Conflict Resolution Test

Enforcement actions

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Liberal peacebuilding theory

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The Arab Spring

A revolutionary wave of protests and demonstrations overtaking dictators in the Middle East (2011)

Mutually incompatible goal

A situation where it seems as if the goals of the conflict parties are incompatible and are mutually exclusive

SWOT

Methodological approach to analyze the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats in a conflict. Offers key insights into the internal and external factors that can impact the performance of an organization.

Third party

The 'mediator' when it is difficult for the two parties to come to a conclusion and solution on their own; a 'mutual' third person is brought in to facilitate the problem solving process

Conflict parties

The groups of people that have mutually incompatible goals leading to the conflict that arises

Position

The preferred solution of each party, underlying these positions are interests (what we say we want)

Ripeness

The time to be perform attempts at conflict resolution.

Triggers

These are factors that spur a conflict or increase its likelihood

Paris Peace Agreement

⇒ 1991 - marked the official end of the Cambodian-Vietnamese War leading to the deployment of the first post-Cold War peace keeping mission and the first ever occasion in which the UN took over as the government of the state ⇒ 19 state parties were involved ⇒ What was decided o Agreement on the Political Settlement of the Cambodia Conflict o Agreement Concerning the Sovereignty o Territorial Integrity and Inviolability o Neutrality and National Unity of Cambodia o Declaration on the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Cambodia ⇒ Article 1: A new government was created with fair elections that would be organized and certified by the UN ⇒ Article 2: A United Nations Transition Authority in Cambodia with civilian and military components under direct responsibility from the Secretary-General of the United Nations. ⇒ Article 3: The Supreme National Council is a unique body through the transitional period ⇒ Article 6: The SNC delegates to the UN all powers necessary to ensure the implementation of the agreement

Great Game

⇒ A Brief Historical Overview o Russia is growing and spreading and this begins to worry the West o British Empire struggles to keep and maintain their power, but must to prevent the Russians o The US supports certain figures to allow their interests to remain potent o The US organizes in Saudi Arabia, they tell the Saudis to be wary of others in the region, that they are not strong enough to defend themselves o Islamist Revolution is ready and rising; US supports B in Landen for person interests after they renounce Bin Laden because he disagrees with the US interests o Oil = business; gov = unstable...change o Afghan interests...lessens over time

Taliban

⇒ A Sunni Islamic fundamentalist political movement and military organization in Afghanistan ⇒ With the support of Pakistan, the Taliban could grow ⇒ 1996: The organization controlled Kabul ⇒ 1999: Controlled 90% of Afghan territory (for the first time ever)

Greed and grievances

⇒ A baseline argument for why armed conflict and civil wars start or violent conflict in general ⇒ Greed: Armed conflicts are motivated by a desire to better their situation meaning in a cost benefit analysis the rewards are greater for joining the rebellion than not (vertical inequality) ⇒ Grievances: The argument that people rebel over issues of identity (horizontal inequalities) ⇒ Collier believes that it boils down to low rate of economic growth, dependence upon primary commodities, and low income (greed) o States with lower per capita GDP are more likely to experience civil war because low average income makes wage earning through a conflict a more lucrative prospect o It is not enough to have grievances; there must be a greed component for a war to break out because there are opportunity structures created by a poorer state o Faster economic growth reduces risk of rebellion! o If there is a high dependency on primary commodity resources, conflict declines because states find a way to protect that resource and defer chances of looting

Responsibility to protect

⇒ A global political commitment which was endorsed by all members of the UN at the 2005 World Summit in order to address genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity ⇒ A responsibility to protect all populations from mass atrocity crimes and human rights violations ⇒ Measures include mediation, early warning mechanisms, economic sanctions and chapter VII powers ⇒ Rests solely with the United Nations Security Council and is considered a measure of last resort ⇒ Not humanitarian intervention o Not always going to be military force (can be other measures) o R2P can only react if the four things listed above are enacted in a country ⇒ Three Pillars o Responsibility to Prevent o Responsibility to React o Responsibility to Rebuild

UNAMID

⇒ A joint African Union and United Nations peacekeeping mission to bring stability to a war-torn region of Darfur while peace talks on a final settlement continue ⇒ Mandate: o Protect civilians, without prejudice o Facilitate the delivery of humanitarian assistance by UN agencies and other aid actors o Mediate between the Government of Sudan and non-signatory armed movements o Support the mediation of community conflict, including through measures to address its root causes

Protection of Civilians

⇒ A responsibility which includes all parts of a peacekeeping mission ⇒ In many cases, peacekeeping missions are authorized to use all necessary means, up to and include the use of deadly force ⇒ Principles of this Mandate o Protecting civilians is the primary responsibility of the government o Peacekeepers with a mandate to protect civilians have the authority and responsibility to provide protection with their capabilities and areas of deployment where the government is unable or unwilling to protect o The protection of civilian's mandate is a whole of mission activity ⇒ 3 Ps (pledges, planning, performance)

Collective Security

⇒ A system by which states have attempted to prevent or stop wars. Under a collective security agreement, an aggressor against any one state is considered an aggressor against all other states, which act together to repeal the aggressor ⇒ World War I: League of Nations o Ultimately, it failed (hence WWII) o Reasons why: Decisions had to be unanimous o No way to activate any kind of collective security arrangement o US decided not to join which was not good considering it was becoming a global power o No one intervened as Italy invaded Ethiopia, Japan invaded China, and Hitler began invading o No one took it seriously, so it did not work ⇒ World War II: United Nations o The current example of a collective society o Also, largely unsuccessful in preventing aggression because of conflicts of interests among states, especially among major powers

New wars

⇒ A term used by Mary Kaldor to characterize warfare in the post-Cold War era ⇒ Violence between varying combinations of state and non-state networks ⇒ Fighting in the name of identity politics as opposed to ideology ⇒ Attempts to achieve political, rather than physical, control of population ⇒ Conflict financed not through the state but other predatory means that seek the continuation of violence ⇒ Private armies ⇒ Civilians are targets ⇒ This is seen through globalization

Rimland

⇒ A theory by Nicholas J. Spykman ⇒ The strip of coastal land that encircles Eurasia is more important than the Heartland for the control of the Eurasian continent ⇒ Lies between the heartland and marginal sea power and is a buffer zone between land and sea powers ⇒ Demographic weight, natural resources, and industrial development ⇒ Bridge head: Includes the strategic important area of ground around a body of water which at time of conflict is important to be defended ⇒ Apart of Geopolitics and a blend of both land and sea power

Conflict

⇒ A universal feature of human society as it arises when 'conflict parties' have 'mutually incompatible goals' ⇒ Peacebuilding as a process: Analysis Planning Implementation Assessment ⇒ Two interdependent parties who hold seemingly incompatible outcomes or beliefs and at least one party recognizes the incompatibility and perceives this to be a conflict ⇒ It is inevitable and part of human lives ⇒ Not an absolute evil and may have positive aspects: social change, reconciliation of concerns, discuss and negotiate problems to be able to solve them ⇒ There are various types of conflict and there are carious responses for different types of conflicts ⇒ Armed Conflict: a conflict involving arms, violent actions to make the other party listen to your needs (there is an incompatibility of goals); law of armed conflicts and law of use of force o Law of Armed Conflict and Law of Use of Force are rules that are needed for military forces to follow when engaging in war or treating prisoners of war

Stakeholder mapping

⇒ A way to visualize what the conflict looks like when there are a lot of moving parts and devise a strategy to tackle the problem ⇒ How it is used: important step to understanding who your stakeholders are, where they come from, and what they are looking for in relationship to your business ⇒ Identifying: listing relevant groups, organizations and people ⇒ Analyzing: understanding perspectives and interests ⇒ Mapping: visualizing relationships to objectives and stakeholders ⇒ Prioritizing: ranking stakeholder relevance and identifying issues

AU

⇒ African Union ⇒ Regional organizations are at the forefront of conflict prevention and peacemaking across the African continent ⇒ A continental union consisting of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa ⇒ The Main Objective o Achieve greater unity, cohesion, and solidarity between African countries and African nations o Encourage international cooperation with the United Nations o Promote peace, security, and stability on the continent ⇒ Example of a regional organization; it is of extreme importance that AU and UN work together to promote peacekeeping operations

ICC

⇒ An intergovernmental organization and international tribunal in the Netherlands ⇒ Has jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for the international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and crimes of aggression ⇒ Used when national courts are unable or unwilling to prosecute criminals or when the UNSC or individual states refer situations to the court ⇒ ICC indicted President Omar al-Bashir in 2009 - for allegedly directing a campaign of mass killing, rape, and civilians in Darfur ⇒ ICC indicted Ahmed Mohammed Haroun in 2007 and Abdelrahim Mohammed Hussein in 2011

Individual and Collective Self-Defense

⇒ Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations ⇒ Collective self-defense: permits a member state to intervene in the defense of another member state when that state has been subject to an unlawful armed attack ⇒ "Nothing in the present charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defense if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the UN"

Negotiation

⇒ Awareness of what parties are involved; possibility of conviction, compromise, intimidation, etc. ⇒ Enabling parties in the conflict to achieve an outcome with respect to their differences ⇒ A communication method to try and avoid argument and dispute - seeking mutual benefit and maintaining a relationship are the keys to a successful outcome

Peace of Westphalia

⇒ Background: A series of peace treaties largely ending the 30 years' war ⇒ Parties: Holy Roman Emperor, French envoys, Sweden envoys, the Pope ⇒ Results: a number of countries received territories or were confirmed in their sovereignty over territories; a universal and unconditional amnesty to all those who had been deprived of their possessions was declared and it was decreed all secular lands should be restored to those who held them in 1618 ⇒ Big Result: The power of the empire was materially weakened o Fragmentation of the Holy Roman Empire and is divided into independent states (changed the balance of power) o Three religions are now recognized; each prince can choose their area's religion... o Purpose: The state has taken control of the religion and expands their power ⇒ As a peace talk: precedent of peace established by a diplomatic congress; inter-state aggression was held in check by a balance of power

Hun Sen

⇒ Cambodian politician and Prime Minister of Cambodia ⇒ Came to power with the Khmer Rouge and when they were defeated he was appointed as PM and Foreign Minister of Cambodia ⇒ Played a pivotal role during the 1991 Paris Peace Talks which brokered peace in Cambodia ⇒ After the UN monitored elections he refused to step down from his post and said he wanted to co-prime minister ⇒ 1997: Launched a Coup replacing the First Prime Minister with his pick and maintaining his position as Second Prime Minister and then became the country's sole Prime Minister ⇒ Basically, the dictator of Cambodia!

CPA

⇒ Comprehensive Peace Agreement ⇒ National Congress Party and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement form the Government of National Unity ⇒ Autonomous South Sudan Government ⇒ Scheduled referendum on the South ⇒ Withdrawal of militaries from the border areas ⇒ Religious freedom in the South ⇒ Equal shares of oil revenues ⇒ Oil rich 'protocol areas' like Abyei

ECOWAS

⇒ Economic Community of West African States ⇒ Established in May 1975 and is 15-member regional group with a mandate of promoting economic integration in all fields of activity of the consulting countries ⇒ Set up to foster the ideal of collective self-sufficiency for its member states and is a trader union to create a single, large trading bloc through economic cooperation ⇒ Serves as a peacekeeping force in the region with member states occasionally sending joint military forces to intervene in the bloc's member countries at times of political instability and unrest ⇒ Intervened in Ivory Coast (2003), Liberia (2003), Guinea-Bissau (2012), and Mali (2013) ⇒ Another example of a regional organization that is involved in peacekeeping

Boutros Boutros-Ghali

⇒ Egyptian politician and diplomat who was the 6th secretary general of the UN ⇒ He wrote "An Agenda for Peace" which were suggestions for how the UN could respond to violent conflict best ⇒ His Three Main Goals o UN to be more active in promoting democracy o UN to conduct preventive diplomacy to avert crises o Expand UN role as a peacekeeper

UNMIS

⇒ Established by the UN Security Council in response to signing the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement ⇒ Mandates of UNMIS o Monitored the ceasefire including the DDR (Disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration) in Sudan o Protection of UN staff, facilities, and civilians o Assistance in humanitarian aid o Assistance in Security Sector Reform o Assistance in the peace process and administration

Kofi Annan

⇒ Ghani diplomat who won the Nobel Peace Prize (UN) ⇒ The Secretary General who was appointed to the Panel on United Nations Peace Operations ⇒ He asked the panel to assess the shortcomings of the then existing peace operation systems and make recommendations for change ⇒ Referring to the failure to prevent genocide in Rwanda (1995) and to protect the inhabitants of Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) ⇒ His efforts would lead to the creation of the Brahimi Report

Horizontal inequalities

⇒ Grievances - Francis Stewart ⇒ War breaks out from horizontal inequalities (religion, race, gender, etc.) over vertical issues (money) ⇒ Francis Stewart looks at how ethnic inequality governs access to political and economic resources which effects political stability! ⇒ This views people as groups instead of individuals or family units (income approach)

Youth bulge

⇒ Gunnar Heinsohn ⇒ Demography and War (and other social unrest) ⇒ An excess in especially young adult male population leads to social unrest, war, and terrorism ⇒ As third and fourth sons find no prestigious positions in their existing societies they rationalize it competing by religion or political ideology - there is large amounts of unemployment and large pools of disaffected youth so they are more susceptible to recruitment into rebel or terrorist groups ⇒ He argues most genocides can be explained as a result of a built-up youth bulge

International society

⇒ Hedley Bull argues that states share a common interest that leads to the development of a certain set of 'rules' (usually the common interest is a fear of unrestricted violence) ⇒ Any type of society needs to have rules about restraints on the use of force, about the sanctity of agreements, and about property rights ⇒ Five Institutions that maintain National Order in International Order o Balance of Power: prevent conflict o International Law: mediate conflict o Diplomacy: human oriented institution to alleviate conflicts in International Society o War: maintain order in International Society based on the belief that 1) there is a society there must be a normative framework 2) even if we try our hardest to maintain it, there are always people who will violate it o Great Powers: there must be the understanding of limited number of actors which have special powers to take special roles to implement sanctions ⇒ European International Society o According to Bull, international society emerged in Europe and spread globally o Superseded other political organizations mainly because of its military supremacy o The modern society of states originated in Europe and by the 19th century its members recognized themselves as forming a club of civilized states bound by international law ⇒ Christian International Society o Previous to the 30 years' War Europe was an example of an international society o Christian values were prioritized, but collapsed after the 30 years' war - new balance of powers where each state had its own sovereignty ⇒ World International Society o Major powers expanded their empires and occupied the entire world in a colonial manner in an imperial way o Geographically at one point the entire world was part of the European International Society o But after the two world wars; the European empires collapsed and sovereign states appeared and once again structure changes. This time the UN and League of Nations are examples of an international society

Mediation

⇒ Help disputants come to a consensus on their own ⇒ Rather than imposing a solution, a professional mediator works with the conflicting sides to explore the interests and underlying positions ⇒ Use this strategy when there is awareness of a third party and there is a possibility of intervention ⇒ Factors for third party mediation: consent to mediation, mediator, and setting. Creation of ground rules. Identification of win-win situations. Confirmation of the results.

Safe areas

⇒ Humanitarian corridors established in 1993 by UN Security Council ⇒ These cities and territories were placed under the protection of the peacekeeping units UNPROFOR ⇒ One of the most controversial decisions of the United Nations to try and create safe areas that would be protected war zones. However, member states that voted in favor of it were not willing to take the necessary steps to ensure the security of safe areas ⇒ Ultimately: a failure of the UN as a peacekeeping organization

Srebrenica

⇒ In 1993, UN declared this enclave a safe area and were placed under the protection of the UN peacekeeping unit UNPROFOR ⇒ April 1993: UNPROFOR Troops arrive ⇒ May 1993: Try for demilitarization of the area o This ultimately failed with both sides hiding most their weapons and handing over old or weapons that would not have been used ⇒ Areas became full of prostitution, violence, theft, and black market; resources continued to deteriorate ⇒ The VRS (Serb Offensive) took out five of the UNPROFOR observation posts ⇒ There was a genocide here where thousands Bosniak residents were killed and 'cleansed' by the Serbs

ABC Triangle

⇒ In a conflict, violent behavior we see has its roots in people's attitudes and the political-economic context ⇒ This is a simple framework for exploring the impact and causes of conflict. You should complete one triangle for each of the major groups involved in the conflict. ⇒ A: Attitudes (fear of losing power, resentment about historical wrongs, negative stereotypes) ⇒ B: Behavior (riots, bombings, mass imprisonment, denial of human rights) ⇒ C: Context (unjust land ownership, lack of jobs)

State-building

⇒ In terms of the Bonn Agreement, it provided a framework for the government ⇒ The emphasis on a strong central government was not the best choice for Afghanistan and ultimately caused a lot of its failures - did not have shared powers within the government

Neopatrimonialism

⇒ Jean Francois Medard ⇒ A system of hierarchy where patrons use state resources in order to secure the loyalty of clients in the general population. It is an informal patron client relationship that can reach from very high up in state structures down to individuals in small villages. ⇒ In Africa: African regimes are presidential which facilitates clientelism since power is concentrated in that individual with ultimate control of networks o The president is everywhere in local and central government levels o Office holders constantly appropriate public resources for their own benefit ⇒ It looks like a modern state with a constitution, legal system, etc. but the actual operations of the government remain at the core a matter of sharing state resources with friends and family ⇒ Rentier State: A state which derives all or a substantial portion of its national revenues from the rent of indigenous resources to external clients o Challenge in developing democratization and civil society o Modern social organizations associated with productive activities have been developed only to a limited extent o Citizenship becomes a source of economic benefit o Their political system depends to a large degree on accruing external resources that can be classified as rent

Level of analysis

⇒ Kenneth Waltz ⇒ Three widely accepted levels of generalization to help understand highly complex problems in world politics ⇒ 1st Image: Man o Domestic: Moral principles of individuals may translate into that of a nation (Hobbes - state of nature) o International: The belief that man has desires to make changes and their own set interests, but does that not necessarily translate into good (Morgenthau - Power Politics) ⇒ 2nd Image: State o Domestic: Republicanism is the importance of the state cannot be overstated as he conceives the loyalty and culture of the nation to be essential for perpetual peace (Kant) o International: A theory which posits that democracies are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with other identified democracies (Democratic Peace) ⇒ 3rd Image: International System (Anarchy) o Domestic: Federalists in the US were those forces in favor of the ratification of the Constitution - a desire to establish a central government. A desire for weaker state governments (opposite of anarchy) o International: Neorealism is a decentralized international structure with no central authority. States act according to the logic of self-help. This means that national interests of states are best understood with reference to their relative capability ranking.

Brahimi Report

⇒ Long term conflict prevention addresses the structural sources of conflict in order to build a solid foundation for peace ⇒ Peacemaking addresses conflict in progress, attempting to brings them to a halt, using the tools of diplomacy and meditation ⇒ Peacekeeping is primarily military model of observing ceasefires and force separations after inter-State wars, to incorporate a complex model of many elements, military and civilian, working together to build peace in the dangerous aftermath of civil wars ⇒ Peacebuilding defines activities undertaken on the far side of conflict to reassemble the foundations of peace and provide the tools for building on these foundations something that is more than just the absence of war

Arbitration

⇒ Need for an institutional third party ⇒ Listens to each side argues its case and presents relevant evidence, then renders a binding decision. This decides for both parties instead of letting them work it out and decide on their own.

NATO

⇒ North Atlantic Treaty Organization ⇒ An international alliance that consists of 29 member states from North American and Europe established in 1949 ⇒ IFOR (Implementation Force): a NATO-led multinational peace enforcement force in Bosnia and Herzegovina under a one year mandate 1995-1996 o NATO was responsible for carrying out the Dayton Peace Accords for the UN whose goals were to end hostilities, authorize military and civilian program into effect, and establish central Bosnian government while excluding individuals who were war criminals o Relieved the UN peacekeeping force which had originally arrived in 1992 o 60,000 NATO soldiers were deployed. o IFOR was taken over by SFOR the Stabilization Force o This is an example of the UN partnering with a Regional Organization to achieve peacekeeping goals. ⇒ ISAF (International Security Assistance Force): Primary objective was to enable the Afghan government to provide effective security across the country and develop new Afghan security forces to ensure Afghanistan would never again become a haven for terrorists o Began in 2003 and then in 2011 the responsibility was gradually transitioned to Afghan forces, transition was completed and Afghan forces were fully responsible at the end of 2014 (ISAF mission completed) o ISAF was one of the largest coalitions in history and NATO's most challenging mission to date o Provided support to Afghan government and international community in security sector reform, including mentoring, training, and operations support to the Afghan National Army o Was deployed based on a request for assistance by Afghan authorities and a UN Security Council Mandate and in 2003 the NATO took command of the ISAF o Another example of a regional organization partnering with the UN to achieve peacekeeping operations

Win-win

⇒ Occur when each side of a dispute feels the have won. Since both sides benefit from such a scenario, any resolutions to the conflict are likely to be voluntary. Cooperation. Prisoner's Dilemma: The idea that two completely rational individuals might not cooperate even if it appears that it is in their best interests to do so. In terms of conflict resolution: if both sides cooperate they come out medium/medium meaning they both are average. If one person cooperates and one betrays, then one person is better off and one is worse. If BOTH betray, then both end up worse.

The War on Terror

⇒ October 2001: US invasion of Afghanistan and the collapse of the Taliban Government ⇒ Northern Alliance control of Kabul; the Northern Afghan Alliance ⇒ Hamid Karzai (a candidate favored by the United States) is elected as the transitional head of state ⇒ In 2004, he becomes first democratically elected president

OHR

⇒ Office of High Representative ⇒ Enacted after the Dayton Agreement ⇒ Represent countries involved in the implementation of the Dayton Agreement ⇒ Oversee the civilian implementation of the Dayton Agreement ⇒ The Peace Implementation Council agreed in granting further substantial powers to the OHR o Adopt binding decisions when local parties seem unable or unwilling to act o Remove from office public officials who violate legal commitments ⇒ OHR Dismissed a lot of judges and politicians ⇒ Kind of problematic because no one can hold the OHR accountable for their decisions. Low citizen voter turnout and low accountability of politicians because their actions are always under review.

OEF

⇒ Operation Enduring Freedom ⇒ The official name used by the US Government for the Global War on Terrorism ⇒ An example of a coalition force with several nations joining forces to take on Afghanistan ⇒ After 9/11, the US wanted to attack the Taliban and enlisted the help of other countries in this Operation with bombing and mobilizing troops

DPO

⇒ Part of the UN headquarters ⇒ Department of Peace Operations ⇒ Duties: Provides political and executive direction to UN Peacekeeping operations around the world and maintains contact with Security Council, troop and financial contributors, and parties to the conflict in the implementation of Security Council mandates ⇒ Roots: Formally created when Boutros Boutros-Ghali took office as Secretary General of the UN ⇒ Three Main offices of DPO o Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions: Supports rule of law components in UN peace operations and special political missions as they work with national authorities to protect civilians o Office of Military Affairs: Deploy most appropriate military capability in support of UN objectives o Policy, Evaluation, and Training Division: Develop and disseminate the policy and doctrine guiding the work of peacekeeping

Peacemaking, peacekeeping and peacebuilding

⇒ Peacemaking: action to bring hostile parties to agreement essentially through peaceful means as those foreseen in Chapter VI of the Charter of UN o Meditation o Emergency Humanitarian Aid o Economic sanctions o Military sanctions o Enforcement Measures ⇒ Peacekeeping: the deployment of a United Nations presence in the field, hitherto with the consent of all the parties concerned, normally involving United Nations military and/or police personnel and frequently civilians as well o Monitoring a ceasefire o Deterrence o Security Maintenance ⇒ Post-Conflict Peacebuilding: action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid a relapse into conflict o Constitutional Reform o International War Crimes Tribunals o Human Rights Protection o Assistance in Democratization/Elections o Judicial Reform

HIPPO Report

⇒ Report on the High-Level Independent Panel on United Nations Peace Operation ⇒ In Response to the 2010 Political Challenges o Arab Spring o Lehman Shock ⇒ Four Essential Shifts o Politics must drive the design and implementation of peace operations ♣ Military and technical engagements should not be on the forefront, but political long lasting solutions o UN peace operations must be used more flexibly to respond to changing needs on the ground ♣ Denote full spectrum responses with analysis, strategy, and planning to make sure the best measure is chosen o A stronger, more inclusive peace and security partnership ♣ Pull together in a more integrated manner in the service of conflict prevention and peace o UN Secretariat must be more field focused and UN peace operations more people centered ⇒ Approaches o Conflict Prevention and mediation must be brought back to the force o Protection of Civilians is a core obligation, but expectations and capability must converge o Clarity is needed on the use of force and in the role of the United Nations peace operations and others in managing armed conflict o Political Vigilance is needed to sustain peace

Conflict tree

⇒ Root causes: problems that are the base for the conflict and are the root for why there is a problem (interests, positions) -- roots ⇒ Core Problem: The main problem that is at the center of the fight (the main mutually incompatible goal) - tree trunk ⇒ Effects: What happens because of this core problem (the leaves)

Land power and sea power

⇒ Sea Power by Alfred Mahan: The influence of naval power on the historical order of events and the growth of welfare on this narration o Sea power is the most important factor for the formation of world domination o Geographic Position: benefit not only when the country has access to main ocean roads, but has harbors for reliable ports ⇒ Geopolitics by Halford Mackinder: The study of Earth's geography and the effect it has on politics and international relations (land power) o Heartland Theory: He believed in the Heartland theory (Central and Eastern Europe) whoever ruled that ruled the World o Wouldn't need to use coastal or transoceanic transport to remain coherent o His was the simple "land power" is better than "sea power" argument ⇒ Boils down to geopolitics and theories over which geographic position benefits a country the most in terms of world domination

Conflict management

⇒ Techniques and ideas designed to reduce the negative effects of conflict and enhance the positive outcomes for all parties involved ⇒ There are multiple different techniques for conflict management and multiple different scenarios that can arise from practicing conflict management ⇒ First analyze the conflict then identify goals, methods, and means of responses ⇒ 5W1H: Ask the who, what, when, where, why, and how to get a full grasp of the conflict before responding; it is important to figure out the best method to coordinate interests, make decisions, and recognize power ⇒ Conflict parties and other stakeholders: analyze their position, interest, attitude, behaviors, rights, power, and capacities ⇒ Environment: analyze their relationships among actors and organizations, the negotiation setting, political, economic and social backgrounds

Khmer Rouge

⇒ The Communist Party that ruled in Cambodia between 1975 to 1979 ⇒ Won the Cambodian Civil War when in 1975 they captured the Cambodian capital and overthrew the government of the Khmer Republic ⇒ The regime murdered hundreds of thousands of perceived political opponents and ultimately led to the Cambodian Genocide killing between 1.5 - 3 million people ⇒ Timeline o 1975: Khmer Rouge to Phnom Penh o 1978: KUFNS formed by Heng Samrin and Hun Send o 1979: KUFNS and 200,000 Vietnamese troops occupied Phnom Penh

IGAD

⇒ The Intergovernmental Authority on Development in East Africa ⇒ Motivated by a vision where people of the region would develop a regional identity, live in peace, and enjoy a safe environment alleviating poverty through appropriate and effective sustainable development programs

A4P

⇒ The Secretary-General called on Member States, the Security Council, host countries, troop- and police- contributing countries, regional partners, and financial contributors to renew our collective engagement with UN peacekeeping and mutually commit to reach for excellence ⇒ What led to this call for action: political solutions are often absent, missions seem to have mandates that lack focus and clear priorities, complex threats in several environments ⇒ Renew mutual political commitment to peacekeeping options ⇒ Held a meeting on September 25th where over 100 member states to talk about peacekeeping success, challenges, and the action needed to be taken by all peacekeeping stakeholders to enable peace in countries ⇒ The Five Thematic Consultations o Peacebuilding: Need for coherence in relation to peacebuilding, need to ensure continuity of peacebuilding tasks during peacekeeping transitions and drawdown o Performance: Increasing support, equipment, training, mindset, clarity of political vision and mandate. Should be viewed in terms of impact on protection of civilians, safety and security of peacekeepers, and implementation of all mandated tasks. o People: Brought forth the protection of civilians including the importance of a whole of mission approach; the development of tailored responses to threat profile; and the need to match mandates with adequate resources. o Partnerships: Enhanced cooperation between the Security Council and AU Peace and Security Architecture. Expand to cooperation with other organizations. o Politics: A more strategic and coherent role for the Security Council; for the Council to make better use of the tools as its disposal for the supporting political processes

Partnership peacekeeping

⇒ The UN wants to move toward partnership peacekeeping meaning that the UN and relevant regional organizations in peacekeeping operations ⇒ There is a large emphasis on forming partnerships to increase the effectiveness of peacekeeping (see A4P and HIPPO) ⇒ Specifically, between the African Union and UN ⇒ It allows for better strategic and operation coordination to allow for coherence

UNAMA

⇒ The United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan ⇒ A vision for a stable and prosperous Afghanistan that lives at peace with itself and its neighbors where the Afghan peoples' human rights are upheld and basic services are available to all ⇒ An example of a peacekeeping organization deployed by the UN

Dayton Agreement

⇒ The accords that put an end to the 3 ½ year-long Bosnian War, one of the Yugoslav Wars ⇒ It preserved Bosnia as a single state made up of two parts, the Bosniak-Croat federation and the Bosnian Serb Republic ⇒ US made a key shift in policy to conduct air strikes against the Serbs if they continue to threaten the Bosnian safe areas or refused to negotiate a settlement ⇒ NATO conducted air strikes on Serb positions after an attack in Sarajevo ⇒ Holbrooke got an agreement from the leaders of the Bosnian Serbs to end the siege of Sarajevo for peace talks - Holbrooke led the talks in the United States ⇒ Federation of B&H (51%) and Republika Srpska (49%)

Bonn Agreement

⇒ The initial series of agreements passed in 2001 to recreate the state of Afghanistan following the US invasion of Afghanistan ⇒ After the fall of the Taliban, this NATO backed state building effort was to establish a new government for Afghanistan ⇒ A framework was provided for later constitution and elections that were to follow. Emphasis on a strong centralized government institution ⇒ Largely it was unsuccessful because there was re-emergence of the Taliban ⇒ Faced a lot of challenges on the ground that hurt the chances of the Bonn Agreement and state building to work out

Interest

⇒ The reason why an individual wants to achieve a specific outcome in the first place ⇒ To know a conflict is to analyze interests of parties who have incompatible goals ⇒ Individual's perceptions and feelings about what is desirable or useful - rooted in human needs and beliefs ⇒ Interests are based on needs and influence how one chooses a position - represents an underlying interest ⇒ Needs: A primary influence of human behavior; when you experience a particular need, you are motivated to respond and take action; desired outcome of the behavior is to reduce tension or discomfort (what we must have) -What we REALLY want

Violent extremism

⇒ The root of violent extremism is complex, multifaceted, intertwined, and relate to the structural environment o Growing Horizontal Inequalities (unemployment, poverty, human rights violations) o State's failure to provide basic rights, services and security to tis citizens ⇒ Development to help prevent this problem o Promote rule of law/human rights based approach o Fight against corruption o Participatory decision making and increasing civic space o Socio-economic alternatives o Promoting gender equality and women's empowerment o Strengthening capacity of local governments for service delivery and security o Credible internal intermediaries for dialogue o Engaging youth in building social cohesion o Working with faith based organization and religious leaders o Working with the media o Promoting respect for human rights, diversity, and a culture of global citizenship in school and university

Sarajevo Siege

⇒ The siege of the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina ⇒ When B&H declared independence from Yugoslavia after the 1992 Bosnian independence referendum, the Bosnian Serbs encircle Sarajevo ⇒ This 1992-1995 siege was the longest in modern history ⇒ This was representative of the New Wars because it was fought over identity and not ideology

Balance of power

⇒ Theory in international relations that suggests that national security is enhanced when military capability is distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others ⇒ Westphalia was important to this because pre-Westphalia no state recognized the sovereignty of the other causing for intense rivalries and the 30-year war ⇒ The goals changed for the countries of Europe - no longer about changing the religion or internal workings of a society ⇒ Napoleon and Hitler did not cause for their countries to be absolved; they were able to maintain their sovereignty so that the balance of power would remain ⇒ The First World War happened because of a collapse of this balance of power! ⇒ After WWI: balance of power shifted from traditional players in western and central Europe to just two-non-European ones: US and the Soviet Union o Bipolar balance of power pitted the free market democracies against the communist one-party states o No longer was each European country free to move in a flexible system of power, but they chose between the two camps (Soviet Union and US)

Root causes

⇒ These are the deep-rooted problems that are at the base of the core problem which leads to varied effects to the environment and real world ⇒ They are extremely important to know and understand beforehand to minimize conflict occurrence ⇒ They are at the base of all conflicts

Regional and Sub-Regional Organizations

⇒ These organizations play a central role in preventing, managing, and resolving conflicts ⇒ Prioritize these organizations to provide support to those seeking to establish or strengthen their mediation capacities ⇒ They can be working on multi-year programs, desk to desk interactions, more flexible work plans, or specific activities like joint deployments

Chapter VI and VII of UN Charter

⇒ These two chapters allow for peacekeeping and makes the UN security council responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security ⇒ Chapter VI: Pacific Settlement of Disputes o Peace operations have traditionally been associated with this chapter o The Security Council shall, when it deems necessary, call upon the parties to settle the dispute by any means ⇒ Chapter VII: Action with Respect to Threats to the Peace, Breaches of the Peace and Acts of Aggression o Authorizes the deployment of UN peace operations in volatile post-conflict settings where the State is unable to maintain security and order ⇒ Principles in International Society o International Law (International Human Rights law and International Humanitarian Law) o UN Charter purpose/principles (friendly relations among nations, enforcement by Chapter VII)

The end of history

⇒ This means liberal democracy is the final form of government for all nations. There can be no progression from liberal democracy to an alternative system. ⇒ Roland Paris ⇒ The political and philosophical concept that supposes that a particular political, economic, or social system may develop that would constitute the end of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government

DPPA

⇒ UN Headquarters ⇒ Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs ⇒ Duties: monitors and assesses global political developments with an eye to detecting political crises and devising effective responses, crisis responses ⇒ Established January 2019 to reform the UN peace and security infrastructure which brought together the Department of Political Affairs and the UN Peacebuilding Support Office

Vance-Owen plan / Owen-Stoltenberg plan

⇒ UN Special Envoy Cyrus Vance and EC Rep Lord Owen began negotiating a peace proposal with the warring factions in Bosnia (Vance/Owen) o Divide Bosnia into ten semi-autonomous regions and it received backing from the UN o Rejected by the National Assembly of Republika Srpska and was rejected by 96% of voter o This is an example of failed mediation ⇒ Owen-Stoltenberg Plan o Unveiled a map that would partition Bosnia into three ethnic mini-states in which 52% would be Bosnia-Herzegovina's territory; 30% would be Muslim and 18% would be Croats o Bosniak side rejected the plan - another failed mediation

UNPROFOR

⇒ United Nations Protection Force was the first UN Peacekeeping Force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars ⇒ Ultimately a failure because their safe areas were not actually that safe

UNTAC

⇒ United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia was a UN peacekeeping operation from 1992-1993 ⇒ Headed by Yasushi Akashi (Japan) ⇒ Aim was to restore peace and civil government in a country ruined by decades of civil war and Cold War, hold free and fair elections ⇒ Hold trial of senior Khmer Rouge leaders ⇒ Tried to disarm the Khmer Rogue o Failed to do so and disarmed the SOC's local militias allowing the Khmer Rouge to make territorial gains and give rise to political violence ⇒ Election in May 1993 o There was a 90% turnout o FUNCINPEC won 58 seats o CPP and FUNCINPEC formed a coalition ⇒ UNTAC withdrew ⇒ Different Views on the success