key words prompt their memory for what they are going to say.
What are the 3 types of outlines used in creating a speech? How are they different? What is the purpose of each?
Demographic: identifies general features. must know demographics. a form of audience analysis that seeks information about the general features of a group of listeners Situational: a method of audience analysis that seeks information about specific listeners that relates directly to a topic, speaker, and occasion
What are the different types of audience analysis? What does each accomplish/tell you about your audience?
The internet. Pro: it offers lots of different information Con: sorting through to determine credibility Databases and search engines. Pro: you know it's credible information Con: might be outdated and narrow search terms Interviews. Pro: allows you to understand others' perspectives, especially perspectives that no one else has. Con: some people aren't qualified to answer your interview questions, it can be hard to get a hold of potential interviewees Surveys. Pro: provide original research. Con: hard to create survey questions that produce reliable results. Time consuming Reference works/Indexes Pro: a lot of information, especially about specific topics Con: Very dry. Will not allow you to get other perspectives. Very fact based
What are the different types of research you can do for your speech? What are the pros and cons to each?
Call for Participation, Ask Rhetorical questions, Poll Listeners Refer to specific listeners
What are the different ways a speaker can ask the audience to participate? How should speakers use these?
Individualism/collectivism - the extent to which the members of a culture understand themselves as part of and connected to their families, groups, and cultures. Uncertainty Avoidance - the extent to which people try to avoid ambiguity and vagueness. Power distance - refers to the size of the gap between people with high and low power and the extent to which that gap is regarded as normal Masculinity/Femininity - refers to the extent to which a culture values aggressiveness, competitiveness, looking out for yourself, and The materials need to be: Sufficient to achieve the speaking purpose, Accurate, correct and complete, with sources cited, presented in its original context, Relevant to the topic and claims made, Timely, usually current or in some cases historically situated, Free of biases, such as vested interests Use ethos (be dressed nice, establish credibility, practice ahead of time, use oral footnotes to make it clear that you did research) dominating others and nature versus gentleness, cooperation, and taking care of others and living in harmony with the natural world Long-Term/Short-Term Orientation - refers to the extent to which members of a culture think about and long term (history and future) versus short term (present)
What are the five dimensions in which culture varies? Be able to explain.
Introduction - attention getter. Introduce yourself. thesis and preview of main points Body - evidence organized into main points. Includes transitions. Conclusion - review. Final thought/closer. Thank the audience for listening
What are the three main parts of a speech and what is included in each part?
General: To inform, to persuade, to entertain Specific Purpose: A behavioral objective or observable response that indicates you have achieved your communication goal. Direct communication goals in them
What is the difference between a general and specific purpose in a speech?
Communication expresses and sustains cultures. Teaches culture to new generations.
What is the relationship between communication and culture?
Using hypothetical situations, quotes, and checking in with them to make sure they are understanding, using polls and data to show
When acquainting the audience with new information, what are some general guidelines to ensure that they understand what you are speaking about?
Can you verify the material independently (by checking other sources or consulting an expert)? Does the source have the experience, position, or other credentials to be an authority? Does the source have any vested interest in making the claim or presenting the alleged information? Does the source acknowledge other sources, including ones that advance different points of view?
With speakers using more and more technology not only in presentations but also in research before presentations there have become many opportunities and problems. List and explain four different measures of credibility for online sources.
Informative: to inform your audience or teach Persuasive: persuade your audience and opinion/perspective/beliefs you hope to change (prompting them to think, feel, or act differently) Entertaining: to entertain the audience and engage/interest/amuse/please listeners
Your textbook describes three overall speech types. What are they and what are the goals of each?
Length of speech divided by 2. plus one. = maximum number of visuals
what is the formula for visual aids
