Contemporary Issues in Biology TCU Exam 3
clostridium difficile
-causes pseudomembranous colitis of colon -anaerobic bacteria found in intestine -part of normal flora but overgrowth damages epithelial surfaces
salk vaccine
-made of killed polio viruses -protects against polio but a person can carry it
sabin vaccine
-made of live but weakened polio viruses -protects against polio and carrying polio
simian immunodeficiency virus
HIV is a mutated version of a chimpanzee virus known as ________
helper T cells
HIV reduces_______
B cells
_____ make antibodies that neutralize microbes
Helper T cells
_____ recognize protein coat of microbe and alert T and B cells by making cytokines
Killer T cells
______ kill microbe or human cells infected with microbes
microbe with protein coat
_______ enters the body and starts to reproduce
neurotransmitter
_______ released from the axon into synapse and attaches to receptors on dendrite
macrophages
________ circulate through body and digest some of the microbes, alerting Helper T cells by presenting protein coat
1 week
after infection starts, it takes how long to make T and B cells necessary to defeat the microbe
nerve impulse
an electrical signal that travels down the neuron
blocking cell wall formation
antibiotics kill bacteria by...
botulism toxin
blocks acetylcholine from being released at neuromuscular junction so nerve impulses do not reach muscle
cocaine
blocks the normal absorption of dopamine and as a result dopamine accumulates in the synapse where it stimulates the receiver cell
sensory neurons
carry impulses to the interneurons of the brain
motor neurons
carry impulses to the muscles
axons
carry nerve impulses away from the cell body
dendrites
carry nerve impulses to the cell body
addictive drugs
cause the flooding of the synapses of the nucleus accumbens with dopamine
Malaria
caused by a protozoan that infects humans and destroys red blood cells
smallpox
caused by a virus transmitted in contaminated droplets of body fluids or in contaminated clothes and bedding
tetanus toxin
causes antagonistic muscles to contract at the same time
macrophages helper T cells B cells killer T cells memory cells
cells of the immune system
nerve impulses to not reach muscle
damage to nerve causes the _____
polio
disease where a virus attacks the nervous system and prevents nerve impulses being sent to muscles causing a person to become crippled or die
men
do men or women have higher rates of HIV
paralysis occurs
effect of nerve gas
fecal transplant procedure
fecal samples are filtered and then transplanted via a tube inserted through the nose
synapses
gaps or junctions between neurons
yes
have mosquitoes become resistant to pyrethroids
100
how many neurotransmitters are known?
200
how many viruses can cause the common cold?
smallpox vaccine
injection of live vaccinia viruses that cause antibodies and memory cells that work against smallpox viruses
interneurons of the brain
interpret impulses
highly active antiretroviral therapy
involves the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to block HIV reproduction
removal of nitrogenous waste and water balance
kidneys are responsible for
chloroquine
medication to treat or prevent malaria
20-30%
mortality rate of smallpox
pulling
movement involves the _____ of bones into desired positions
antagonistic
muscles work in______ pairs
neuromuscular junction
neurotransmitters are released from neuron into ________________________ to depolarize muscle and cause muscle to contract
1/2 million 6-7 hours
one bacterium can become ______ bacteria in _____
1/200
only ___/____ people infected with polio are paralyzed
77
percentage of children vaccinated for smallpox
nerve gas
prevents neurotransmitters from being removed from neuromuscular junctions
binary fission
process where bacteria replicate
bats
researchers believe that Ebola animal-borne an that ___ are the most likely reservoir
anal sex
riskiest type of sex for transmission of HIV
botox
small amounts of botulism toxin that blocks the release of neurotransmitters, preventing wrinkles caused by muscle contraction
penicillium mold
source of antibiotic penicillin
fleas
spread the Plague
nymph
stage of deer tick that transmits Lyme Disease
amphetamines
stimulate excess release of dopamine overwhelming the process of reuptake and enzyme breakdown
nicotine
stimulates the release of dopamine
cigarette smoke
substance in _______________ blocks the action of MAO
bloody diarrhea cramps kidney disease
symptoms of toxic e coli infections
contracted
the muscle cell shortens when the muscle is ______
false
true or false: a person cannot get HIV from oral sex
true
true or false: in rare instances, a person can get polio from the sabin vaccine
1,000,000-1,000,000,000 per vagina/ureter
units of bacteria in genitourinary tract
100,000,000,000 per cubic cm of waste
units of bacteria in intestine
1,000,000-1,000,000,000
units of bacteria in mouth
10,000-1,000,000 per sweat gland
units of bacteria in skin
10
we have over ___ times more microbes than human cells in our bodies
chickenpox virus that has hidden in the body
what causes shingles
it is removed by an enzyme or transported out of synapse quickly
what happens to the neurotransmitter after it stimulates the postsynaptic membrane?
antibodies
when a person contracts HIV, the immune system produces _________
summer
when are rates of West Nile Virus the highest
when a patient has one or more illnesses and a helper T cell count of less than 200
when does a physician make an AIDS stage diagnosis
ALS
when the nerve cells that control the movement of your muscles gradually die, so the muscles progressively weaken and begin to waste away
in the Helper T cells
where does HIV reproduce?
African Americans
which race has highest proportion of new HIV infections than any other population
the risk of reaction of the vaccine is greater than the risk of getting smallpox
why did they stop immunization for smallpox
human cells do not have cell walls
why do antibiotics not kill human cells
viruses do not have cell walls
why do antibiotics not kill viruses
to get protein to make eggs
why do ticks feed on blood?
