Computer Science Exam 2
Machine cycle
fetches decodes executes stores
Uncompressed
files on your computer, such as WAV and AIFF files.the files found on audio CDs, for example—have not had any data removed, so the quality is a perfect representation of the audio as it was recorded
Extension or file type
follows the file name and a period or dot (.). Examples include: docx for Word, xlsx for workbook, accdb for database
library
gathers categories of files from different locations and displays them as if they were all saved in a single file regardless of where they are physically stored
Speaker Recognition
identifies the person speaking (for security clearance into a building)
Adobe photoshop elements
image-editing software geared to the casual photographer. Image-editing software includes tools for basic modifications to digital photos such as removing red-eye; modifying contrast, sharpness, and color casts
Software as a Service (Saas)
in which the vendor hosts the software online and you access and use the software over the Internet without having to install it on your computer
Multimedia Software
includes digital image- and video-editing software, digital audio software, and other specialty software required to produce computer games, animations, and movies.
Productivity software
includes programs that let you perform various tasks required at home, school, and business and includes word processing, spreadsheet, presentation, database, and personal information manager programs.
System Software
includes software that helps run the computer and coordinate instructions between application software and the computer's hardware devices. System software includes the operating system (such as Windows and Mac OS X) and utility programs (programs in the operating system that help manage system resources).
Audio editing software
includes tools that make editing audio files as easy as editing text files. Software such as the open source Audacity . lets you perform such basic editing tasks as cutting dead air space from the beginning or end of a song or clipping a portion from the middle.
Speech Recognition
interprets the command spoken (Siri)
Disk cleanup
is a Windows utility that removes unnecessary files from your hard drive. These include files that have accumulated in the Recycle Bin as well as temporary files—files created by Windows to store data temporarily while a program is running.
Level 1 cache
is a block of memory that is built onto the CPU chip itself for the storage of data or commands that have just been used.
Cache memory
is a form of RAM that gets data to the CPU for processing much faster than bringing the data in from the computer's RAM.
Templates
is a predesigned form. Templates are included in many productivity applications. They provide the basic structure for a particular kind of document, spreadsheet, or presentation
RAID redundant array of independant disks
is a set of strategies for using more than one drive in a system.
Macro
is a small program that groups a series of commands so that they will run as a single command. Macros are best used to automate a routine task or a complex series of commands that must be run frequently.
Utility program
is a small program that performs many of the general housekeeping tasks for your computer, such as system maintenance and file compression.
Beta Version
is an application that is still under development. By distributing free beta versions, developers hope users will report errors, or bugs, they find in their programs.
Discrete Speech
is an early form of speech recognition, the user had to talk in choppy sentences taking a pause between words
Level 2 cache
is located on the CPU chip but is slightly farther away so takes somewhat longer to access than Level 1 cache.
Menu driven interface
is one in which you choose commands from menus displayed on the screen. Menu-driven interfaces eliminated the need for users to know every command because they could select most of the commonly used commands from a menu. However, they were still not easy enough for most people to use.
Command driver interface
is one in which you enter commands to communicate with the computer system. The DOS commands were not always easy to understand; as a result, the interface proved to be too complicated for the average user. Therefore, PCs were used primarily in business and by professional computer operators.
ALU (arithmetic logic unit)
is responsible for performing all the arithmetic calculations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division).
Level 3 cache
is slower for the CPU to reach but is larger in size than Level 2 cache.
Application software
is the software you use to do everyday tasks at home and at work.
Application software
is the software you use to do tasks at home, school, and work.
BIOS ( basic inout/ouput system)
itself is stored on a read-only memory (ROM) chip on the motherboard. Unlike data stored in RAM, data stored in ROM is permanent and is not erased when the power is turned off.
Spreadsheet software
lets you make calculations and perform numerical analyses. You can use it to track your expenses or create a simple budget. grid consisting of columns and rows. The columns and rows form individual boxes called cells.
CPU
located on motherboard, performs calculations, The dominant processors on the market are the Core family from Intel, featuring the i7, i5, and i3.
FIle compression
makes a large file more compact
MP3
short for MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3, is the most common type of audio COMPRESSED format, but there are other compressed formats, such as AAC and WMA.
Automatic recalculations
show the effects different options have on a spreadsheet, so you can quickly test different assumptions. This is called what-if analysis.
Excel Sparklines
small charts that fit into a single cell and make it easy to show data trends.
Solution to virtual memory
solution to this problem is to increase the amount of RAM in your system so that it can avoid having to send data and instructions to virtual memory.
ROM (read only memory)
startup instructions stored here. largest nonvolatile storage capacity in computer system
Database software
such as Oracle, MySQL, and Microsoft Access are powerful applications that let you store and organize data.
CPU is composed of 2 units
the control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU).
file path
the location of a file. drive, primary folder,subfolder,file name,extension
Built in file compression
windows has this built in and the utility that takes out redundancies in a file (zips it) to reduce the file size
DIMMs
(dual inline memory modules)Most memory modules in today's systems are packaged
WYSIWYG
(what you see is what you get)
top 3 operating systems for personal computers
Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux (an open source OS). . Microsoft Windows is used by more desktop and laptop computers. WIndows 8 optimized for touch screen
Time Machine
OS X includes a backup utility called ___that automatically backs up your files to a specified location.
Latency (access time)
Once the read/write head locates the correct track, it might need to wait for the correct sector to spin to the read/write head. This waiting time
memory modules
RAM appears in the system___), small circuit boards that hold a series of RAM chips and fit into special slots on the motherboard.
Details view
Shows the most information. Files and folders are displayed in list form, and additional file information is displayed in columns
Vertical market software
Software designed for a specific industry, such as property management software for real estate professionals
Preemptive multitasking
The OS processes the task assigned a higher priority before processing a task assigned a lower priority.
Seek Time (access time)
The time it takes for the read/write heads to move over the surface of the disk, moving to the correct track,
copyleft
This concept of redistributing modified open source software under the same terms as the original software
Virtual Memory
This process of optimizing RAM storage by borrowing hard drive space is called
Interrupt
When you tell your computer to print your document, the printer generates a unique signal called an interrupt that tells the OS that it's in need of immediate attention
Mac OS
1984, became the first commercially available OS to incorporate a graphical user interface (GUI) with user-friendly point-and-click technology.
Large icon view
: Large Icons view shows the contents of folders as small images
Continuous Speech
AKA natural speech is in use today and can even recognize accents and dialects
Computer aid design
Architects use CAD software to build virtual models of their plans.The 3-D nature of these programs lets engineers rotate their models and adjust their design if necessary, eliminating costly building errors.
Root directory
As such, the C: drive is the top of the filing structure of your computer, referred
Time Capsules
apple offers backup hardware called___ which are hard disk drives with wireless connectivity designed to work with time machine and record your backup data
Optical Drives
are disc drives that use a laser to store and read data. DVD or CD uses red lasers Blu-ray uses blue laser light which have horter wave lenght and focus more tightly
Device driver
Each device attached to your computer comes with a special program called a
Formulas
Equations that use addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division operators, as well as values and cell references.
Functions
Formulas that are preprogrammed into the spreadsheet software.
Popular tablet operating system
IOS, Android and Windows
Mechanical Hard drive
With storage capacities exceeding 4 terabytes , largest capacity of any storage device/ most economical / made of metal, data sasved as pattern of magnetized spots of 1 and 0
folder
a collection of files
Web Page Authoring software
allows even the novice to design interesting and interactive web pages without knowing any HTML code. Web page-authoring applications often include wizards, templates, and reference materials to help novices complete most web page authoring tasks.
word processing software
to create and edit documents such as research papers, class notes, and resumes. Microsoft Word is the most popular word processing program that you can buy and install on your computer.
Microsoft Expression Web and Adobe Dreamweaver
two programs that both professionals and casual web page designers use. MS Office files can be saved as a webpage
SSD Solid state drive
uses electronic memory and has no mechanical motors or moving parts. fast access time and runs with no noise
Video display depends on 2 components
video card and monitor
Wizards
walks you through the steps necessary to complete a complicated task. At each step, the wizard asks you questions. Based on your responses, the wizard helps you complete that portion of the task.
Platter
A hard drive is composed of several coated, round, thin plates of metal stacked on a spindle. Each plate
Boot Camp
A standard utility included in OS X lets you boot into either Windows or OS X.
Paging
If the data or instructions in the swap file are needed later, the OS swaps them back into active RAM and replaces them in the hard drive's swap file with less active data or instructions. This process of swapping
RAM
Limited capacity. when it is full, instructions and data are stored on the hard drive
Traditional database
are organized into fields, records, and tables. Each category of data is grouped into a field, fields are grouped into records, records are grouped into tables.Businesses like Amazon, iTunes, Craigslist, and Pandora all rely on databases to keep track of products, clients, invoices, and personnel information. FedEx and UPS
CPU activates
basic input/ output system (BIOS)
Raid 0
best for fastest access time
raid 1
best for secure backup of data
CPU processing power is determined by
clock speed whether it has multiple cores its amount of cache memory
RAM (random access memory)
computers temporary storage space. measured in gigabytes, volatile storage
System Software
consists of two primary types of programs: the operating system and utility programs. is the set of programs that helps run the computer and coordinates instructions between application software and the computer's hardware devices.
Moores law
describes the pace at which central processing units (CPUs) improve. this rule predicts that the number of transistors inside a CPU will increase so fast that CPU capacity will double about every 2 years.
Graphical user Interface (GUI)
display graphics and use the point-and-click technology of the mouse and cursor, making them much more user-friendly.
Backward Compatible
meaning that they can recognize (open) files created with older versions. However, some software programs are not forward-compatible, so these older versions are not able to recognize files created on newer versions of the same software.
Overclocking
means that you run the CPU at a faster speed than the manufacturer recommends. It produces more heat, meaning a shorter lifetime for the CPU,
memory and storage
memory that is actually part of the CPU (like CPU registers and cache), RAM, virtual memory, optical drives, and SSD and mechanical hard drives. Each of these has its own trade-off of speed versus price.
read/write head
moves from the outer edge of the spinning platter to the center, as frequently as 50 times per second to retrieve (read) and record (write) the magnetic data to and from the hard drive platter.
Screen savers
no longer needed because of the technology in LCD and LED screens. (Ghost images are no longer burn into the screen)
Clock speed
of the CPU dictates how many instructions the CPU can process each second. It is measured in gigahertz (GHz), or billions of steps per second. The faster the clock speed, the more quickly the next instruction is processed.
Course management software
online classes or Blackboard, moodle, angel
Hyperthreading
provides quicker processing of information by enabling a new set of instructions to start executing before the previous set has finished.
full installation
referred to as a typical installation) copies all the most commonly used files and programs from the distribution disc to your computer's hard drive.
Software
refers to a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do. An instruction set, also called a program, provides a means for us to interact with and use the computer, even if we lack specialized programming skills.
Hard drive
represented as the C: drive, is where you permanently store most of your files.
Web-based applications
you can collaborate online with others, avoiding the coordination mess that often occurs when transferring documents via e-mail.many web-based applications are not as fully featured as their installable counterparts, most work with files from other applications.
Custom Installation
you can decide which features you want installed on your hard drive. Installing only the features you want saves space on your hard drive.