Connective Tissue

white blood cells

neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes

reticular connective tissue

only fibers in its matrix are reticular fibers that form a network along which reticular fibers are scattered; found in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow

lacunae

pits where small groups of chondrocytes are found

adipocytes

predominate and account for 90% of adipose tissue mass

chondroblasts

predominate cell type in cartilage; produce new matrix until the skeleton stops growing at the end of adolescence

osteoblasts

produce organic portion of the matrix

proteases

protein-degrading enzymes

mast cell cytoplasm contain?

secretory granules with chemicals for inflation: heparin, histamine, and proteases

histamine

substance that makes capillaries leaky

mucous connective tissue

temporary tissue derived from mesenchyme ex: Wharton's jelly (umbilical Cord)

edema

when a body region is inflamed the areolar tissue in the area soaks up the excess fluids like a sponge and the affected area swells and becomes puffy

cartilage

withstands up to both tension and compression; qualities intermediate of dense connective tissue and bone; avascular and lacks nerve fibers; 80% water; ground substance conatins large amounts of GAGs

stroma

"bed" internal framework that can support many free blood cells, found in reticular connective tissue

list the different types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, and reticular

list the different types of dense connective tissue

dense regular, dense irregular, and elastic

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

mast cells

oval;cluster along vessels; act as sensitive sentinels to detect foreign substances and indicate local inflammatory responses against them

fibrous connective tissue

another name for dense regular connective tissue

gristle

another name for hyaline cartilage

plasma cells

antibody producing

heparin

anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the blood stream (in humans, binds and regulates other mast cell chemicals)

ligaments

bind bones together at joints (contain more elastic fiber)

fibroblasts

branching cells that appear spindle shaped, predominate, form fibers of connective tissue

what are the major differences between the different types of connective tissue?

cell type, relative type, and amount of fibers

elastic connective tissue

connective tissue that contains a high amount of elastic fiber; located in ligament nuchae and flava connecting adjacent vertebrae

brown fat/ brown adipose tissue

consumes its nutrient stores to generate heat to warm the body

tendons

cords attach muscle to bone

connective tissue proper: loose, areolar

descript: gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells function: wraps and cushions organs; macrophage phagocytize bacteria, plays and import. role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. location: under epithelia, forms lamina propria of mucous membrane, packages organs, surrounds capillaries

connective tissue proper: loose, reticular

descript: network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen)

Connective tissue proper: loose, adipose

description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by a large fat droplet. function: provides reserve food fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs location: under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen and breasts

cartilage: hyaline

description: amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form and imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce and when mature, lie in lacunae function: supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton, covers end of long bones, costal cartilages

embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme

description: gel-like ground substance containing fibers; composed of star-shaped mesenchymal cells function: gives rise to all other connective tissue types location:embryo

Bone/Osseous Tissue

description: hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. very well vascularized function: bone supports and protects by enclosing; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation location: bones

Cartilage: fibrocartilage

description: matrix similar to but less firm than hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate function: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock location: intervertebral discs; discs of knee joint

connective tissue proper: dense irregular

description: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength location: dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract,, fibrous capsules of organs and joints

connective tissue proper: dense regular

description: primarily parallel collagen fibers; few elastin fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

blood

description: red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma) function: transport of respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes and other substances location: contained within blood vessels

cartilage: elastic

description: similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers in the matrix function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility location: supports the external ear, epiglottis

reticular cells

fibroblasts in reticular connective tissue

most abundant form of cartilage

hyaline

where are macrophages found?

immune system, attached to connective tissue fiber, loose connective tissue histocytes, bone marrow, lymphatic tissue

macrophages

large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize a broad variety of foreign materials (dispose of dead tissue cells)

what cells respond to injury?

mast cells, macrophages, and plasma cells

osteocytes

mature bone cells that reside in the lacunae within the matrix