COMS2300 QUIZ #2

Hasty Generalization

An argument that uses an isolated instance to make an unwarranted general conclusion

Logical Fallacy

Either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid/deceptive line of reasoning

Will come across as less fluent Moving can release the nervous energy you have

How does restricting your movement affect your delivery?

Sans serif

More block-like and linear letters, they are designed without tiny strokes

Claim

Proposition, states the speaker's conclusion about some state of affairs; answers the question, "what are you trying to prove?"

Warrant

Provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim; it allows audience members to evaluate whether in fact the evidence is valid for the claim, or unwarranted/warranted

Compensate for natural lapses in listening Reinforce/Emphasize information Add rhythm and drama

Repetition serves to ___

Delivery

Restricting your movement can affect your _____

Active Voice

Subject relates directly to the verb; when the subject performs the action

Evidence

Supports each claim, supporting material providing grounds for belief; answers the question, "what is your proof for the claim?"

Table/Tabular Chart

Systematically groups data in column form, allowing viewers to examine and make comparisons about information quickly

False; should strive for about 1 second of eye contact with each person

T/F: One should strive for about 3 seconds of eye contact with each person

True. One should not turn their back to the audience

T/F: You should not turn your back to the audience

Substantive Warrants

Target the audience's faith in the speaker's factual evidence as justification for the argument (LOGOS)

Audience Analysis

Using personal pronouns lends to ___ ____

Vocal Rate

Varying in ____ is the most effective way to hold the attention of your audience

When conveying complex information; when explaining a process/relationship

When should one use a chart?

One can utilize a model in presentations related to architecture or engineering

When should you use a model?

If the presentation is in engineering or architecture

When should you use a prop?

Passive Voice

When the subject is acted upon or is the receiver of the action

Motives

____ arise from needs and desires we seek to satisfy

Emotion; Reason

____ gets the audience's attention and arouses their feelings; ___ provides the justification for these feelings

Warrant (reasoning) by cause

A line of reasoning which the speaker justifies the link between claim and evidence by providing a cause-effect relationship as proof of the claim

Warrant (reasoning) by analogy

A line of reasoning which the speaker justifies the link between claim and implying that what is true for one case is true for another

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

According to this, each of us has a set of basic needs ranging from essential, life sustaining ones to less critical, self-improvement ones

Metaphor

Also compares 2 things, but does so be describing one thing as BEING the other

Metaphor

Also compares 2 things, but does so by describing one thing as BEING the other

Disfluencies

Also known as vocal fillers; "um, like, so", distracting, can lower audience's perceptions of your credibility; a certain amount is natural

Enthymeme

An argument in which one premise is not explicitly stated

Either-Or-Fallacy

An argument stated in terms of only 2 alternatives, even though there may be many additional alternatives

Red Herring

An argument that introduces an irrelevant or unrelated topic into the discussion to divert attention from the issue at hand

Allusion

An expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning explicitly; an indirect or passing reference

NEEDS

Appeal to audience members _____

Abstract Language

General, non-specific; leaving meaning open to interpretation, purely conceptual; no physical reference. Is often used by politicians. Can be utilized in the thesis statement

Adaptors

Gestures you engage in as a response to stress

Eye Contact

Having ___ ___ with the audience is one of the most, if not the most, important physical actions in public speaking (at least in Western Culture)

It helps you clarify your message and meet the goals of the organizer

How does asking the organizer his/her goals for your speech help you as the speaker?

By adding "by zombies" at the end of the verb

How does one check if they are using active or passive voice?

Received and Recalled

Imagery allows speeches to be more easily ___ and _____

Western; Non-Verbal Immediacy

In ____ cultures, listeners learn more from and respond most positively to speakers who create ____ ______ ______

Serif

Includes small flourishes, or strokes at the tops and bottoms of each letter

Figures of Speech

Including similes, metaphors, and analogies, make striking comparisons that help listeners visualize, identify with, and understand the speaker's ideas

Speech of Acceptance

Is made in response to receiving an award

Motivational Warrants

Offer reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions (PATHOS)

30; 1

On average, audience members only have ___ second(s) or less or view an aid, so restrict text to a minimum and present only __ major idea(s) per slide

The refutation pattern

One can consider the ____ ____ of organizing speech if one is confident that the opposing argument is weak and vulnerable to attack

Intonation

One can control one's voice through ____

ACTIVE; PASSIVE

One should use ___ instead of ___ voice

Culturally sensitive and gender neutral language

One should use ____ and ___ neutral language

Refutation Pattern

Particularly effective when persuading audience members hostile to your position; similar to debate

Non-Verbal Immediacy

Perceived psychological closeness of you and your audience members

Colloquialism

Saying specific to a certain region or group of people

Antithesis

Setting off 2 ideas in balance (parallel) opposition to each other to create a powerful effect ("One small step for man....one giant leap for mankind")

Sign Posts

Signaling first, second, third, etc. when moving through different points

Consistently

Use design elements ____

Bar/Column Graph

Uses bars of varying lengths to compare quantities or magnitudes

Pictogram

Uses picture symbols (icons) to illustrate relationships and trends

Line graph

Uses points connected by lines to demonstrate how something changes to fluctuates in value

Monroe's Motivated Sequence is particularly effective when you want the audience to buy a product or donate

Which organizational pattern for speeches is particularly effective when you want the audience to buy a product or donate?

ACTIVE

With presentation aids, be sure to word your text in ___ form

You can evoke LOGOS by providing evidence and reasoning within the framework of an argument

You can evoke this by providing evidence and reasoning within the framework of an argument

subjective interpretations

You should consider the ____ ____ of your color choices

Natural Open and expansive

You should utilize gestures that feel ____ , ____ and ____

Reason and Emotion

___ and ____ together may dispose audience members to believe or act upon your suggestions

Facial expressions

____ _____ should be animated, yet appropriate; need to correspond with the tenor of the speech

Audio and visual clips

____ and ____ can motivate and help move among and clarify points

Speech of Introduction

A short speech with 2 goals; 1) to prepare or "warm up" the audience for the speaker and 2) to motivate audience members to listen to what the main speaker has to say

Vocal Variety

A speaker should always strive for ____ ____

Typeface

A specific style of lettering, such as Arial or Times New Roman

Special Occasion Speech

A speech that is prepared for a specific occasion and for a purpose dictated by that occasion

Argument

A stated position, with evidence and reasoning in support of it

Rational thinking

A substantive warrant appeals to the audience's ___ ___ on the matter

Social, self-esteem, and self-actualization

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what needs fall at the higher levels?

Physiological and safety needs

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, what needs fall at the lower, essential levels?

Ad hominem Argument

An argument that targets a person instead of the issue at hand in an attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person

Begging the Question

An argument that uses (unsubstantiated) general opinion as its (false) basis

Faulty Analogy

An inaccurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because 2 things are similar in some ways, they are similar in all ways

Prop

Any object, inanimate, or even live, that helps demonstrate the speaker's points

Ethos

Appeal to credibility; the audience's perceptions of the speaker's competence, character, and concern for the audience

Pathos

Appeal to emotion; appealing to listener's emotions

Logos

Appeal to logic; refers to persuasive appeals directed at the audience's systematic reasoning on a topic

Authoritative Warrants

Appeal to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of evidence (ETHOS)

MOTIVATES

Appeal to what ____ audience members

Audience, Occasion Subject Matter

Appropriate language is language that considers ___ ____ ___

True; you should always ask the organizer his/her goals for your speech if you are asked to speak

True or false: When asked to speak, ask the organizer his/her goals for your speech

False: When giving a eulogy, one should be positive, but realistic.

True or false: When giving a eulogy, one does not need to be positive - only realistic.

True; one should remember to balance emotions and delivery during a eulogy

True or false: When giving a eulogy, one should balance emotions and delivery

Rate

The pace at which you convey speech

Non-Sequitur

(Latin: "Does not follow"), an argument in which the conclusion does not connect to the reasoning

Picture

A 2 dimensional representation which includes photographs, line drawings, diagrams, maps, and posters

Model

A 3 dimensional, scale-size representation of an object

Claim of Value

A claim which addresses issues of judgment

Claim of Policy

A claim which recommends that a specific course of action be taken or approved, the words "SHOULD" or "MUST" typically appear, it speaks to an "ought" condition, proposing that certain better outcomes would be realized if the proposed conditions were met

Claims of Fact

A claim; Focuses on whether something is or is not true, or whether something will or will not happen; they usually address issues for which 2 or more competing answers exist, or those for which an answer does not exist yet

Slippery Slope

A faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions

Speaker's background Subject of the speaker's message The occasion The audience

A good Speech of Introduction balances which 4 elements?

Idiom

A group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words

Looking over the heads

Avoid ____ of audience members

The same person

Avoid making eye contact with ___

Sound reasoning

Base emotional appeals on ___ ____

Simile

Explicitly compares 2 things to one another, using "like" or "as"

Direct and purposeful

Body movement should be ___ and ____

Non-Verbal Communication

Body movements, physical appearance, and qualities of voice

Toast

Brief tribute to a person or an event being celebrated

Code Switching

Can imbue your speech with friendliness, humor, earthiness, honesty, nostalgia; selective use of dialect

Engage with your audience

Code switching will allow you to ____

Multimedia

Combines stills, sound, video, text, and data into a single production, requires familiarity with presentation software programs (i.e. Windows Movie Maker, and Apple iMovies)

Problem-Solution Pattern

Commonly used design for persuasive speeches, especially those based in claims of policy Pattern: Problem (define what it is) Solution (offer a way to overcome) Most of these types of speeches require more than 2 points to adequately explain the problem and substantiate the recommended solution

Imagery

Concrete language that brings into play the senses

CONCISE

Create ___ titles

Speeches of Inspiration

Deliberately seeks to uplift members of the audience and to help them see things in a positive light Examples: Sermons, commencement addresses, "pep talks," and nomination speeches Touches on the deep feelings in the audience Through emotional force, they urge us toward purer motives and harder effort and remind us of a common good

Pie Graph

Depict the division of a while into slices; each slice constitutes a % of the whole

Eulogy

Derives from the Greek word meaning "to praise"

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

Developed in the mid 1930's by Alan Monroe, 5-step sequence that begins with arousing listener's attention ends with calling for action; this pattern is particularly effective when you want the audience to buy a product or donate

Flowchart

Diagrams the progression of a process or relationship helping viewers visualize a sequence or directional flow

Pauses

Enhance meaning by providing a type of punctuation, emphasizing a point, drawing attention to a thought, or just allowing listeners to contemplate what is being said

Subjective

Evidence in support of a claim of value tends to be more _____ than a claim of fact

Hyperbole

Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally

After-Dinner Speech

Just as likely to occur before, during, or after a lunch seminar or other type of business, professional, or civic meeting as it is to follow a formal dinner. Listeners expect this type of special occasion speech to be lighthearted and entertaining Listeners expect to gain insight into the topic at hand, or hear and outline of priorities and goals

Alliteration

Lends to a poetic/musical quality; the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in 2 or more neighboring words or syllables; "Down with dope, up with hope" "Nattering nabobs of negativism"

Multimedia Effect

Most people process information best when it is presented both verbally and visually

Scanning

Moving your gaze from one listener to another and from one section to another, pausing to gaze at one person long enough to complete a thought

Presentation Aids

Object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, visual, or multimedia

Encode emotion

Pitch also works to ____ _____ into the message

Good, Relaxed

Posture should be ____, but ____

Cliche

Predictable and stale metaphors and similes

Assonance

Repetition of the sound of a vowel or dipthong in non-rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible; tongue-twisters; "Pitter patter"

Graph

Represents relationships among 2 or more things

Key points

Skillful use of color can draw attention to ___ ___

Mood

Skillful use of color can influence the ___ of the presentation

Easier to see

Skillful use of color can make things ___

Speaker credibility = modern day version of ETHOS

Speaker credibility is the modern day version of _____

Value

Speakers arguing claims of ____ should try to show that something is right or wrong, good or bad, worthy or unworthy

Shorter; Less

Special occasion speeches tend to be much ____ in duration and most people will (mistakenly) spend ___ time preparing

Concrete Language

Specific, tangible and definite; refers to things we can physically see/sense; imagery

Parallelism

The arrangement of words, phrases or sentences in similar form; can help the speaker emphasize important ideas, and can be done as simple as orally numbering points ("First...second...third...") Also creates a sense of steady or building rhythm

Personification

The attribution of a personal nature of human characteristic to something non-human, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form

Denotative

The dictionary, or literal meaning of a word

Connotative

The emotional meaning of a word

Irony

The expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite; typically for humorous or emphatic effect

Voice

The feature of verbs that indicates the subject's relationship to the action

Onomatopoeia

The formation of a word or sound associated with what it is named (i.e. "sizzle")

Malapropisms

The inadvertent, incorrect use of a word or phrase in place of one that sounds like it

Ensure that your meaning is clear and your use is appropriate for your audience

The key to code switching is to ________

Comparative Advantage Pattern

The most effective pattern in which to organize a speech when your audience agrees that a need for a solution (or alternative view) exists; a pattern of organizing speech points so that the speaker's viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints

True: it is important to understand the tone of the event where you are asked to speak

True or false: When asked to speak, be sure to understand the TONE of the event

Understatement

The presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is

Speaker Credibility

The quality that reveals that a speaker has a good grasp of the subject, displays sound reasoning skills, is honest and non-manipulative, and is genuinely interested in the welfare of the audience

Pitch

The range of sounds from low to high (or vice versa)

Consonance

The recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity

Volume

The relative loudness of a speaker's voice while delivering a speech; usually the most obvious vocal element we notice about a speaker

Epistrophe/Epiphora

The repetition of a word/phrase appears at the end of successive statements

Intonation

The rising and falling of sound phrases and sentences; powerfully affects meaning associated with spoken words; conveys mood and emotion, communicates concern for audiences and commitment to the occasion

Anaphora

The speaker repeats a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences

Kinesics

The study of communicative impact of body movement and gestures

Oral Style

The use of language that is simpler, more repetitious, more rhythmic, and more interactive/inclusive than written language

Jargon

The use of specialized, "insider" language of a given profession

critical factor; credibility (ethos)

The visual appeal of a speaker's presentation aid is a ___ ____ in the audience's perception of their ____ (____)

Mixed Metaphor

Those that compare unlike images or expressions by incorrectly joining expressions

Triad

Three parallel elements ; "Of the people, for the people, by the people..."

False; you should apply the same design decisions to all aids you utilize during your speech

True or false: Apply the various different design decisions to all aids you utilize during your speech

False! Audiences actually have the HIGHEST expectations for special occasion speeches than any other type of public speaking because 1) we expect them to be powerful and 2) they occur at the most important times of our lives

True or false: Audiences have the lowest expectations for special occasion speeches than any other type of public speaking

False: During a eulogy, one should commemorate LIFE, not death

True or false: During a eulogy, one should commemorate death.

FALSE! One should refer to the family members of the deceased when giving a eulogy

True or false: One should not refer to the family of the deceased when giving a eulogy

True

True or false: Pausing is a great strategic tool

False! Always rehearse and revise your speech so that you are able to listen for the TONE (in both delivery and content). You should record yourself and edit as necessary.

True or false: Rehearsing or revising for a speech of inspiration is not necessary, as it can be as extemporaneous as needed, and is meant to be brief - so disfluencies are more than acceptable and even appreciated in these situations

False: Audience analysis is always crucial. When asked to speak, ask yourself, "Who will be there?"

True or false: Thankfully, when asked to speak, audience analysis is really redundant

True

True or false: Too many pauses can make a speaker seem unprepared

Chart

Visually organizes complex information into compact form

Size of the room Microphone or not Level of background noise

Volume depends on what 3 factors?

Maintain the quality of directness in a speech delivery Lets people know they are recognized Indicates acknowledgment and respect Signals to the audience members you see them as unique

What does eye contact do?

Enthusiastic delivery Frequent eye contact Animated facial expressions Natural body movements

What encourages non-verbal immediacy

Moving

What is a good way to release nervous energy you have while speaking?

Blue and black = hard to see

What is the effect of a blue and black color combination?

Blue and white = warm

What is the effect of a blue and white color combination?

Red and black = warm or difficult to see

What is the effect of a red and black color combination?

Red and white = bright

What is the effect of a red and white color combination?

Yellow and black = harsh

What is the effect of a yellow and black color combination?

Yellow and light blue = soothing

What is the effect of a yellow and light blue color combination?

Yellow and red = fiery

What is the effect of a yellow and red color combination?

Yellow and white = warm

What is the effect of a yellow and white color combination?

Social Agenda Setting

What is the function of many After-Dinner Speeches?

To express gratitude for the honor bestowed; the speech should reflect gratitude

What is the purpose of a speech of acceptance?

Problem-Cause-Solution-Feasibility Pattern

When arguing a claim of policy, it may be important to demonstrate the proposal's feasibility. This can be done through the ___ ____ ____ ___ pattern

Peripheral Processing

When audience members lack the motivation or ability to judge your argument based on its merits

Emotions felt by the audience, not just yourself

When giving a eulogy, it is important to reflect on ____

Be brief and choose words strategically

When giving a eulogy, one should remember to be ___ and choose words _____

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion (ELM)

When listeners are motivated and able to think critically about a message, they engage in central processing

Chartjunk

slides jammed with too many graphs, charts, and meaningless design elements that obscure rather than illuminate information

Digital Storytelling

using multimedia to tell a story about yourself or others with resonance for the audience

Roast

A humorous tribute to a person, one in which a series of speakers jokingly poke fun at him/her

Rhetorical Devices

A linguistic tool(s) that aid(s) to evoke emotion, create rhythm, and add a touch of poetry to speech, utilized by MLK, Jesus, Obama, etc.

Central Processing

A mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of a speaker's arguments

Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

A pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate 1) The nature of the problem, 2) the reasons for the problem, and 3) the proposed solution(s) Pattern: The nature of the problem Reasons for the problem Proposed solution (explain why its expected to work)

Boost audience attention, comprehension, and retention

A rich variety of multimedia information can potentially ____ ____ ____

Six-By-Six Rule

A rule stating that one should use no more than six words in a line, and six lines on one slide

Syllogism

A set of propositions to be proved, that lend to a conclusion; a 3 part argument that consists of a general case or a major premise; a specific case or a minor premise, and a conclusion; a type of deductive reasoning

Body Language

Facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, and general body movements during the delivery of the speech

True; you can use a picture when explaining how something works, to help audiences visualize geographic areas, understanding relationships or illustrate proportions

True or false: You can use a picture when explaining how something works, to help audiences visualize geographic areas, understand relationships, or illustrate proportions

True; poor color combination will set the wrong mood, render an image unattractive, or make it unreadable

True or false: poor color combination will set the wrong mood, render an image unattractive, or make it unreadable

false: If you are asked to speak, you should write an outline so that you can think of your transitions in and out

True or false: speeches of inspiration do not require an outline

Speeches of Presentation

Twofold; to communicate the meaning of the award and to explain why the recipient is receiving it

prepared and professional; negative impression

Well-designed aids signal that the speaker is ____ and _____; poorly designed aids create a ____ ____ that is difficult to overcome

The interplay between emotion and logic

What actually persuades audiences?

1. Use a quotation 2. Tell a quick story 3. Call to action

What are 3 ways you can "close with a dramatic ending?"

Appeal to audience member's emotions (pathos) Use real life stories Be dynamic Make your goal clear Close with a dramatic ending

What are some tips for a Speech of Inspiration?

-Prepare -Highlight remarkable traits -Restrict remarks to one or two -Be positive -Be brief -Be considerate of other speaker's time to speak

What are some tips for a toast/roast?

Recognize the occasion Balance seriousness with light-heartedness Avoid stand up comedy

What are some tips for an After-Dinner Speech

-Prepare in advance -Express what the award means to you -Express gratitude

What are some tips for when giving a speech of acceptance?

-Convey the meaning of the award -Mention any sponsors -Describe the link between the sponsor's goals and values in conjunction with the award

What are some tips for when giving a speech of presentation?

Serif and sans serif

What are the 2 major categories of typeface?

Simplicity, Repetition, Rhythm Inclusive/Interactive

What are the 4 elements of oral style?

Claim, Evidence and Warrant

What are the components of the Toulmin Model?

The difference is that a syllogism is a deductive logic that contains THREE PARTS, and in which BOTH PREMISES have a VALID conclusion. Whereas the enthymeme, writers keep one premise IMPLIED, which means BOTH PREMISES do not have valid conclusions. It is an incomplete argument.

What are the differences between an ENTHYMEME and a SYLLOGISM?

Warrant by Analogy Warrant by Cause

What are the two types of substantive warrants?

Gatherings of cause-oriented organizations, fundraisers, campaign banquets, conferences, and conventions

What are the typical venues for a SET A SOCIAL AGENDA special occasion speech?

Weddings, anniversaries, retirement parties, and awards ceremonies

What are the typical venues for a special occasion speech with the function to CELEBRATE?

Dedications, memorials, or gatherings held in someone's honor

What are the typical venues for a special occasion speech with the underlying function to COMMEMORATE?

Inaugural addresses, keynote speeches, and commencement speeches

What are the typical venues for a special occasion speech with the underlying function to INSPIRE?

Banquets, award dinners, and roasts

What are the typical venues for an ENTERTAINING special occasion speech?

Praises or Blames (Aristotle) Entertain Celebrate Commemorate Inspire Set a social agenda

What are the underlying functions of a special occasion speech? (6 things)

Vivid imagery Compelling stories Repetition Parallelism

What can a speaker use to evoke pathos? (4 things)

Anatomy

What determines a person's natural pitch?

Listeners expect the speaker to praise the subject of the celebration, and anticipate some degree of ceremony in accordance with the norms of the occasion

What do listeners expect from a special occasion speech with the underlying function to CELEBRATE?

Listeners expect the articulation and reinforcement of the goals and values of the group

What do listeners expect from a special occasion speech with the underlying function to SET A SOCIAL AGENDA

Listeners expect the speaker to offer remembrance and tribute

What do listeners expect when the underlying function of a special occasion speech is to COMMEMORATE?

Listeners expect to be motivated by examples of achievement

What do listeners expect when the underlying function of a special occasion speech is to INSPIRE

Listeners expect a lighthearted, amusing speech, and some sort of insight to the topic at hand

What do listeners expect with a special occasion speech that has the underlying function to ENTERTAIN?

Monotone delivery

When one does not take advantage of vocal tone, it leads to a ____ _____

When explaining any type of relationship

When should a graph be used?

When viewers need to quickly take in information/comparisons

When should a table be used in a presentation?

Cliches and mixed metaphors

When using figurative language, one should avoid ___ and ___ ___