Comprehensive Test Guide For ALL CHAPTERS Andrew's Edition

secondary victims

Family and friends of an individual who has been victimized.

norm

A rule that makes clear what behavior is appropriate and expected in a particular situation.

social norm

A rule that specifies how people are expected to behave.

alternative sentencing

A sentence that is served in a treatment facility or in community service.

assault and battery

A harmful or offensive physical attack by one person upon another.

crime control model

A model of the criminal justice system that emphasizes the efficient arrest and processing of alleged criminal offenders.

victim advocate

A professional who assists the victim with every aspect of the post-victimization period.

mala prohibita

A statutory crime that reflects public opinion at a moment in time.

victim impact statement

A victim's statement about how his experiences with crime affected him

conflict perspective

A view of crime as one outcome of a struggle among different groups competing for resources in their society.

consensus perspective

A view of crime that sees laws as the product of social agreement or consensus about what criminal behavior is.

statutory crime

An act that is criminal because it is prohibited by law.

probation

An alternative to jail or prison in which the offender remains in the community under court supervision, usually within the caseload of a probation officer who is an officer of the court.

parole

An early release from prison conditional on complying with certain standards while free.

wedding cake model

An explanation of the workings of the criminal justice system that shows how cases get filtered according to the seriousness of the offense.

appellate courts

Courts that hear appeals from trial courts or other lower courts.

burglary

Entering another's property with the intent to commit a felony such as larceny.

Class Lectures Criminal Justice System

Introduction: The American criminal justice system is a group of agencies that have banded together for the common purpose of containing crime within American society, or provide a proper response to crime when it occurs. The criminal justice system (CJS) consists of three major components, the police, courts, and corrections. A. There are two general philosophies: 1. Crime control model of criminal justice: developed by Herbert Packer, to represent a decision-making process that favors the interests of the community over individual rights. Three strikes, longer prison sentences, chain gangs, death penalty, e.g., are examples. 2. Due process model of criminal justice: a model that represents the decision-making process that favors the need to protect individuals against injustices over community interests. Rehabilitation, treatment, work release, half-way houses, and education for inmates are examples. B. A basic understanding of government. There are three branches of government, each with its own separate areas of concern: 1. Legislative: to write the laws. 2. Executive: to administer and carry out the laws. 3. Judicial: to review and interpret the laws. II. Local, state and federal levels. A. When we speak of the criminal justice system in California, we speak of three components: law enforcement/police, court system, and corrections. 1. Law enforcement. This component is often referred to as the police component. The purpose is to prevent crime, maintain order, arrest violators, protect life and property. Members include the following: Local level: municipal police, county sheriff's, marshals, state police (CHP), and the district attorney. Federal level: the U.S. Dept. of Justice agencies include the Attorney General, FBI, DEA, INS, U.S. Marshals Service, Organized Crime & Racketeering Section; the Treasury Department includes Secret Service, ATF, Customs; The U.S. Postal Service, Postal Inspector; Department of Transportation, Coast Guard; Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Rangers; Inspectors General. A.J. 1 Professor Stapleton 2. Judicial. The courts are classified either as trial courts, where a trial actually takes place, judgement rendered, fairness insured, or an appeals court where a trial record is reviewed. State Level Court System is the County Superior Court. Superior Court, District Attorney prosecutes; all felonies. Includes Municipal Court, City Attorney; misdemeanors. District Court of Appeals, Los Angeles is in the 2nd District. California Supreme Court, 7 members. Federal Level includes trial courts, appeals court, and a Supreme Court. U.S. District Court, U.S. Attorney; handles all federal offenses. U.S. Court of Appeals, California is in the 9th Circuit. U.S. Supreme Court, 9 members. 3. Corrections system; includes both federal prisons, state prisons, and local jails. At the federal level there are federal prisons. A general component that includes all agencies, facilities, programs, procedures, personnel, and techniques concerned with the intake, custody, confinement, supervision, or treatment, or pre-sentencing or pre-disposition investigation of alleged or adjudicated offenders. Federal prisons house those convicted of federal crimes. State prisons house those convicted of state felonies. Local jails house those awaiting trial and those convicted of misdemeanors offenses. Corrections officer: supervise incarcerated adult offenders, and include: Probation officers: supervise all convicted offenders before serving time and juveniles. Parole officers: supervise released inmates with an early release from prison. CYA officers: supervise adjudicated juveniles. Jail or custody officer supervises those held in municipal jails. B. Major Goals of the Criminal Justice System 1. Guarantee due process of law 2. Preventing crime 3. Protecting life and property 4. Upholding and enforcing the law 5. Dispensing equal justice 6. Apprehending offenders

mala in se

Means, "evil in itself," a behavior categorized as morally wrong.

crime prevention

Measures taken to reduce the opportunity for crime commission by individuals predisposed to such.

sanctions

Prescribed consequences intended to reinforce people's conformity to norms.

criminal justice system

The interrelation of law enforcement agencies, the courts, the correctional system, and victim services at the local, state, and federal levels.

victim services

The promotion of victims' rights to participate in criminal proceedings and to enjoy personal safety; services include shelters and transitional housing programs, counseling services, and 24-hour hotlines.

moral panic

The reaction by a group of people based on exaggerated or false perceptions about crime and criminal behavior.

due process model

The right, guaranteed by the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments, that laws and legal proceedings should be fair and carried out according to established principles and rules.

federal courts

The system in which federal crimes are prosecuted consisting of district courts, appellate courts or circuit courts, and the Supreme Court.

states courts

The system in which state crimes are prosecuted, including both trial and appellate courts.

corrections

The systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior.

deviance

The violation of a norm.