COMS2300 QUIZ #2
Hasty Generalization
An argument that uses an isolated instance to make an unwarranted general conclusion
Logical Fallacy
Either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid/deceptive line of reasoning
Will come across as less fluent Moving can release the nervous energy you have
How does restricting your movement affect your delivery?
Sans serif
More block-like and linear letters, they are designed without tiny strokes
Claim
Proposition, states the speaker's conclusion about some state of affairs; answers the question, "what are you trying to prove?"
Warrant
Provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim; it allows audience members to evaluate whether in fact the evidence is valid for the claim, or unwarranted/warranted
Compensate for natural lapses in listening Reinforce/Emphasize information Add rhythm and drama
Repetition serves to ___
Delivery
Restricting your movement can affect your _____
Active Voice
Subject relates directly to the verb; when the subject performs the action
Evidence
Supports each claim, supporting material providing grounds for belief; answers the question, "what is your proof for the claim?"
Table/Tabular Chart
Systematically groups data in column form, allowing viewers to examine and make comparisons about information quickly
False; should strive for about 1 second of eye contact with each person
T/F: One should strive for about 3 seconds of eye contact with each person
True. One should not turn their back to the audience
T/F: You should not turn your back to the audience
Substantive Warrants
Target the audience's faith in the speaker's factual evidence as justification for the argument (LOGOS)
Audience Analysis
Using personal pronouns lends to ___ ____
Vocal Rate
Varying in ____ is the most effective way to hold the attention of your audience
When conveying complex information; when explaining a process/relationship
When should one use a chart?
One can utilize a model in presentations related to architecture or engineering
When should you use a model?
If the presentation is in engineering or architecture
When should you use a prop?
Passive Voice
When the subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action
Motives
____ arise from needs and desires we seek to satisfy
Emotion; Reason
____ gets the audience's attention and arouses their feelings; ___ provides the justification for these feelings
Warrant (reasoning) by cause
A line of reasoning which the speaker justifies the link between claim and evidence by providing a cause-effect relationship as proof of the claim
Warrant (reasoning) by analogy
A line of reasoning which the speaker justifies the link between claim and implying that what is true for one case is true for another
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
According to this, each of us has a set of basic needs ranging from essential, life sustaining ones to less critical, self-improvement ones
Metaphor
Also compares 2 things, but does so be describing one thing as BEING the other
Metaphor
Also compares 2 things, but does so by describing one thing as BEING the other
Disfluencies
Also known as vocal fillers; "um, like, so", distracting, can lower audience's perceptions of your credibility; a certain amount is natural
Enthymeme
An argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated
Either-Or-Fallacy
An argument stated in terms of only 2 alternatives, even though there may be many additional alternatives
Red Herring
An argument that introduces an irrelevant or unrelated topic into the discussion to divert attention from the issue at hand
Allusion
An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning explicitly; an indirect or passing reference
NEEDS
Appeal to audience members _____
Abstract Language
General, non-specific; leaving meaning open to interpretation, purely conceptual; no physical reference. Is often used by politicians. Can be utilized in the thesis statement
Adaptors
Gestures you engage in as a response to stress
Eye Contact
Having ___ ___ with the audience is one of the most, if not the most, important physical actions in public speaking (at least in Western Culture)
It helps you clarify your message and meet the goals of the organizer
How does asking the organizer his/her goals for your speech help you as the speaker?
By adding "by zombies" at the end of the verb
How does one check if they are using active or passive voice?
Received and Recalled
Imagery allows speeches to be more easily ___ and _____
Western; Non-Verbal Immediacy
In ____ cultures, listeners learn more from and respond most positively to speakers who create ____ ______ ______
Serif
Includes small flourishes, or strokes at the tops and bottoms of each letter
Figures of Speech
Including similes, metaphors, and analogies, make striking comparisons that help listeners visualize, identify with, and understand the speaker's ideas
Speech of Acceptance
Is made in response to receiving an award
Motivational Warrants
Offer reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions (PATHOS)
30; 1
On average, audience members only have ___ second(s) or less or view an aid, so restrict text to a minimum and present only __ major idea(s) per slide
The refutation pattern
One can consider the ____ ____ of organizing speech if one is confident that the opposing argument is weak and vulnerable to attack
Intonation
One can control one's voice through ____
ACTIVE; PASSIVE
One should use ___ instead of ___ voice
Culturally sensitive and gender neutral language
One should use ____ and ___ neutral language
Refutation Pattern
Particularly effective when persuading audience members hostile to your position; similar to debate
Non-Verbal Immediacy
Perceived psychological closeness of you and your audience members
Colloquialism
Saying specific to a certain region or group of people
Antithesis
Setting off 2 ideas in balance (parallel) opposition to each other to create a powerful effect ("One small step for man....one giant leap for mankind")
Sign Posts
Signaling first, second, third, etc. when moving through different points
Consistently
Use design elements ____
Bar/Column Graph
Uses bars of varying lengths to compare quantities or magnitudes
Pictogram
Uses picture symbols (icons) to illustrate relationships and trends
Line graph
Uses points connected by lines to demonstrate how something changes to fluctuates in value
Monroe's Motivated Sequence is particularly effective when you want the audience to buy a product or donate
Which organizational pattern for speeches is particularly effective when you want the audience to buy a product or donate?
ACTIVE
With presentation aids, be sure to word your text in ___ form
You can evoke LOGOS by providing evidence and reasoning within the framework of an argument
You can evoke this by providing evidence and reasoning within the framework of an argument
subjective interpretations
You should consider the ____ ____ of your color choices
Natural Open and expansive
You should utilize gestures that feel ____ , ____ and ____
Reason and Emotion
___ and ____ together may dispose audience members to believe or act upon your suggestions
Facial expressions
____ _____ should be animated, yet appropriate; need to correspond with the tenor of the speech
Audio and visual clips
____ and ____ can motivate and help move among and clarify points
Speech of Introduction
A short speech with 2 goals; 1) to prepare or "warm up" the audience for the speaker and 2) to motivate audience members to listen to what the main speaker has to say
Vocal Variety
A speaker should always strive for ____ ____
Typeface
A specific style of lettering, such as Arial or Times New Roman
Special Occasion Speech
A speech that is prepared for a specific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion
Argument
A stated position, with evidence and reasoning in support of it
Rational thinking
A substantive warrant appeals to the audience's ___ ___ on the matter
Social, self-esteem, and self-actualization
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what needs fall at the higher levels?
Physiological and safety needs
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what needs fall at the lower, essential levels?
Ad hominem Argument
An argument that targets a person instead of the issue at hand in an attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person
Begging the Question
An argument that uses (unsubstantiated) general opinion as its (false) basis
Faulty Analogy
An inaccurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because 2 things are similar in some ways, they are similar in all ways
Prop
Any object, inanimate, or even live, that helps demonstrate the speaker's points
Ethos
Appeal to credibility; the audience's perceptions of the speaker's competence, character, and concern for the audience
Pathos
Appeal to emotion; appealing to listener's emotions
Logos
Appeal to logic; refers to persuasive appeals directed at the audience's systematic reasoning on a topic
Authoritative Warrants
Appeal to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of evidence (ETHOS)
MOTIVATES
Appeal to what ____ audience members
Audience, Occasion Subject Matter
Appropriate language is language that considers ___ ____ ___
True; you should always ask the organizer his/her goals for your speech if you are asked to speak
True or false: When asked to speak, ask the organizer his/her goals for your speech
False: When giving a eulogy, one should be positive, but realistic.
True or false: When giving a eulogy, one does not need to be positive - only realistic.
True; one should remember to balance emotions and delivery during a eulogy
True or false: When giving a eulogy, one should balance emotions and delivery
Rate
The pace at which you convey speech
Non-Sequitur
(Latin: "Does not follow"), an argument in which the conclusion does not connect to the reasoning
Picture
A 2 dimensional representation which includes photographs, line drawings, diagrams, maps, and posters
Model
A 3 dimensional, scale-size representation of an object
Claim of Value
A claim which addresses issues of judgment
Claim of Policy
A claim which recommends that a specific course of action be taken or approved, the words "SHOULD" or "MUST" typically appear, it speaks to an "ought" condition, proposing that certain better outcomes would be realized if the proposed conditions were met
Claims of Fact
A claim; Focuses on whether something is or is not true, or whether something will or will not happen; they usually address issues for which 2 or more competing answers exist, or those for which an answer does not exist yet
Slippery Slope
A faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions
Speaker's background Subject of the speaker's message The occasion The audience
A good Speech of Introduction balances which 4 elements?
Idiom
A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words
Looking over the heads
Avoid ____ of audience members
The same person
Avoid making eye contact with ___
Sound reasoning
Base emotional appeals on ___ ____
Simile
Explicitly compares 2 things to one another, using "like" or "as"
Direct and purposeful
Body movement should be ___ and ____
Non-Verbal Communication
Body movements, physical appearance, and qualities of voice
Toast
Brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated
Code Switching
Can imbue your speech with friendliness, humor, earthiness, honesty, nostalgia; selective use of dialect
Engage with your audience
Code switching will allow you to ____
Multimedia
Combines stills, sound, video, text, and data into a single production, requires familiarity with presentation software programs (i.e. Windows Movie Maker, and Apple iMovies)
Problem-Solution Pattern
Commonly used design for persuasive speeches, especially those based in claims of policy Pattern: Problem (define what it is) Solution (offer a way to overcome) Most of these types of speeches require more than 2 points to adequately explain the problem and substantiate the recommended solution
Imagery
Concrete language that brings into play the senses
CONCISE
Create ___ titles
Speeches of Inspiration
Deliberately seeks to uplift members of the audience and to help them see things in a positive light Examples: Sermons, commencement addresses, "pep talks," and nomination speeches Touches on the deep feelings in the audience Through emotional force, they urge us toward purer motives and harder effort and remind us of a common good
Pie Graph
Depict the division of a while into slices; each slice constitutes a % of the whole
Eulogy
Derives from the Greek word meaning "to praise"
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
Developed in the mid 1930's by Alan Monroe, 5-step sequence that begins with arousing listener's attention ends with calling for action; this pattern is particularly effective when you want the audience to buy a product or donate
Flowchart
Diagrams the progression of a process or relationship helping viewers visualize a sequence or directional flow
Pauses
Enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners to contemplate what is being said
Subjective
Evidence in support of a claim of value tends to be more _____ than a claim of fact
Hyperbole
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally
After-Dinner Speech
Just as likely to occur before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business, professional, or civic meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner. Listeners expect this type of special occasion speech to be lighthearted and entertaining Listeners expect to gain insight into the topic at hand, or hear and outline of priorities and goals
Alliteration
Lends to a poetic/musical quality; the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in 2 or more neighboring words or syllables; "Down with dope, up with hope" "Nattering nabobs of negativism"
Multimedia Effect
Most people process information best when it is presented both verbally and visually
Scanning
Moving your gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing to gaze at one person long enough to complete a thought
Presentation Aids
Object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, visual, or multimedia
Encode emotion
Pitch also works to ____ _____ into the message
Good, Relaxed
Posture should be ____, but ____
Cliche
Predictable and stale metaphors and similes
Assonance
Repetition of the sound of a vowel or dipthong in non-rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible; tongue-twisters; "Pitter patter"
Graph
Represents relationships among 2 or more things
Key points
Skillful use of color can draw attention to ___ ___
Mood
Skillful use of color can influence the ___ of the presentation
Easier to see
Skillful use of color can make things ___
Speaker credibility = modern day version of ETHOS
Speaker credibility is the modern day version of _____
Value
Speakers arguing claims of ____ should try to show that something is right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy
Shorter; Less
Special occasion speeches tend to be much ____ in duration and most people will (mistakenly) spend ___ time preparing
Concrete Language
Specific, tangible and definite; refers to things we can physically see/sense; imagery
Parallelism
The arrangement of words, phrases or sentences in similar form; can help the speaker emphasize important ideas, and can be done as simple as orally numbering points ("First...second...third...") Also creates a sense of steady or building rhythm
Personification
The attribution of a personal nature of human characteristic to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form
Denotative
The dictionary, or literal meaning of a word
Connotative
The emotional meaning of a word
Irony
The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite; typically for humorous or emphatic effect
Voice
The feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action
Onomatopoeia
The formation of a word or sound associated with what it is named (i.e. "sizzle")
Malapropisms
The inadvertent, incorrect use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it
Ensure that your meaning is clear and your use is appropriate for your audience
The key to code switching is to ________
Comparative Advantage Pattern
The most effective pattern in which to organize a speech when your audience agrees that a need for a solution (or alternative view) exists; a pattern of organizing speech points so that the speaker's viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints
True: it is important to understand the tone of the event where you are asked to speak
True or false: When asked to speak, be sure to understand the TONE of the event
Understatement
The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is
Speaker Credibility
The quality that reveals that a speaker has a good grasp of the subject, displays sound reasoning skills, is honest and non-manipulative, and is genuinely interested in the welfare of the audience
Pitch
The range of sounds from low to high (or vice versa)
Consonance
The recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity
Volume
The relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech; usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker
Epistrophe/Epiphora
The repetition of a word/phrase appears at the end of successive statements
Intonation
The rising and falling of sound phrases and sentences; powerfully affects meaning associated with spoken words; conveys mood and emotion, communicates concern for audiences and commitment to the occasion
Anaphora
The speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences
Kinesics
The study of communicative impact of body movement and gestures
Oral Style
The use of language that is simpler, more repetitious, more rhythmic, and more interactive/inclusive than written language
Jargon
The use of specialized, "insider" language of a given profession
critical factor; credibility (ethos)
The visual appeal of a speaker's presentation aid is a ___ ____ in the audience's perception of their ____ (____)
Mixed Metaphor
Those that compare unlike images or expressions by incorrectly joining expressions
Triad
Three parallel elements ; "Of the people, for the people, by the people..."
False; you should apply the same design decisions to all aids you utilize during your speech
True or false: Apply the various different design decisions to all aids you utilize during your speech
False! Audiences actually have the HIGHEST expectations for special occasion speeches than any other type of public speaking because 1) we expect them to be powerful and 2) they occur at the most important times of our lives
True or false: Audiences have the lowest expectations for special occasion speeches than any other type of public speaking
False: During a eulogy, one should commemorate LIFE, not death
True or false: During a eulogy, one should commemorate death.
FALSE! One should refer to the family members of the deceased when giving a eulogy
True or false: One should not refer to the family of the deceased when giving a eulogy
True
True or false: Pausing is a great strategic tool
False! Always rehearse and revise your speech so that you are able to listen for the TONE (in both delivery and content). You should record yourself and edit as necessary.
True or false: Rehearsing or revising for a speech of inspiration is not necessary, as it can be as extemporaneous as needed, and is meant to be brief - so disfluencies are more than acceptable and even appreciated in these situations
False: Audience analysis is always crucial. When asked to speak, ask yourself, "Who will be there?"
True or false: Thankfully, when asked to speak, audience analysis is really redundant
True
True or false: Too many pauses can make a speaker seem unprepared
Chart
Visually organizes complex information into compact form
Size of the room Microphone or not Level of background noise
Volume depends on what 3 factors?
Maintain the quality of directness in a speech delivery Lets people know they are recognized Indicates acknowledgment and respect Signals to the audience members you see them as unique
What does eye contact do?
Enthusiastic delivery Frequent eye contact Animated facial expressions Natural body movements
What encourages non-verbal immediacy
Moving
What is a good way to release nervous energy you have while speaking?
Blue and black = hard to see
What is the effect of a blue and black color combination?
Blue and white = warm
What is the effect of a blue and white color combination?
Red and black = warm or difficult to see
What is the effect of a red and black color combination?
Red and white = bright
What is the effect of a red and white color combination?
Yellow and black = harsh
What is the effect of a yellow and black color combination?
Yellow and light blue = soothing
What is the effect of a yellow and light blue color combination?
Yellow and red = fiery
What is the effect of a yellow and red color combination?
Yellow and white = warm
What is the effect of a yellow and white color combination?
Social Agenda Setting
What is the function of many After-Dinner Speeches?
To express gratitude for the honor bestowed; the speech should reflect gratitude
What is the purpose of a speech of acceptance?
Problem-Cause-Solution-Feasibility Pattern
When arguing a claim of policy, it may be important to demonstrate the proposal's feasibility. This can be done through the ___ ____ ____ ___ pattern
Peripheral Processing
When audience members lack the motivation or ability to judge your argument based on its merits
Emotions felt by the audience, not just yourself
When giving a eulogy, it is important to reflect on ____
Be brief and choose words strategically
When giving a eulogy, one should remember to be ___ and choose words _____
Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (ELM)
When listeners are motivated and able to think critically about a message, they engage in central processing
Chartjunk
slides jammed with too many graphs, charts, and meaningless design elements that obscure rather than illuminate information
Digital Storytelling
using multimedia to tell a story about yourself or others with resonance for the audience
Roast
A humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of speakers jokingly poke fun at him/her
Rhetorical Devices
A linguistic tool(s) that aid(s) to evoke emotion, create rhythm, and add a touch of poetry to speech, utilized by MLK, Jesus, Obama, etc.
Central Processing
A mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of a speaker's arguments
Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
A pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate 1) The nature of the problem, 2) the reasons for the problem, and 3) the proposed solution(s) Pattern: The nature of the problem Reasons for the problem Proposed solution (explain why its expected to work)
Boost audience attention, comprehension, and retention
A rich variety of multimedia information can potentially ____ ____ ____
Six-By-Six Rule
A rule stating that one should use no more than six words in a line, and six lines on one slide
Syllogism
A set of propositions to be proved, that lend to a conclusion; a 3 part argument that consists of a general case or a major premise; a specific case or a minor premise, and a conclusion; a type of deductive reasoning
Body Language
Facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements during the delivery of the speech
True; you can use a picture when explaining how something works, to help audiences visualize geographic areas, understanding relationships or illustrate proportions
True or false: You can use a picture when explaining how something works, to help audiences visualize geographic areas, understand relationships, or illustrate proportions
True; poor color combination will set the wrong mood, render an image unattractive, or make it unreadable
True or false: poor color combination will set the wrong mood, render an image unattractive, or make it unreadable
false: If you are asked to speak, you should write an outline so that you can think of your transitions in and out
True or false: speeches of inspiration do not require an outline
Speeches of Presentation
Twofold; to communicate the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it
prepared and professional; negative impression
Well-designed aids signal that the speaker is ____ and _____; poorly designed aids create a ____ ____ that is difficult to overcome
The interplay between emotion and logic
What actually persuades audiences?
1. Use a quotation 2. Tell a quick story 3. Call to action
What are 3 ways you can "close with a dramatic ending?"
Appeal to audience member's emotions (pathos) Use real life stories Be dynamic Make your goal clear Close with a dramatic ending
What are some tips for a Speech of Inspiration?
-Prepare -Highlight remarkable traits -Restrict remarks to one or two -Be positive -Be brief -Be considerate of other speaker's time to speak
What are some tips for a toast/roast?
Recognize the occasion Balance seriousness with light-heartedness Avoid stand up comedy
What are some tips for an After-Dinner Speech
-Prepare in advance -Express what the award means to you -Express gratitude
What are some tips for when giving a speech of acceptance?
-Convey the meaning of the award -Mention any sponsors -Describe the link between the sponsor's goals and values in conjunction with the award
What are some tips for when giving a speech of presentation?
Serif and sans serif
What are the 2 major categories of typeface?
Simplicity, Repetition, Rhythm Inclusive/Interactive
What are the 4 elements of oral style?
Claim, Evidence and Warrant
What are the components of the Toulmin Model?
The difference is that a syllogism is a deductive logic that contains THREE PARTS, and in which BOTH PREMISES have a VALID conclusion. Whereas the enthymeme, writers keep one premise IMPLIED, which means BOTH PREMISES do not have valid conclusions. It is an incomplete argument.
What are the differences between an ENTHYMEME and a SYLLOGISM?
Warrant by Analogy Warrant by Cause
What are the two types of substantive warrants?
Gatherings of cause-oriented organizations, fundraisers, campaign banquets, conferences, and conventions
What are the typical venues for a SET A SOCIAL AGENDA special occasion speech?
Weddings, anniversaries, retirement parties, and awards ceremonies
What are the typical venues for a special occasion speech with the function to CELEBRATE?
Dedications, memorials, or gatherings held in someone's honor
What are the typical venues for a special occasion speech with the underlying function to COMMEMORATE?
Inaugural addresses, keynote speeches, and commencement speeches
What are the typical venues for a special occasion speech with the underlying function to INSPIRE?
Banquets, award dinners, and roasts
What are the typical venues for an ENTERTAINING special occasion speech?
Praises or Blames (Aristotle) Entertain Celebrate Commemorate Inspire Set a social agenda
What are the underlying functions of a special occasion speech? (6 things)
Vivid imagery Compelling stories Repetition Parallelism
What can a speaker use to evoke pathos? (4 things)
Anatomy
What determines a person's natural pitch?
Listeners expect the speaker to praise the subject of the celebration, and anticipate some degree of ceremony in accordance with the norms of the occasion
What do listeners expect from a special occasion speech with the underlying function to CELEBRATE?
Listeners expect the articulation and reinforcement of the goals and values of the group
What do listeners expect from a special occasion speech with the underlying function to SET A SOCIAL AGENDA
Listeners expect the speaker to offer remembrance and tribute
What do listeners expect when the underlying function of a special occasion speech is to COMMEMORATE?
Listeners expect to be motivated by examples of achievement
What do listeners expect when the underlying function of a special occasion speech is to INSPIRE
Listeners expect a lighthearted, amusing speech, and some sort of insight to the topic at hand
What do listeners expect with a special occasion speech that has the underlying function to ENTERTAIN?
Monotone delivery
When one does not take advantage of vocal tone, it leads to a ____ _____
When explaining any type of relationship
When should a graph be used?
When viewers need to quickly take in information/comparisons
When should a table be used in a presentation?
Cliches and mixed metaphors
When using figurative language, one should avoid ___ and ___ ___
