Contemporary social problems chapter 3
A __________ policy entails using treatment and prevention. a. demand reduction b. supply reduction c. zerotolerance d. legal sanction
A
A drug that is believed to lead to the use of other drugs is referred to as a(n) a. gateway drug. b. starter kit. c. club drug. d. illicit drug.
A
A government approach to drug use that is a punitive strategy focusing on reducing availability of drugs through international efforts, interdiction and domestic law enforcement is called a. harm reduction. b. demand reduction. c. supply reduction. d. quality reduction.
A
According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, people who use drugs do so because a. they have learned to label the drug-using experience in positive terms. b. they have a biological predisposition to drug addiction. c. they have been exploited and alienated by a capitalistic society. d. the society is in a state of anomie.
A
All of the following are arguments for the legalization of drugs EXCEPT a. the number of distributors would decrease. b. drug taxes would produce revenues to benefit all citizens. c. drugs would be safer. d. drug-related crimes would be reduced.
A
Becker (1966) studied how marijuana users learn to ingest and enjoy the effects of marijuana. This study fits which theoretical perspective? a. symbolic interaction b. conflict c. structuralfunctional d. social pathology
A
Children of alcoholics are a. likely to suffer from mental health consequences that persist into adulthood. b. likely to resist alcohol when they grow up. c. usually happier than might be expected. d. are unhappy as children but do not seem to suffer from long-term effects.
A
Cocaine a. produces feelings of excitation and alertness. b. is produced from the poppy plant. c. is the most widely used illegal drug in North America. d. use has increased in recent years.
A
Great Britain historically used a a. medical model of drug use. b. zero-tolerance policy toward drug use. c. supply reduction strategy toward drugs. d. "war on drugs" approach.
A
Heroin is a. an analgesic (painkiller). b. a derivative of cocaine. c. not physically addictive. d. increasing in popularity among American high school youth.
A
How would conflict theorists explain the difference in sentencing between crack and cocaine? a. People of the upper classes are more likely to use cocaine and have access to lawmaking power. b. Crack is more dangerous than cocaine. c. More people use crack than cocaine. d. Cocaine is a part of our culture.
A
In the United States, users of illegal drugs are disproportionately a. young, male and members of a minority group b. over the age of forty, male and white c. young, male and white d. female and members of a minority group
A
John lives in a house with thirty-five other recovering addicts. He is receiving counseling and worker training. John is most likely in a. a therapeutic community. b. Narcotics Anonymous group. c. a methadone clinic. d. enhanced outpatient care.
A
K2 and Spice are forms of synthetic a. marijuana. b. hallucinogens. c. stimulants. d. opiates.
A
Kylee's baby was born addicted to cocaine and soon after birth suffered from symptoms of withdrawal. Kylee's baby experienced a. neonatal abstinence syndrome. b. fetal alcohol syndrome. c. fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. d. the baby blues
A
Methamphetamine a. is a central nervous system stimulant. b. is not addictive. c. is being increasingly used by middle and high school students. d. was not used or produced until the 21st century.
A
Pharmacologically, a drug is a substance that a. alters the structure or functioning of a living organism when it enters the bloodstream. b. positively or negatively affects the immune system of the human body. c. has a direct effect on the user's physical, psychological, and/or intellectual functioning. d. is physically addictive.
A
Research shows that a. youth develop attitudes about smoking and tobacco at an early age. b. smoking at young ages is relatively harmless. c. despite concern, there is no evidence that tobacco advertising creates increased demand. d. there is not much that can be done to prevent youth from smoking.
A
The Rockefeller Drug Laws a. are an example of a harm reduction approach to drug abuse. b. require minimum prison sentences for almost all drug offenders. c. impose economic sanctions on countries that knowingly supply illegal drugs to the United States. d. are criticized for being too lenient, according to your text.
A
The most common nonmedical use of psychotherapeutic drugs is for a. tranquilizers. b. pain relievers. c. stimulants. d. sedatives.
A
The structural-functional perspective is more likely than the conflict or symbolic interactionist perspective to view drug abuse as a. due to the weakening of norms in society. b. a response to the inequality perpetuated by the capitalist system. c. learned through interaction in small groups. d. the consequence of a psychological predisposition to experience pleasure from drugs.
A
The war on drugs has a. resulted in a significant amount of collateral damage. b. reduced other social problems such as unemployment, gang violence, and the spread of AIDS. c. saved the U.S. government more money than the program costs. d. ended in the late 1990s.
A
Tobacco advertisers have been found to target a. minorities and women. b. college students. c. the wealthy. d. white men.
A
Use of________ kills more people than AIDS, tuberculosis, or violence. a. alcohol b. cocaine c. methamphetamine d. pharmaceutical drugs
A
Using marijuana for medical purposes is an example of a. deregulation. b. legalization. c. decriminalization. d. medicalization.
A
Using treatment and prevention strategies is a way of dealing with drug use from a(n) a. interdiction approach. b. medical model perspective. c. "war on drugs" perspective. d. penalty approach.
A
Which of the following is NOT part of the U.S. government "war on drugs"? a. harm reduction b. zero tolerance c. demand reduction d. supply reduction
A
Which of the following is a synthetic hallucinogen? a. LSD b. marijuana c. peyote d. cocaine
A
Which of the following terms refers to a condition of compulsive drug use? a. chemical dependency b. drug abuse c. illicit drug use d. illegal drug use
A
__________ is the most commonly used illicit drug in the world. a. Marijuana b. Opium c. Heroin d. Cocaine
A
____________ is a type of research that combines the results of several studies addressing a research question. a. Metaanalysis b. Secondary research analysis c. Timelapse analysis d. Organizational research
A
According to the conflict perspective, alcohol is legal because it a. is one of the safest drugs available. b. is often consumed by those who have the power to define its acceptability. c. plays an important role in relieving social stress. d. provides a pleasurable experience to people when they first try it.
B
Among the effects of cocaine is a. depression. b. increased energy. c. suicidal thoughts. d. sluggishness.
B
Bath salts" are highly addictive a. psychotherapeutic drugs. b. synthetic stimulants. c. hallucinogens. d. opiates.
B
Illegal production of which of the following results in 5 to 6 pounds of toxic waste for every pound of the drug produced? a. ecstasy b. methamphetamine c. mescaline d. opium
B
In the Netherlands, the use of such drugs as marijuana and hashish a. is viewed as a moral sin but not an illegal act. b. is treated as a health issue, not a crime issue. c. is prosecuted as a criminal misdemeanor, not a felony offense. d. carries a penalty of life in prison.
B
In the U.S., binge drinking tends to be higher among a. the employed compared to the unemployed. b. ages 18-25 compared to ages 30-35. c. college graduates compared to high school graduates. d. Asians compared to other race/ethnic groups.
B
In the current debate over the legalization of marijuana, many are concerned that it a. could increase the death rate due to high levels of overdose. b. is a gateway drug. c. will be used in ordinary food and drink products. d. will be used to facilitate sexual assault.
B
Individuals who are poor and minorities may abuse drugs as a result of alienation from society due to unpleasant and low-paying jobs. This illustrates which of the following types of sociological explanations? a. structural-functionalist b. conflict theory c. symbolic interactionist d. biological
B
Many have argued that alcohol prohibition in 1920 was a. highly supported by the American population. b. a "moral crusade" against immigrant groups. c. modeled after a highly effective program in Canada. d. highly effective at reducing alcohol consumption.
B
More than any other single substance, led to the present war on drugs. a. marijuana b. cocaine c. heroin d. methamphetamine
B
Most inpatient treatment programs for drug dependence last from a. 3 to 6 days. b. 30 to 90 days. c. 6 to 9 months. d. 1 to 2 years.
B
Of Americans age 12 and older, approximately`_________ % are current illicit drug users. a. 2 b. 9 c. 21 d. 32
B
Proponents of of drugs promote individual rights to make informed choices. a. deregulation b. legalization c. decriminalization d. harm reduction
B
Research has suggested that all of the following are promising strategies for reducing alcohol and tobacco use EXCEPT a. government regulation. b. severe punishment for users. c. economic incentives. d. legal action.
B
The Department of Health and Human Services defines "heavy drinkers" as those who drink __________ or more drinks drinking per occasion on 5 or more days in a one-month period. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 10
B
The most common drug-related crime is a. robbery. b. driving while intoxicated. c. burglary. d. assault.
B
The most widely used illegal drug worldwide is a. cocaine. b. cannabis. c. amphetamines. d. opium.
B
To study the patterns of tobacco use researchers examined 125 scientific papers that included thousands of respondents worldwide. This is an example of a. longitudinal research. b. metaanalysis. c. timelapsed analysis. d. interdependent research.
B
Which of the following conditions might produce anomie at the individual level? a. conflicting messages about drugs in the media b. an adolescent experiencing her parents' divorce c. an adolescent being pressured by peers to try drugs d. drug use as part of a cultural tradition
B
Which of the following is a TwelveStep program? a. Drug Court b. Narcotics Anonymous c. NIMH d. standard inpatient treatment
B
Which of the following is a psychotherapeutic drug? a. heroin b. OxyContin c. marijuana d. LSD
B
Which of the following is considered drug abuse? a. drug use that does not violate acceptable social standards b. drug use that results in an altered state of being c. drug use that leads to arrest, divorce, or hospitalization d. drug use that occurs on an infrequent basis
B
Which term refers to an addicted fetus going through withdrawal after birth? a. fetal alcohol syndrome b. neonatal abstinence syndrome c. baby addiction stress d. birthrelated addiction stress
B
Which theoretical perspective suggests that the criminalization of substances follows a pattern of social control of the powerless, political opponents, and/or minorities? a. structuralfunctional b. conflict c. symbolic interaction d. social pathology
B
Worldwide, approximately____________ percent of the world's population ages 1564 report using at least one illicit drug in the previous year. a. less than one b. 3.6 to 6.9 c. 20.3-31.6 d. over 45
B
___________ is characterized by serious physical and mental handicaps as a result of maternal drinking during pregnancy. a. Sudden infant death syndrome b. Fetal alcohol syndrome c. Infant gateway syndrome d. Down syndrome
B
___________ promotes a medical rather than criminal approach to drug use by encouraging users to seek treatment and adopting preventive practices. a. Deregulation. b. Decriminalization. c. Legalization. d. Harm reduction.
B
__________is the leading preventable cause of death and disease worldwide. a. Alcohol use b. Cigarette smoking c. Cocaine use d. Heroin use
B
Alcohol is least likely to be consumed in a. the United States. b. Europe. c. North Africa. d. Australia.
C
An example of anomie at the societal level that could lead to increased drug and alcohol consumption is a. an adolescent whose parents are experiencing divorce. b. estrangement from work, family and friends as a result of oppression. c. inconsistencies in media messages regarding drug and alcohol use. d. manipulation of symbols for political and economic means.
C
Drug courts are designed to a. ensure the prosecution of drugrelated crimes. b. assist the families of drugaddicted felons. c. divert drug offenders to treatment programs. d. develop guidelines for the legal sale and distribution of drugs.
C
Hashish a. is processed from opium. b. comes from the coca plant. c. comes from the top of the marijuana plant. d. is less potent than marijuana
C
It is estimated that in the U.S._________ children under age 18 lives with at least one parent in need of treatment for drug or alcohol dependency. a. 1 in 50 b. 1 in 35 c. 1 in 10 d. 1 in 4
C
Psychological theories of drug abuse emphasize that drug use may be maintained by a. inconsistent messages from the media. b. a genetic predisposition to addiction. c. positive and negative reinforcement. d. the ability of the wealthy and powerful to define some drugs as acceptable.
C
Sociologically, the term "drug" refers to a chemical substance that a. alters the structure or functioning of a living organism when it enters the bloodstream. b. positively or negatively affects the immune system of the human body. c. has a direct effect on the user's physical, psychological, and/or intellectual functioning. d. is physically addictive.
C
The criminalization of opium use in the United States can be traced to which of the following? a. the high rate of birth defects linked to the use of opium by pregnant women b. the high rate of death among laborers who used opium while building U. S. railroads c. the use of opium among Chinese immigrant laborers, who threatened white jobs d. the fear that white American youth would learn the techniques and motivations to use opium
C
The federal government declared a "war on drugs" in the a. 1960s. b. 1970s. c. 1980s. d. 1990s.
C
The most widely used and abused drug in America is a. tobacco. b. marijuana. c. alcohol. d. heroin.
C
The theoretical perspective that emphasizes that symbols can be manipulated and used for political and economic agendas is a. structural-functionalism. b. conflict. c. symbolic interactionism. d. postmodernism.
C
Which drug is called the "white horse?" a. cocaine b. inhalants c. heroin d. ecstasy
C
Which of the following distinguishes physical from psychological dependency? a. chemical dependency b. drug addiction c. withdrawal symptoms d. needing the drug to achieve a feeling of well-being
C
Which of the following is most likely to illustrate a psychological explanation of drug abuse? a. feelings of alienation from society b. inconsistent cultural norms c. a personality type that is prone to anxiety d. the positive labeling of drug use
C
Which of the following is required for acceptance into Alcoholics Anonymous or Narcotics Anonymous? a. referral from a physician or mental health professional b. having lost a job or been arrested due to alcohol and/or drug use c. the desire to stop using drugs or alcohol d. recommendations from a member of the organization
C
Which of the following perspectives is most concerned with the effects of labels like "crackhead"? a. feminist b. functionalist c. symbolic interactionist d. conflict
C
Which of the following statements is true regarding drug use and crime? a. Surveys of prisoners show that nearly two-thirds were under the influence of drugs when they committed their offense. b. Experimental studies show that individuals are twelve times more likely to commit a crime when under the influence of drugs. c. Sociologists disagree on whether drugs cause crime, criminal activity leads to drug involvement, or some other factor is related to crime and drug use. d. A meta-analysis of research studies shows no relationship between drug use and crime
C
Which of the following substances was used in the original formula for coca-cola? a. methamphetamine b. marijuana c. cocaine d. opium
C
_____________ involves removing the penalties for certain drugs. a. Deregulation b. Legalization c. Decriminalization d. Medicalization
C
_______________ theories propose that some individuals are predisposed to drug abuse. a. Conflict b. Symbolic interaction c. Biological d. Psychological
C
A meta-analysis of the popular DARE program found a. the program was most effective in preventing drug use when it was started in kindergarten. b. the program was most effective in preventing drug use among girls. c. the program reduced drug use by 40% for all participants. d. the program did not significantly prevent drug use among school-age children.
D
All of the following are associated with failure to complete drug treatment EXCEPT a. history of significant problems with their mother b. recent problems with sexual partners c. long periods of incarceration d. being older in age
D
Anomie explains drug abuse at the individual level by a. the ability of those in power to define a person's use of a particular drug as drug abuse. b. the process by which a drug abuser becomes labeled as immoral or criminal. c. learning from associates to define the ingestion of a particular drug as pleasurable. d. feelings of estrangement and turmoil over appropriate or inappropriate behaviors.
D
Anticocaine sentiment in the United States emerged in the early 1900s in response to cocaine's heavy use among a. pregnant women. b. teenagers. c. European immigrants. d. urban blacks.
D
Biological research on alcohol abuse has focused on the influence of on alcohol addiction. a. stress b. physical body type c. blood type d. genetics
D
Children who live with at least one parent in need of treatment for drug and alcohol dependency are more likely to a. live in a conflict-free environment. b. avoid a similar fate when they are adults. c. be unaffected by the parent's behavior. d. suffer physical illness.
D
Eighty percent of the people who smoke cigarettes are from a. the United States. b. the Middle East. c. high income countries. d. low and middle income countries.
D
If an individual internalizes the label of a drug user, she is likely to a. quit using drugs of any kind. b. seek treatment for drug abuse. c. substitute legal for illegal drugs. d. continue and sometimes escalate drug use.
D
In Great Britain today, a. marijuana is viewed as a more dangerous drug than alcohol or tobacco. b. drug use is treated more harshly than it is in the United States. c. heroin and cocaine are legally available for recreational use. d. officials are thinking of returning to a medical model of drug treatment rather than punishment.
D
In the U.S., most federal money spent on substance abuse goes toward a. prevention. b. regulation. c. research. d. repairing damages caused by abuse
D
Recent state initiatives regarding drug use along with some federal initiatives supported by President Obama, such as needle exchange programs, are beginning to place more emphasis on than in the past. a. zero tolerance b. demand reduction c. supply reduction d. harm reduction
D
Some sociologists argue that drug use and crime may be linked because both are related to a. mental disorders. b. intelligence. c. education. d. poverty.
D
Symbolic interactionists attribute patient behavioral changes that occur within therapeutic communities to a. close supervision by hospital staff. b. alternate drug therapy. c. work and recreation routines keep the patients involved. d. revised self-definitions.
D
The active ingredient in marijuana is THC, which in varying amounts can act as a sedative or a a. club drug. b. stimulant. c. barbiturate. d. hallucinogen.
D
Therapeutic communities a. are half-way houses located in most U.S. cities. b. comprise the organizations of Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous. c. are organizations designed to help the families of drug addicts. d. help participants develop marketable skills.
D
Use of all tobacco products, including smokeless tobacco, cigars, pipe tobacco, and cigarettes, is highest for a. white, non-Hispanics. b. African Americans. c. Hispanics. d. Native Americans and Alaska Natives.
D
Which of the following drugs was legally available in the United States in the 1800s and early 1900s? a. rohypnol b. ecstasy c. meth d. opium
D
Which of the following is a manifestation of a "new temperance" movement in the United States? a. mandatory sentences for illicit drug use b. legalization of medical marijuana in some states c. harsher penalties for crack than cocaine abuse d. federally mandated 21-year-old drinking laws
D
Which of the following is an example of the harm reduction approach to drug use? a. disrupting drug production in other countries b. longer sentences for drug dealers c. adding greater numbers of law enforcement officers to detect illicit drug use d. distributing clean syringes to reduce the risk of HIV infection
D
Which of the following is the crystallized product made by boiling a mixture of baking soda, water, and cocaine? a. MDMA b. methamphetamine c. hashish d. crack
D
Which of the following was NOT cited as a reason high school students are less likely to drive drunk than in the past? a. extension of the learner's driving license period b. nighttime driving restrictions c. stricter drunk driving laws d. public humiliation of drunk drivers
D
