concepts study guide
B. F. Skinner used white rats in his early experiments because ________. Select one: a. they exhibit only the simplest learning abilities b. they had been frequently used in medical research c. he felt it did not matter what species he studied, that it should be convenient d. none of these
C.The correct answer is: he felt it did not matter what species he studied, that it should be convenient
Treating the number "8" and the word "eight" as the same mathematical concept is an example of _____. Select one: a. a learning set b. generalization c. stimulus equivalence d. absolute stimulus control
Correct: Yes! Stimulus equivalence is defined as classes of stimuli characterized by reflexivity, symmetry and transitivity among members. The number 8 and the word 8 are arbitrary stimuli that have come to mean the same thing through training the relations A=B, B=C, then A= C.
A single response can illustrate variability. Select one: True False
False
Behavior decreases in negative reinforcement because something is removed from the environment. Select one: True False
False
Behavior momentum examines the response rate, while the partial reinforcement extinction effect examines the proportion of responding in reinforcement to extinction conditions. Select one: True False
False
Imitation is the same as observational learning. Select one: True False
False
The Behavior Momentum Theory concludes the same assumptions as the PREE. Select one: True False
False
Watson's behaviorism posits that you could study events inside the skin. Select one: True False
False:Watson believed that only observable events could be studied and measured.
According to optimization theory, animals exhibit matching behavior in some two-choice situations because ________. Select one: a. animals have an innate tendency to match behaviors to reinforcement percentages b. matching is an explanatory theory of choice c. matching is the way to produce the most reinforcement d. matching provides the most immediate reinforcement
c. matching is the way to produce the most reinforcement According to optimization theory, animals exhibit matching behavior in some two-choice situations because matching is the way to produce the most reinforcement.
Removing a stimulus after a behavior occurs that will decrease the future likelihood of the behavior is called Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. punishment c. negative punishment d. positive reinforcement
c. negative punishment Great job! Removing a stimulus after a behavior occurs that will decrease the future likelihood of the behavior is called negative punishment.
In terms of improving self-control, a strategy not advisable for a person who wants to stop spending money impulsively is to ________. Select one: a. carry a picture of some expensive item for which they are saving in their wallet b. destroy credit cards c. never make a shopping list d. not bring a lot of money when shopping
c. never make a shopping list Someone who wants to stop spending money impulsively should always make a shopping list!
If a woman's insomnia is due to poor stimulus control, she should _____. Select one: a. always remain in bed until she falls asleep, no matter how long it takes b. lie in bed and read or engage in some other behavior that takes her mind off her problems c. not get into bed until she is sleepy d. all of these
c. not get into bed until she is sleepy Correct: If there is motivation to fall asleep (feeling sleepy), the presence of the bed will make it more likely that the woman will fall asleep.
B. F. Skinner believed that punishment Select one: a. has the opposite effect of reinforcement b. is more effective than reinforcement c. produces only a temporary suppression of behavior d. is effective but has undesirable side effects
c. produces only a temporary suppression of behavior Nicely done! B. F. Skinner believed that punishment produces only a temporary suppression of behavior.
In a fixed interval 60 second schedule, the delivery of a reinforcer ______. Select one: a. depends only on the passage of time b. occurs only if the subject responds rapidly c. requires at least one response d. always occurs precisely 60 seconds after the last reinforcer
c. requires at least one response Correct: In a fixed interval 60 second schedule, the delivery of a reinforcer requires at least one response.
Experiments on sensory deprivation have shown that if birds are prevented from seeing different colors when they are young, ______. Select one: a. the birds are color blind as adults b. the birds can still see different colors but respond to all of them in the same way c. the birds may still discriminate between different colors in a generalization test d. the birds will discriminate between different colors in a generalization test only after they receive discrimination training
c. the birds may still discriminate between different colors in a generalization test Correct: Birds can discriminate colors in a generalization test even when they did not have exposure as young birds.
According to two factor theory, in a shuttle box shock avoidance procedure an avoidance response is reinforced by ______. Select one: a. the termination of the shock b. the omission of the shock c. the termination of the CS d. the omission of the CS
c. the termination of the CS Correct: According to two factor theory, in a shuttle box shock avoidance procedure an avoidance response is reinforced by the termination of the CS.
In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior, ________. Select one: a. no one has ever conducted an experiment in which children are actually required to watch either violent or nonviolent TV b. any aggressive tendencies disappear a few hours after watching TV violence c. there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later d. there is no correlation between aggressive behavior and watching violent TV
c. there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior, there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later.
Experiments on superstitious behavior in humans have found ______. Select one: a. that adults cannot be fooled into developing superstitious behaviors in a laboratory setting b. that children cannot be fooled into developing superstitious behaviors in a laboratory setting c. that if children are given periodic free reinforcers, they all develop the same superstitious behavior d. none of these
d. none of these Correct
In video self-modeling, the patient sees a video of himself or herself ________. Select one: a. both of these b. performing the behavior incorrectly c. neither of these d. performing the behavior correctly
d. performing the behavior correctly In video self-modeling, the patient sees a video of himself or herself performing the behavior correctly.
Jamie hits her brother twice. Her mother sees Jamie hitting and requires her to go clean the dishes, something Jamie does not like to do. Jamie is less likely to hit her brother in the future. This is an example of Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. extinction d. positive punishment
d. positive punishment Nicely done! Since Jamie was required to complete an aversive task based on her hitting, and she is less likely to engage in hitting in the future, this is an exmaple of positive punishment.
To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded towels, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of Select one: a. extinction b. overcorrection c. hoarding d. stimulus satiation
d. stimulus satiation Nicely done! To treat a woman in a psychiatric hospital who hoarded towels, the nurses gave the woman a large number of towels. This is an example of stimulus satiation.
If a person working at her computer checks her email every 15 minutes and occasionally gets a message from a friend, this is similar to a _______. Select one: a. fixed ratio schedule b. variable ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. variable-interval schedule
d. variable-interval schedule
A pigeon responds on a multiple schedule in which a VI 30 second schedule is in effect both when the response key is red and when the response key is green. Next, the schedule associated with the green key is changed to extinction. Which of the following changes in behavior would be an example of positive behavioral contrast? Select one: a. An increase in response rate on the red key. . b. An decrease in response rate on the red key. c. An increase in response rate on the green key. d. An decrease in response rate on the green key.
a. An increase in response rate on the red key. Correct: Positive behavior contrast occurs when rate of response in an unchanged component of a multiple schedule increases with a decline in behavior in the other schedule.
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that initially elicits no response is the ________. Select one: a. CS b. CR c. US d. UR
a. CS Correct: In classical conditioning, the stimulus that initially elicits no response is the conditioned stimulus (CS).
In taste-aversion learning, a novel taste is often used as the ________. Select one: a. CS b. CR c. US d. UR
a. CS Correct: In taste-aversion learning, a novel taste is often used as the conditioned stimulus (CS).
Which of the following is an example of an intervening variable? Select one: a. Hunger b. Food c. Eating d. Not eating for 10 hours
a. Hunger Correct: Hunger is an example of an intervening variable because it is a process that cannot be observed directly.
When the CS and US begin at the same moment, the conditioned responding is much weaker. What type of conditioning is this? a. Simultaneous b. Trace c. Delay d. Backwards
a. Simultaneous Correct: In simultaneous conditioning, the CS and US begin at the same moment and the conditioned responding is much weaker.
What is the definition of induction? Select one: a. The spread of effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of the operant class b. The reappearance of previously extinguished behavior c. The increase in responding following extinction d. None of these
a. The spread of effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of the operant class Great work! Induction is the spread of effects of reinforcement to responses outside the limits of the operant class.
The theory that imitation is simply a generalized operant response states that ________. Select one: a. a child will imitate a model only if the child's behavior has been reinforced for imitation in similar situations in the past b. all of these c. a child will imitate a model only if the child's behavior has been reinforced for performing the same behaviors in the past d. a child will imitate a model only if the model reinforces imitation
a. a child will imitate a model only if the child's behavior has been reinforced for imitation in similar situations in the past The theory that imitation is simply a generalized operant response states that a child will imitate a model only if the child's behavior has been reinforced for imitation in similar situations in the past.
Unlike a discrete trial procedure, the free operant procedure involves ______. Select one: a. a response that the subject can perform at any time b. just about any response the experimenter decides to examine c. both of these d. neither of these
a. a response that the subject can perform at any time Correct: Unlike a discrete trial procedure, the free operant procedure involves a response that the subject can perform at any time.
It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment if Select one: a. all of these b. the punishment is delayed c. the behavior is highly motivated d. the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased
a. all of these You're right! It may be difficult to reduce a behavior with punishment if the punishment is delayed, the behavior is highly motivated, and/or the intensity of the punishment is gradually increased.
Mirror neurons are specialized nerve cells that respond ________. Select one: a. both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior b. when you recognize a picture you have seen before c. when you see an object on your left and an identical object on your right d. when you first see an object and later see its mirror image
a. both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior Mirror neurons are specialized nerve cells that respond both when you perform a behavior and when you see someone else perform that behavior.
Exposure to a ________ schedule will provide behavior more resistant to extinction. Select one: a. continuous b. intermittent c. variable ratio d. variable interval
a. continuous Excellent job! Exposure to an intermittent schedule will provide behavior more resistant to extinction.
According to your text, Azrin and Holz concluded that to obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior, the most effective schedule of punishment is Select one: a. continuous punishment b. fixed-ratio punishment c. variable-ratio punishment d. fixed-interval punishment
a. continuous punishment Yes! To obtain the maximum reduction in a behavior, the most effective schedule of punishment is continuous punishment.
Observational learning is defined as ________. Select one: a. differential responding based on observing the consequences following the behavior of the model b. learning from watching others c. repeating the behavior that a model does
a. differential responding based on observing the consequences following the behavior of the model
A stop and go pattern of responding is most typical of performance on a _______. Select one: a. fixed ratio b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. variable interval
a. fixed ratio Correct: A stop and go pattern of responding is most typical of performance on a fixed ratio schedule.
If a parent gives a child a special privilege every time the child successfully completes five homework assignments, this is an example of a ______. Select one: a. fixed ratio schedule b. variable ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. variable-interval schedule
a. fixed ratio schedule Correct: If a parent gives a child a special privilege every time the child successfully completes five homework assignments, this is an example of a fixed-ratio schedule.
The matching law predicts that if one response produces a highly preferred food and a second response produces a less preferred food, and if both are presented at equal frequencies, an animal will ________. Select one: a. make more than 50% of its responses for the first option b. make all of its responses for the first option c. make 50% of its responses for each option d. make less than 50% of its responses for the first option
a. make more than 50% of its responses for the first option The matching law predicts that if one response produces a highly preferred food and a second response produces a less preferred food, and if both are presented at equal frequencies, an animal will make more than 50% of its responses for the first option.
An individual must make a choice between a small reinforcer and a larger but more delayed reinforcer. If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered, the individual will be ________. Select one: a. more likely to choose the large reinforcer b. none of these c. more likely to choose the small reinforcer d. more unpredictable
a. more likely to choose the large reinforcer Nice job! If the individual is forced to make a commitment well in advance of when the options will be delivered, the individual will be more likely to choose the large reinforcer.
A disadvantage of using punishment is that Select one: a. one must continually monitor the subject's behavior b. a return of the punished behavior is inevitable once the punishment contingency is removed c. both of these d. neither of these
a. one must continually monitor the subject's behavior Nice work! A disadvantage of using punishment is that one must continually monitor the subject's behavior.
In phase 1 of a choice experiment involving concurrent VI schedules, a human participant receives 25% of his reinforcers by making a left response. In phase 2, he receives 75% of his reinforcers by making a left response. The participant's percentage of left responses is 15% in phase 1, and 85% in phase 2. This performance is an example of ________. Select one: a. overmatching b. undermatching c. matching d. bias
a. overmatching Overmatching is a deviation from matching in which response percentages are consistently more extreme than reinforcement percentages in a choice situation,
A modern term for the law of effect is ______. Select one: a. reinforcement b. evolution c. classical conditioning d. generalization
a. reinforcement Correct: A modern term for the law of effect is reinforcement.
Continued responding during the extinction process is known as ________. Select one: a. resistance to extinction b. extinction burst c. reinforcement d. spontaneous recovery
a. resistance to extinction Nicely done! Continued responding during the extinction process is known as resistance to extinction.
Suppose a child is knocked down by a large dog and develops a fear of the dog. Later the child frequently sees this dog in front of a neighbor's house and develops a fear of the neighbor's house. This example illustrates________. Select one: a. second-order conditioning b. generalization c. discrimination d. spontaneous recovery
a. second-order conditioning Correct: Second order conditioning explains why the child developed a fear of the neighbor's house.
Children are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer over an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if ________. Select one: a. some other, irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period b. both reinforcers are visible during the delay period c. stimuli associated with the reinforcers are present during the delay period d. all of these
a. some other, irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period Children are more likely to choose a more desirable but delayed reinforcer over an immediate but less desirable reinforcer if some other, irrelevant behavior can be performed during the delay period.
If a response is reinforced, then extinguished, and later reappears, this is called _______. Select one: a. spontaneous recovery b. disinhibition c. resurgence d. generalization
a. spontaneous recovery Correct: If a response is reinforced, then extinguished, and later reappears, this is called spontaneous recovery.
Thorndike's explanation of the learning that took place in his puzzle box involved all of the following except ______. Select one: a. the animal's knowledge b. the animal's satisfaction c. a strengthening of S R connections d. the law of effect
a. the animal's knowledge
Generalized imitation is defined as ________. Select one: a. the idea that people will imitate in situations that are similar to those where imitation has been reinforced in the past b. all of these c. the same as observational learning d. the same as imitation
a. the idea that people will imitate in situations that are similar to those where imitation has been reinforced in the past Generalized imitation is defined as the idea that people will imitate in situations that are similar to those where imitation has been reinforced in the past.
What is the probability of reinforcement during extinction? Select one: a. 100% b. 0% c. 33% d. 50%
b. 0% Exactly! The probability of reinforcement during extinction is 0%.
In a two-choice situation for pigeons, the left key has a VI schedule that delivers 60 reinforcers per hour, and the right key has a VI schedule that delivers 20 reinforcers per hour. The matching law predicts that a pigeon will make ________ of its responses on the left key. Select one: a. 25% b. 75% c. 50% d. 100%
b. 75%
Based on Terrace's (1963) research on "errorless" discrimination learning, which of the following strategies is not a good way to develop good discrimination between an S+ and an S−? Select one: a. Present the S− briefly at first b. Allow the animal to make many responses to the S− early in training c. Present the S− early in training d. None of these are good strategies
b. Allow the animal to make many responses to the S− early in training Correct: Terrace (1963) argues that organisms SHOULD NOT make responses to the S- early in training to prevent an error history from occurring. Terrace suggested that responding to the S- may make it more difficult to acquire the discrimination.
A procedure in which reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued and, as a result, occurrences of that behavior decrease in the future. Select one: a. Punishment b. Extinction c. Reinforcement d. Establishing operation
b. Extinction Nice work! Extinction is a procedure in which reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued and, as a result, occurrences of that behavior decrease in the future.
In a conditioned suppression procedure, the indication that a subject has associated CS and US is ________. Select one: a. an increase in responding when the CS comes on b. a decrease in responding when the CS comes on c. an increase in responding when the US comes on d. a decrease in responding when the US comes on
b. a decrease in responding when the CS comes on Correct: In a conditioned suppression procedure, the indication that a subject has associated CS and US is a decrease in responding when the CS comes on.
The matching law has been applied to choice situations where the two options differ in ________. Select one: a. rate of reinforcement b. all of these c. amount of reinforcement d. quality of reinforcement
b. all of these
Experiments that repeated the basic procedure of Skinner's superstition experiment found ______. Select one: a. no evidence that animals repeated similar behaviors trial after trial b. evidence for adjunctive behaviors during the time between reinforcer deliveries c. evidence that one animal would learn a superstitious behavior by observing another d. none of these
b. evidence for adjunctive behaviors during the time between reinforcer deliveries
In the article, "Establishing Operations" by Jack Michael, he summarizes the idea of Select one: a. ABA in healthcare b. motivational variables c. verbal behavior d. neither of these
b. motivational variables Exactly! In the article, "Establishing Operations" by Jack Michael, he discusses the idea of motivational variables, including the concept of EO's and SD's.
Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by ______. Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. positive punishment d. negative punishment
b. negative reinforcement Correct: Taking an aspirin every day to reduce one's chances of a heart attack is an example of a behavior controlled by negative reinforcement.
If a parent refuses to give a child his weekly allowance after some bad behavior, this is an example of Select one: a. negative reinforcement b. omission c. extinction d. punishment
b. omission Exactly! If a parent refuses to give a child his weekly allowance after some bad behavior, this is an example of omission. You may also call this negative punishment!
In terms of improving self-control, a strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is to ________. Select one: a. reinforce with some non-food item or activity for passing up dessert b. purchase only foods that can be prepared quickly c. purchase only foods that are low in calories d. put pictures or other stimuli around the kitchen as a reminder of the long-term goal
b. purchase only foods that can be prepared quickly A strategy not advisable for a person who wants to lose weight is to purchase only foods that can be prepared quickly, because a prepared food/snack cannot be impulsively eaten if it is not in the house.
Aristotle's rules of association include all of the following except ________. Select one: a. contiguity b. recency c. similarity d. contrast
b. recency Correct: Recency is not one of the three principles described in Aristotle's rules of association.
One disadvantage of using animals in research on learning is that ________. Select one: a. they are more likely to display "subject effects" than humans b. some complex learning abilities are unique to humans c. it is difficult to control their environments d. all of these
b. some complex learning abilities are unique to humans Correct: One disadvantage of using animals in research on learning is that some complex learning abilities are unique to humans.
According to the one-factor theory of avoidance, _____. Select one: a. fear is essential for avoidance learning b. an external CS that predicts the arrival of an aversive event is essential for avoidance learning c. avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer d. avoidance responding should never extinguish
c. avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer Correct: According to the one-factor theory of avoidance, avoidance of an aversive event can itself serve as a reinforcer.
Which of the following response rules is consistent with the relational theory of stimulus control? Select one: a. Choose the greener of the two stimuli. b. Of the three stimuli, choose the one of intermediate brightness. c. both of these d. neither of these
c. both of these
In salivary conditioning, salivation is ________. Select one: a. the unconditioned response b. the conditioned response c. both of these d. none of these
c. both of these Correct: Salivation was initially an unconditioned response and it became a conditioned response following the CS of the bell.
A disadvantage of using punishment is that Select one: a. the subject may exhibit aggressive behavior in response to the punishment b. the subject may try to escape from the situation c. both of these d. none of these
c. both of these This one was tricky, but you got it! A disadvantage of using punishment is that the subject may exhibit aggressive behavior in response to the punishment and/or the subject may try to escape from the situation.
Skinner has argued against the use of intervening variables in psychological theories because ________. Select one: a. they make the theories more complex b. he believed that the causes of many behaviors can be found in the environment, not inside the individual c. both of these answers d. none of these answers
c. both of these answers
What makes shaping such a useful technique in behavior modification is that it ______. Select one: a. relies on instinctive behaviors b. produces behavior changes that are permanent c. can be used to produce behaviors the learner has never displayed before d. does not require the use of reinforcement
c. can be used to produce behaviors the learner has never displayed before Correct: What makes shaping such a useful technique in behavior modification is that it can be used to produce behaviors the learner has never displayed before.
Studies on errorless discrimination training have found that it is effective for _______. Select one: a. effective for children b. effective for adults c. effective for both children and adults d. animals but not humans
c. effective for both children and adults Correct: Errorless teaching has been shown to be effective for both children and adults.
Bandura's research on children's imitation of the aggressive behaviors of a filmed model showed that ________. Select one: a. neither of these b. what a child learns from a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished c. how much a child imitates a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished d. both of these
c. how much a child imitates a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished Bandura's research on children's imitation of the aggressive behaviors of a filmed model showed that how much a child imitates a model depends on whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished.
In the phenomenon of overshadowing, a CS fails to acquire much excitatory strength because ________. Select one: a. it has previously undergone habituation b. it is paired with a very strong US c. it is presented in compound with a very strong CS d. it is simply too weak a stimulus to be conditioned
c. it is presented in compound with a very strong CS Correct: In the phenomenon of overshadowing, a CS fails to acquire much excitatory strength because it is presented in compound with a very strong CS.
A fixed interval schedule produces a scalloped pattern of responding. Select one: True False
True
A terminal behavior happens at the end of the chain of behaviors because it is in close proximity to a reinforcement period. Select one: True False
True
An interim behavior occurs following the reinforcement period because it is far away from the next period of reinforcement. Select one: True False
True
Basic research and applied research lie on a continuum of research, with basic research on one end and applied research on the other end. Select one: True False
True
Pigeons will attack other pigeons in the presence of extinction of a food reinforcer. Select one: True False
True
Private events abide by the same laws of nature as public events. Select one: True False
True
Radical behaviorism posits that private events exist and can be studied. Select one: True False
True
Spontaneous recovery and resurgence do not mean the same thing. Select one: True False
True
Extinction depends on repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. Select one: True False
True:Extinction depends on repeatedly presenting the CS without the US. Time has nothing to do with it.
a. a response that the subject can perform at any timeCorrect: Unlike a discrete trial procedure, the free operant procedure involves a response that the subject can perform at any time.
Unlike a discrete trial procedure, the free operant procedure involves ______. Select one: a. a response that the subject can perform at any time b. just about any response the experimenter decides to examine c. both of these d. neither of these
Studies with animals have shown that in a self-control situation, the use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if ________. Select one: a. there is no delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer b. there is a long delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer c. the animal is distracted during the precommitment period d. the small, immediate reinforcer is visible during the precommitment period
b. there is a long delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer The use of a precommitment procedure is more effective in increasing the number of large-reinforcer choices if there is a long delay between the precommitment period and the delivery of either reinforcer.
Rapid, steady responding is most typical of performance on a _______. Select one: a. fixed ratio schedule b. variable ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. variable-interval schedule
b. variable ratio schedule
If a telemarketer makes many calls and occasionally gets someone to buy his product, this is an example of a _______. Select one: a. fixed ratio schedule b. variable ratio schedule c. fixed-interval schedule d. variable-interval schedule
b. variable ratio schedule Correct: If a telemarketer makes many calls and occasionally gets someone to buy his product, this is an example of a variable-ratio schedule.
Playing the lottery is an example of behavior maintained by a _________. Select one: a. fixed ratio schedule b. variable ratio schedule c. variable-interval schedule d. concurrent schedule
b. variable ratio schedule Correct: Playing the lottery is an example of behavior maintained by a variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement. Sometimes you win, sometimes you lose!
As animals become experienced in an avoidance task ______. Select one: a. visible signs of fear increase b. visible signs of fear decrease d. there are visible signs of fear after the avoidance response is made, but not before
b. visible signs of fear decrease Correct: As animals become experienced in an avoidance task visible signs of fear decrease.
When photographing cats escaping their puzzles box, Guthrie and Horton found that ______. Select one: a. all cats learned to respond in the same way b. a cat's responses became more variable over trials c. A cat's responses became more consistent over trials d. Some cats never learned the escape response.
c. A cat's responses became more consistent over trials Correct: When photographing cats escaping their puzzles box, Guthrie and Horton found that a cat's responses became more consistent over trials.
In eyeblink conditioning, a puff of air to the eye is the ________. Select one: a. CS b. CR c. US d. UR
c. US Correct: In eyeblink conditioning, a puff of air to the eye is the unconditioned stimulus (US).
In a percentile schedule of reinforcement, ______. Select one: a. a higher and higher percentage of responses receive reinforcement as training proceeds b. a lower and lower percentage of responses receive reinforcement as training proceeds c. a response is reinforced if it is better than a certain percentage of the last several responses that the learner has made d. the percentage of responses that receive reinforcement always stays the same
c. a response is reinforced if it is better than a certain percentage of the last several responses that the learner has made Correct: In a percentile schedule of reinforcement a response is reinforced if it is better than a certain percentage of the last several responses that the learner has made.
In a cumulative record, a straight diagonal (or fairly linear) line, going up from left to right, indicates ______. Select one: a. no responding b. an increasing response rate c. a steady response rate d. a decreasing response rate
c. a steady response rate
Skinner's explanation of his superstition experiment made use of the concept of ______. Select one: a. interim behaviors b. terminal behaviors c. accidental reinforcement d. none of these
c. accidental reinforcement Correct: Skinner's explanation of his superstition experiment made use of the concept of accidental reinforcement.
Research has shown that the effects of punishment Select one: a. are temporary b. are no greater than those of response independent shocks c. are greatest when the punishment is immediate d. are greatest when the individual has no alternative behaviors available
c. are greatest when the punishment is immediate You got it! Research has shown that the effects of punishment are greatest when the punishment is immediate
In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior, ________. Select one: a. no one has ever conducted an experiment in which children are actually required to watch either violent or nonviolent TV b. any aggressive tendencies disappear a few hours after watching TV violence c. there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior, there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later. d. there is no correlation between aggressive behavior and watching violent TV
c. there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later In the debate about the relation between watching TV violence and aggressive behavior, there is evidence that boys who watch violent TV are more aggressive many years later.
Some studies have found that human infants can imitate facial expressions before the age of ________. Select one: a. 3 months b. 6 months c. 1 year d. 3 weeks
d. 3 weeks Some studies have found that human infants can imitate facial expressions before the age of 3 weeks.
Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer? Select one: a. Food b. Warmth c. Sexual stimulation d. A good grade on an exam
d. A good grade on an exam Correct: A good grade on an exam is an example of a conditioned reinforcer. If a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a primary reinforcer, it can become a conditioned reinforcer.
The procedure of shaping usually involves _____. Select one: a. positive reinforcement b. variability in behavior c. conditioned reinforcement d. All of these
d. All of these Correct: The procedure of shaping usually involves positive reinforcement, variability in behavior, and conditioned reinforcement.
Laws in the United States require that research animals have ________. Select one: a. adequate food and water b. a clean living environment c. access to a veterinarian d. all of these
d. all of these Correct: We must protect the rights of research animals by providing adequate food and water, a clean living environment, and access to a veterinarian.
Side effects of extinction may include ________. Select one: a. emotional responding b. aggression c. increased variability d. all of these
d. all of these You got it! Side effects of extinction may include increased variability, emotional responses, and/or aggression.
It has been proposed that behavioral contrast occurs because: Select one: a. responding is shifted from a schedule with low reinforcement to one with higher reinforcement b. there is less habituation or satiation when the reinforcers are reduced on one reinforcement schedule c. the subject compares the value of one schedule with what is available on the other schedule d. all of these are accurate
d. all of these are accurate Correct: Behavior contrast is defined as when the response rates on the two components of a multiple schedule change-as one goes up the other goes down. There are two forms of contrast, positive and negative. Positive contrast occurs when rate of response in an unchanged component of a multiple schedule increases with a decline in behavior in the other schedule. Negative contrast is defined when rate of response declines on the unaltered schedule and an increase in behavior occurs in the other component of the multiple.
In the phenomenon of peak shift, the most rapid responding is shifted ______. Select one: a. toward the more intense stimulus b. away from the more intense stimulus c. toward the S− d. away from the S−
d. away from the S− Correct: A peak shift refers to the shift in the generalization gradient away from the S-.
Which of the following is not part of a three term contingency? Select one: a. operant response b. discriminative stimulus c. reinforcer d. conditioned stimulus
d. conditioned stimulus Correct: The conditioned stimulus is part of classical conditioning, not the three term contingency.
One problem for the theory that observational learning is simply a special case of operant conditioning is the finding that ________. Select one: a. both b. young children will imitate a model if reinforced for doing so c. young children will do the opposite of what the model does if reinforced for doing so This is a supportive finding. d. neither
d. neither
Which of the following response rules is consistent with the absolute theory of stimulus control? Select one: a. use the greener of the two stimuli b. of the three stimuli, choose the one of intermediate brightness c. both of these d. neither of these
d. neither of these Correct: In the absolute theory of stimulus control, the organism has learned about the stimuli separately.
