concepts 1 nursing chapter 2, concepts 1 nursing chapter 1

conceptual framework or model

A group of concepts that follows an understandable pattern makes up a

restoring health

Activities to restore health encompass those traditionally considered to be the nurse's responsibility. These focus on the individual with an illness and range from early detection of a disease to rehabilitation and teaching during recovery. Such activities include the following: Performing assessments that detect an illness (e.g., taking blood pressure, measuring blood sugars) Referring questions and abnormal findings to other health care providers as appropriate Providing direct care of the person who is ill by such measures as giving physical care, administering medications, and carrying out procedures and treatments Collaborating with other health care providers in providing care Planning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for illnesses such as heart attacks, arthritis, and strokes Working in mental health and chemical-dependency programs

facilitating coping with dissability and death

Although the major goals of health care are promoting, maintaining, and restoring health, these goals cannot always be met. Nurses also facilitate patient and family coping with altered function, life crisis, and death. Altered function decreases an individual's ability to carry out activities of daily living (ADLs) and expected roles. Nurses facilitate an optimal level of function through maximizing the person's strengths and potentials, through teaching, and through referral to community support systems. Nurses provide care to both patients and families during end-of-life care, and they do so in hospitals, long-term care facilities, hospices, and homes. Nurses are active in hospice programs, which assist patients and their families in multiple settings in preparing for death and in living as comfortably as possible until death occurs.

Development of Nursing from the 19th to the 21st century

Both the work of Florence Nightingale and the care provided for battle casualties during the Civil War focused attention on the need for educated nurses in the United States. Schools of nursing, founded in connection with hospitals, were established on the beliefs of Nightingale, but the training they provided was based more on apprenticeship than on educational principles. Hospitals saw an economic advantage in having their own schools, and most hospital schools were organized to provide more easily controlled and less expensive staff for the hospital. This resulted in a lack of clear guidelines separating nursing service and nursing education. As students and as graduates, female nurses were under the control of male hospital administrators and physicians. The lack of educational standards, the male dominance in health care, and the pervading Victorian belief that women were subordinate to men combined to contribute to several decades of slow progress toward professionalism in nursing (Kalisch & Kalisch, 2004). World War II had an enormous effect on nursing. For the first time, large numbers of women worked outside the home. They became more independent and assertive. These changes in women and in society led to an increased emphasis on education. The war itself had created a need for more nurses and resulted in a knowledge explosion in medicine and technology, which broadened the role of nurses. After World War II, efforts were directed at upgrading nursing education. Schools of nursing were based on educational objectives and were increasingly developed in university and college settings, leading to degrees in nursing for men, women, and minorities. Nursing has broadened in all areas, including practice in a wide variety of health care settings, the development of a specific body of knowledge, the conduct and publication of nursing research, and recognition of the role of nursing in promoting health. Increased emphasis on nursing knowledge as the base for evidence-based practice (EBP) has led to the growth of nursing as a professional discipline.

true

Concepts can be thought of as the individual bricks and boards used to build a house, with the conceptual framework being the blueprint that specifies where each brick and board should go. Theories can be tested, changed, or used to guide research or to provide a base for evaluation.

NSNA

Established in 1952 with the assistance of the ANA and the NLN, the ______________ is the national organization for students enrolled in nursing education programs. Through voluntary participation, students practice self-governance, advocate for student and patient rights, and take collective, responsible action on social and political issues.

People important to the development of nursing in north america

Florence Nightingale Defined nursing as both an art and a science, differentiated nursing from medicine, created freestanding nursing education; published books about nursing and health care; is regarded as the founder of modern nursing (see text for further information) Clara Barton Volunteered to care for wounds and feed Union soldiers during the Civil War; served as the supervisor of nurses for the Army of the James, organizing hospitals and nurses; established the Red Cross in the United States in 1882 Dorothea Dix Served as superintendent of the Female Nurses of the Army during the Civil War; was given the authority and the responsibility for recruiting and equipping a corps of army nurses; was a pioneering crusader for the reform of the treatment of the mentally ill Mary Ann Bickerdyke Organized diet kitchens, laundries, and an ambulance service, and supervised nursing staff during the Civil War Louise Schuyler A nurse during the Civil War; returned to New York and organized the New York Charities Aid Association to improve care of the sick in Bellevue Hospital; recommended standards for nursing education Linda Richards Graduated in 1873 from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in Boston, Massachusetts, as the first trained nurse in the United States; became the night superintendent of Bellevue Hospital in 1874 and began the practice of keeping records and writing orders Jane Addams Provided social services within a neighborhood setting; a leader for women's rights; recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace prize Lillian Wald Established a neighborhood nursing service for the sick poor of the Lower East Side in New York City; the founder of public health nursing Mary Elizabeth Mahoney Graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children in 1879 as America's first African American nurse Harriet Tubman A nurse and an abolitionist; active in the underground railroad movement before joining the Union Army during the Civil War Nora Gertrude Livingston Established a training program for nurses at the Montreal General Hospital (the first 3-year program in North America) Mary Agnes Snively Director of the nursing school at Toronto General Hospital and one of the founders of the Canadian Nurses Association Sojourner Truth Provided nursing care to soldiers during the Civil War and worked for the women's movement Isabel Hampton Robb A leader in nursing and nursing education; organized the nursing school at Johns Hopkins Hospital; initiated policies that included limiting the number of hours in a day's work and wrote a textbook to help student learning; the first president of the Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (which later became the American Nurses Association) 20th Century Mary Adelaide Nutting Became the first professor of nursing in the world as a faculty member of Teachers' College, Columbia University; with Lavinia Dock, published the four-volumeHistory of Nursing Elizabeth Smellie A member of the original Victorian Order of Nurses for Canada (a group that provided public health nursing); organized the Canadian Women's Army Corps during World War II Lavinia Dock A nursing leader and women's rights activist; instrumental in the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote Mary Breckenridge Established the Frontier Nursing Service and one of the first midwifery schools in the United States Margaret Sanger Founder of Planned Parenthood

To promote health To prevent illness To restore health To facilitate coping with disability or death

Four broad aims of nursing practice can be identified in the definitions of nursing are To meet these aims, the nurse uses four blended competencies:cognitive,technical,interpersonal, andethical/legal. More recently these have been further specified as the quality and safety education for nursing (QSEN, 2007) competencies: patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, quality improvement, safety, EBP, and informatics (Sherwood & Barnsteiner, 2012)

common concepts in nursing theories

Four concepts common in nursing theory that influence and determine nursing practice are (1) the person (patient), (2) the environment, (3) health, and (4) nursing. Each of these concepts is usually defined and described by a nursing theorist, and although these concepts are common to all nursing theories, both the definitions and the relations among them may differ from one theory to another. Of the four concepts, the most important is that of the person. The focus of nursing, regardless of definition or theory, is the person (Fig. 2-1).

Florence Nightengale and the birth of modern nursing

From the middle of the 19th century to the20th century, social reforms changed the roles of nurses and of women in general. It was during this time that nursing as we now know it began, based on many of the beliefs of Florence Nightingale. Born in 1820 to a wealthy family, she grew up in England, was well educated, and traveled extensively. Despite strong opposition from her family, Nightingale began training as a nurse at the age of 31. The outbreak of the Crimean War and a request by the British to organize nursing care for a military hospital in Turkey gave Nightingale an opportunity for achievement (Kalisch & Kalisch, 2004). As she successfully overcame enormous difficulties, Nightingale challenged prejudices against women and elevated the status of all nurses. After the war, she returned to England, where she established the first training school for nurses and wrote books about health care and nursing education. Florence Nightingale's contributions include: Identifying the personal needs of the patient and the role of the nurse in meeting those needs Establishing standards for hospital management Establishing a respected occupation for women Establishing nursing education Recognizing the two components of nursing: health and illness Believing that nursing is separate and distinct frommedicine Recognizing that nutrition is important to health Instituting occupational and recreational therapy for sick people Stressing the need for continuing education for nurses Maintaining accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research Florence Nightingale, other historically important nurses, and images of early nursing can be seen in Figure 1-1. People important to the development of nursing are listed in Table 1-1. A historical overview of the foundational documents for nursing is presented in Box 1-1.

health promotion

Health promotion is motivated by the desire to increase a person's well-being and health potential. A person's level of health is affected by many different interrelated factors that either promote health or increase the risk for illness. These factors include genetic inheritance, cognitive abilities, educational level, race and ethnicity, culture, age and gender, developmental level, lifestyle, environment, and socioeconomic status. A level of health or wellness is also strongly influenced by what is termed "health literacy." Health literacy, defined by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in the documentHealthy People 2020, is the ability of patients to obtain, process, and understand the basic information needed to make appropriate decisions about health. Examples of ways that nurses can promote health literacy are included throughout this text. Healthy People 2020 also establishes health promotion guidelines for the nation as a whole. The guidelines are focused on meeting four overarching goals: Attain high-quality, longer lives free of preventable disease, disability, injury, and premature death. Achieve health equity, eliminate disparities, and improve the health of all groups. Create social and physical environments that promote good health for all. Promote quality of life, healthy development, and healthy behaviors across all life stages. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC. Available at http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/) The guidelines also contain 12 Leading Health Indicators, which are used to measure the health of the nation over a 10-year period. The 2020 Leading Health Indicators, listed in Box 1-2 reflect the major health concerns in the United States at the beginning of the 21st century. They were selected on the basis of their ability to motivate action, availability to measure progress, and importance as public health issues. Patient-centered health promotion is the framework for nursing activities. The nurse considers the patient's self-awareness, health awareness, and use of resources while providing care. Through knowledge and skill, the nurse accomplishes the following: Facilitates decisions about lifestyle that enhance quality of life and encourage acceptance of responsibility for one's own health Increases health awareness by assisting in the understanding that health is more than just not being ill, and by teaching that certain behaviors and factors can contribute to or diminish health Teaches self-care activities to maximize achievement of goals that are realistic and attainable; serves as a role model Encourages health promotion by providing information and referrals

Florence Nightengales contributions to nursing.

Identifying the personal needs of the patient and the role of the nurse in meeting those needs Establishing standards for hospital management Establishing a respected occupation for women Establishing nursing education Recognizing the two components of nursing: health and illness Believing that nursing is separate and distinct frommedicine Recognizing that nutrition is important to health Instituting occupational and recreational therapy for sick people Stressing the need for continuing education for nurses Maintaining accurate records, recognized as the beginnings of nursing research

Development of Nursing from Early Civilization to the 16th century

In the early Christian period, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role in society. Led by the idea that love and caring for others were important, women called "deaconesses" made the first organized visits to sick people, and members of male religious orders gave nursing care and buried the dead. Both male and female nursing orders were founded during the Crusades (11th to 13th centuries). Hospitals were built for the enormous number of pilgrims needing health care, and nursing became a respected vocation. Although the early Middle Ages ended in chaos, nursing had developed purpose, direction, and leadership. At the beginning of the 16th century, many Western societies shifted from a religious orientation to an emphasis on warfare, exploration, and expansion of knowledge. Many monasteries and convents closed, leading to a tremendous shortage of people to care for the sick. To meet this need, women who were convicted of crimes were recruited into nursing in lieu of serving jail sentences. In addition to having a poor reputation, nurses received low pay and worked long hours in unfavorable conditions.

nursing theory

Is developed to describe nursing. __________ differentiates nursing from other disciplines and activities in that it serves the purposes of describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling desired outcomes of nursing care practices. Thus, theories provide a means of testing knowledge through research and for expanding nursing's knowledge base to meet the health care needs of patients in an ever-changing society.

Nursing knowledge

Knowledge is an awareness of reality acquired through learning or investigation. Every individual collects, organizes, and arranges facts to build a knowledge base relevant to one's personal reality. The knowledge base for professional nursing practice includes nursing science, philosophy, and ethics; biology and psychology; and the social, physical, economic, organizational, and technological sciences. Nursing's Social Policy Statement (American Nurses Association [ANA], 2010, pp. 13-14) lists the following as issues that nurses address in partnership with individuals, families, communities, and populations: Promotion of health and wellness Promotion of safety and quality of care Care, self-care processes, and care coordination Physical, emotional, and spiritual comfort, discomfort, and pain Adaptation to physiologic and pathophysiologic processes Emotions related to the experience of birth, growth and development, health, illness, disease and death Meanings ascribed to health, illness, and other concepts Linguistic and cultural sensitivity Health literacy Decision making and the ability to make choices Relationships, role performance, and change processes within relationships Social policies and their effects on health Health care systems and their relationships to access, cost, and quality of health care The environment and the prevention of disease and injury As you reflect on this list, you can see why your nursing education is so important and why professional nurses are lifelong learners.

International Council of Nurses definition of Nursing

Nursing encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups, and communities, sick or well and in all settings. Nursing includes the promotion of health, prevention of illness, and the care of ill, disabled, and dying people. Advocacy, promotion of a safe environment, research, participation in shaping health policy and in patient and health systems management, and education are also key nursing roles.

practical or vocational nursing education

Practical (also labeled vocational) nursing programs were established to teach graduates to give bedside nursing care to patients. Schools for practical nursing programs are located in varied settings, such as high schools, technical or vocational schools, community colleges, and independent agencies. Most programs are 1 year in length, divided into one-third classroom hours and two-thirds clinical laboratory hours. On completion of the program, graduates can take the National Council Licensure Examination-Practical Nurse (NCLEX-PN) for licensure as an LPN. LPNs work under the direction of a physician or RN to give direct care to patients, focusing on meeting health care needs in hospitals, long-term care facilities, and home health agencies.

preventing illness

Prevention is "anticipatory action taken to prevent the occurrence of an event or to minimize its effects after it has occurred" (Turnock, 2009, p. 516). The objectives of illness-prevention activities are to reduce the risk for illness, to promote good health habits, and to maintain optimal functioning. Nurses prevent illness primarily by teaching and by personal example. Such activities include the following: Educational programs in areas such as prenatal care for pregnant women, smoking-cessation programs, and stress-reduction seminars Community programs and resources that encourage healthy lifestyles, such as aerobic exercise classes, "swimnastics," and physical fitness programs Literature, television, radio, or Internet information on a healthy diet, regular exercise, and the importance of good health habits Health assessments in institutions, clinics, and community settings that identify areas of strength and risks for illness

American Nurses Association (ANA) Definition of nursing.

The __________ (__________) defines nursing as "the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations" (__________,2010). In addition to a definition of nursing, the __________ describes the social context of nursing, the knowledge base for nursing practice, the scope of nursing practice, standards of professional nursing practice, and the regulation of professional nursing in itsNursing's Social Policy Statement (2010).

International Council of Nurses or ICN

The __________ (__________), founded in 1899, was the first international organization of professional women. By sharing a commitment to maintaining high standards of nursing service and nursing education and by promoting ethics, the __________ provides a way for national nursing organizations to work together.

NLN

The __________ is an organization open to all people interested in nursing, including nurses, nonnurses, and agencies. Established in 1952, its objective is to foster the development and improvement of all nursing services and nursing education. The __________ conducts one of the largest professional testing services in the United States, including pre-entrance testing for potential students and achievement testing to measure student progress. It also serves as the primary source of research data about nursing education, conducting annual surveys of schools and new RNs. The organization also provides voluntary accreditation for educational programs in nursing.

AACN

The __________ is the national voice for baccalaureate and higher-degree nursing education programs. The organization's goals focus on establishing quality educational standards, influencing the nursing profession to improve health care, and promoting public support of baccalaureate and graduate education, research, and nursing practice. National accreditation for collegiate nursing programs is provided (based on meeting standards) through the __________ by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education (CCNE).

ANA

The __________ is the professional organization for RNs in the United States. Founded in the late 1800s, its membership is comprised of the state nurses' associations to which individual nurses belong. Its primary mission is to be involved in public education, clinical nursing standards, and lobbying state and federal lawmakers to advance the profession of nursing. The __________ addresses ethics, public policy, and the economic and general welfare of nurses. Publications of the __________ includeCode of Ethics,American Nurse Today,The American Nurse,OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, andNurseBooks.org. __________ electronic newsletters include__________ SmartBrief,Nursing Insider,__________ ImmuNews, andCapitol Update.

patient

The central focus in all definitions of nursing is the _____________(the person receiving care), which includes the physical, emotional, social, and spiritual dimensions of that person. Nursing is no longer considered to be concerned primarily with illness care. Nursing's concepts and definitions have expanded to include the prevention of illness and the promotion and maintenance of health for individuals, families, and communities

caregiver

The primary role of the nurse as ____________________ is given shape and substance by the interrelated roles of communicator, teacher, counselor, leader, researcher, advocate, and collaborator.

(1) diploma, (2) associate degree, and (3) baccalaureate programs

Three types of educational programs traditionally lead to licensure as an RN: (1) diploma, (2) associate degree, and (3) baccalaureate programs

authoritative knowledge

__________ comes from an expert and isaccepted as truth based on the person's perceived expertise—for example, when a senior staff nurse teaches a new graduate nurse a more efficient method of doing a technical procedure, such as inserting an intravenous catheter. The senior nurse has gained knowledge through experience, and the new graduate nurse accepts it as truth based on the perceived authority of the experienced nurse. __________ generally remains unchallenged as long as presumed authorities maintain their perceived expertise.

traditional knowledge

__________ is that part of nursing practice passed down from generation to generation. When questioned about the origin of such nursing practices, nurses might reply, "We've always done it this way." Changing bedclothes is an example of how __________ has affected nursing practice. It is customary in acute care settings to change a patient's bedclothes daily, whether soiled or not. There are no research data to support this, yet virtually millions of hospital beds are changed daily because this practice is accepted as a necessary component of quality patient care. Until this practice is challenged scientifically and its assumed value disproved, it will remain a traditional part of patient care.

standards:

acceptable, expected level of performance established by authority, custom, or consent

standards

allow nurses to carry out professional roles, serving as protection for the nurse, the patient, and the institution where health care is provided. Each nurse is accountable for his or her own quality of practice and is responsible for the use of these standards to ensure knowledgeable, safe, and comprehensive nursing care. The 2010 ANA standards outlined in Box 1-4 apply to the practice of professional nursing for all RNs, in all settings

applied research

also called practical research, is designed to directly influence or improve clinical practice.

Proffession

an occupation that meets specific criteria including a well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge, a code of ethics and standards, ongoing research, and autonomy

Nursing practice acts

are laws established in each state in the United States to regulate the practice of nursing. They are broadly worded and vary among states, but all of them have certain elements in common, such as the following: Protect the public by defining the legal scope of nursing practice, excluding untrained or unlicensed people from practicing nursing. Create a state board of nursing or regulatory body having the authority to make and enforce rules and regulations concerning the nursing profession. Define important terms and activities in nursing, including legal requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs. Establish criteria for the education and licensure of nurses. p. 18 p. 19 The board of nursing for each state has the legal authority to allow graduates of approved schools of nursing to take the licensing examination. Those who successfully meet the requirements for licensure are then given a license to practice nursing in the state. The license, which must be renewed at specified intervals, is valid during the life of the holder and is registered in the state. Many states have a requirement for a specified number of continuing education units to renew and maintain licensure. There are two ways in which nurses can practice in a state other than in the one they were originally licensed. One is by reciprocity which allows a nurse to apply for and be endorsed as a registered nurse by another state. There are also 24 states that are members of the Nurse Licensure Compact, allowing a nurse who is licensed and permanently lives in one of the member states to practice in the other member states without additional licensure (National Council of State Boards of Nursing, 2012). The license and the right to practice nursing can be denied, revoked, or suspended for professional misconduct (e.g., incompetence, negligence, chemical impairment, or criminal actions). As nursing roles continue to expand and issues in nursing are resolved, revised nurse practice acts will reflect those changes. All nurses must be knowledgeable about the specific nurse practice act for the state in which they practice.

Nursing research

broadly defined, encompasses researchto improve the care of people in the clinical setting as well as the broader study of people and the nursing profession, including studies of education, policy development, ethics, and nursing history. Research is included as an essential component of nursing by the American Nurses Association (ANA), by the International Council of Nurses, and by nursing specialty organizations (Box 2-2). One of the many ways to promote nursing's development of greater autonomy and strength is nursing research. Nurses, depending on their level of education, conduct or participate in research to improve their efforts to deliver high-quality, cost-efficient care. Nurses also increasingly use the findings of research to provide evidence-based nursing practice (discussed in the next section).

adaption theory

defines adaptation as the adjustment of living matter to other living things and to environmental conditions. Adaptation is a continuously occurring process that effects change and involves interaction and response. Human adaptation occurs on three levels: the internal (self), the social (others), and the physical (biochemical reactions). Chapter 41 describes adaptation in relation to stress.

Nursing Process

five-step systematic method for giving patient care; involves assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating

general systems theory

has been used in a wide range of disciplines since it emerged in the 1920s. Its primary theorist, Ludwig von Bertalanffy, developed the theory for universal application. This theory describes how to break whole things into parts and then to learn how the parts work together in "systems." It emphasizes relationships between the whole and the parts and describes how parts function and behave. These concepts may be applied to different kinds of systems, for example, to molecules in chemistry, cultures in sociology, organs in anatomy, and health in nursing. The key points in general systems theory are outlined in Box 2-1.

Evidence Based Practice (EBP)

in nursing is a problem-solving approach to making clinical decisions, using the best evidence available (considered "best" because it is collected from sources such as published research, national standards and guidelines, and reviews of targeted literature). __________ blends both the science and the art of nursing so that the best patient outcomes are achieved. The information that is collected is analyzed and used to answer questions (the science of nursing), taking into consideration patient preferences and values, as well as the clinical experiences of the nurse (the art of nursing). __________ may consist of specific nursing interventions or may use guidelines established for the care of patients with certain illnesses, treatments, or surgical procedures.

deductive reasoning

in which one examines a general idea and then considers specific actions or ideas,

inductive reasoning

in which the reverse process is used—one builds from specific ideas or actions to conclusions about general ideas.

the knowledge base for nursing practice

includes diagnosis, interventions, and evaluation of outcomes from an established plan of care

quantitative research

involves the concepts of basic and applied research.

qualitative research

is a method of research conducted to gain insight by discovering meanings. At its core is the idea that reality is based on perceptions, which differ for each person and change over time. The research design follows many of the same steps as quantitative research, but differs in that the researcher primarily analyzes words or narratives rather than numbers. Table 2-4 outlines and briefly describes the methods of qualitative research.

process

is a series of actions, changes, or functions intended to bring about a desired result. During a __________, one takes systematic and continuous steps to meet a goal and uses both assessments and feedback to direct actions to meet the goal. A particular theory or conceptual framework directs how these actions are carried out. The delivery of nursing care within the nursing __________ (described in Unit III) is directed by the way specific conceptual frameworks and theories define the person (patient), the environment, health, and nursing.

Nursing Process

is another of the major guidelines for nursing practice. The essential activities involved in the nursing process are assessing, diagnosing, planning, implementing, and evaluating (see Unit III). Nurses implement their roles through the nursing process, which integrates both the art and the science of nursing—that is, the nursing process is nursing made visible. The nursing process is used by the nurse to identify the patient's health care needs and strengths, to establish and carry out a plan of care to meet those needs, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the plan to meet established outcomes. The nursing process allows nurses to use critical thinking and clinical reasoning when providing care that isindividualized and holistic, and to define those areas of care that are within the domain of nursing. Clinical reasoning and the nursing process are fully described in Unit III.

theory

is composed of a group of concepts that describe a pattern of reality

Scientific knowledge

is knowledge obtained through the scientific method (implying thorough research). New ideas are tested and measured systematically using objective criteria.

science

is observing, identifying, describing, investigating, and explaining events and occurrences that are perceived in the world. It implies a body of knowledge. The science of nursing is the knowledge in and of nursing.

philosophy

is the study of wisdom, fundamental knowledge, and the processes used to develop and construct one's perceptions of life. __________ provides a viewpoint and implies a system of values and beliefs. Each individual develops a personal __________ to give meaning to experiences and to guide behavior and attitudes. Personal philosophies are developed by learning from interpersonal relationships, through formal and informal educational experiences, through religion and culture, and from the environment. Every nurse's __________, developed through education and practice, forms the basis for providing nursing care. Nurses demonstrate both a personal and professional __________ through their values and beliefs about concepts such as goodness, health, illness, accountability, and ethics. In the same way, nursing education and nursing practice settings provide education or patient care based on philosophic beliefs about humans, health, teaching and learning, and quality patient care.

Nurse practice act:

law established to regulate nursing practice

concepts

like ideas, are abstract impressions organized into symbols of reality. Concepts describe objects, properties, and events and relationships among them.

research

most simply defined means to examine carefully or to search again.

Well-defined body of specific and unique knowledge Strong service orientation Recognized authority by a professional group Code of ethics Professional organization that sets standards Ongoing research Autonomy and self-regulation

nursing is defined as a profession based on the following criteria

the term nursing originates from the word

nutrix which means to nourish

developmental theory

outlines the process of growth and development of humans as orderly and predictable, beginning with conception and ending with death. Although the pattern has definite stages, the progress and behaviors of an individual within each stage are unique. Heredity, temperament, emotional and physical environment, life experiences, and health status influence the growth and development of an individual. Several theorists have made important contributions to developmental theory, but only two are mentioned here because their work is often used to develop nursing theory and to organize nursing practice. Erik Erikson based his theory of psychosocial development on the process of socialization, emphasizing how individuals learn to interact with the world. Erikson recognized the role of social, biologic, and environmental factors in development, and defined specific tasks or conflicts that people accomplish or overcome during what he defined as the eight stages of life. Chapters 17 to 19 present more information on developmental theory. Abraham Maslow developed his theory of human needs in terms of physical and psychosocial needs considered essential to human life, rather than by chronologic age as Erikson did. As described in Chapter 4, Maslow defined five levels of need in a hierarchy, with different needs existing simultaneously.

Reciprocity:

process allowing a nurse to apply for and be endorsed as a registered nurse by another state

Nursing

profession that focuses on the holistic person receiving health care services and provides a unique contribution to the prevention of illness and maintenance of health

basic research

sometimes called pure or laboratory research, is designed to generate and refine theory, and the findings are often not directly useful in practice

Health:

state of optimal functioning or well-being standards: acceptable, expected level of performance established by authority, custom, or consent

are to develop explanations (in theories) and to find solutions to problems.

the goals to research

Licensure:

to be given a license to practice nursing in a state or province after successfully meeting requirements