Content Exam 1 PDBIO

That morula will keep undergoing cell division until it gets to 100 cells and then it will be called

blastocyst

In anatomical position, what is the most anterior structure of a vertebra? lamina body vertebral foramen spinous process

body

what nerve comes from cervical plexus?

phrenic

_______ stimulate ______ to send _______ along s_____ to the ____ there the _____ forms a "perception"

sensory receptors, neurons, impulse, sensory fibers, brain, cerebral cortex

The bones of the wrist are classified as _____ bones. long regular short irregular flat

short

what is example of monosypnatic reflex? stretch reflex withdrawal reflex

stretch reflex

Trochlear nerve works with the

superior olbique

Which cells support gustatory cells? in between gustatory cells holding it all together Basal cells or supporting cells?

supporting cells

an increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract? parasympathetic neither choice is correct sympathetic

sympathetic

_____ is short and fast sympathetic division parasympathetic division

sympathetic division

fight or flight, activated in emergency citations when excited or stressed sympathetic division parasympathetic division

sympathetic division

A typical synapse in the CNS consists of a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic neuron, separated by a narrow space called the synaptic cleft. postsynaptic space. synaptic membrane. presynaptic space.

synaptic cleft.

A __________ is defined as a substance that can cause birth defects. toxic agent drug mutagen teratogen

teratogen

anything that causes a birth defect

teratogen

The __________ is the relay station for sensory and motor information. epithalamus thalamus hypothalamus hyperthalamus

thalamus

What three things are in the diencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

the somatic motor is _______, whereas the autonomic motor is _______.

voluntary, involuntary

How long is pre-embriotic period

weeks 1-2

How long is embryonic period?

weeks 3-8

ow long is the Fetal Period

weeks 9-38

what is a joint?

where two bones come together

in the picture, is gustatory white or red lines?

white

Lady getting mad at husband for going too fast? Balance Vestible Semicircular canals Cochlea

Vestibule

A synovial joint contains all of the following except __________. the interosseous membrane synovial fluid the joint cavity the articular capsule

the interosseous membrane

Explain how the female pelvis differs from that of the male. What are the advantages of these differences for the female?

Female: wider and shallower, female space bigger for childbirth Male: narrow and long

3 types of cartilage found in body:

Fibrocartilage, Hyaline, Elastic

2 types of ossification, which one is clavicle up? Which one is bone growth within a membrane? cartilage?

Intramembranous (clavilce up) Endocondral

three functions of neurons

Longevity High metabolic rate Inability to divide

What letter is associated with the attachment site of thick filaments? Z I M A

M

Middle ear: lateral to medial

MIS

CILIA IS ___, MICROVILLI IS ___

MOVEMENT, Absorption

Area around the fovea degenerates (lose some of the image we want to see) Cataracts Glaucoma Macular Degeneration

Macular Degeneration

which type of cancer is most deadly type, arises from melanocytes (usually a preexisting mole), and early detection is crucial

Malignant Melanoma

Describe the cells that are present in connective tissue proper. How to remember?

Mary Finds Men Appalsive Mesenchymal Cell: helps build different types of connective tissue (kind of like an elementary kid who doesn't know what he wants to become, can become multiple different things) THIS BECOMES A FIBROBLAST! Fibroblast: builds the fibers Macrophage: big eater (macro means big, phage means eat), kind of like the garbage men who go around collective all the unwanted stuff Adipocyte: fat cell, store fat

detect touch Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Baroreceptors

Mechanoreceptors

What cell type acts as a sensory-type cell in the epidermis? podocyte melanocyte Merkel cell kartinocyte

Merkel cell

Stwo types of sudoriferous (sweat)

Merocrine glands Apocrine Glands

Macrophage of CNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Schwann Cells

Microglial cells

Respond to infection in the CNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Satellite cells

Microglial cells

What 3 things make up the brainstem?

Midbrain, pons, medulla

When myelin sheaths are destroyed in CNS

Multiple Sclerosis

which burn Damages entire epidermis and dermis

Third

What keeps it from binding to myosin?

Tropomyosin

What does temporal lobe help with?

auditory and olfactory experience (smell and hearing)

medula function

autonomic control and reflexes

The epidermis is __ ; the dermis is __ .

avascular, vascular

Which glial cell controls the ionic environment and induces formation of the blood-brain barrier? ependymal cells microglial cells astrocyte oligodendrocyte

astrocyte

Organize these events of a polysynaptic neural reflex arc in the correct sequence. a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds

b, a, c, d, e

The term popliteal is associated with what body region? bottom of the foot back of the head lower back back of the knee

back of the knee

vestibule and semicircular canals both help with

balance

posterior root (how to remember?) sensory neurons motor neurons

sensory neurons

_____ are unipolar neurons. _______ are bipolar neurons

sensory neurons special senses

detect pressure Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Baroreceptors

Baroreceptors

2 nerves involved in taste:

Facial Nerve, Glossopharyngeal nerve

Cell bodies are found in PNS nerves and CNS white matter. T or F

False

What does the amygdala do? how to remember?

Fear, flight or fight response

Blurry lens (cloudy lens) Cataracts Glaucoma Macular Degeneration

Cataracts

two types of senses are:

General, Special

which burn Damages epidermis and part of dermis

Second

CNS includes what two things?

brain and spinal chord

Diagram a typical flat bone. Label the following: compact bone, spongy bone, red bone marrow, endosteum, and periosteum.

DIAGRAM!

Reticular Layer is made of

dense irregular tissue

facial nerve works with

taste (anterior 2/3)

Joint: What is it made of? (Structural)

Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial

which one is biceps femoris? 2,3,1

1

neurons are ____

excitable

Xray

used to look at hard tissues (bone, cartilage, teeth)

Apocrine Glands

→ axillary, nipple, anal and genital areas → produce viscous sweat, thick particles → breast feeding, too, so could think of ape breastfeeding

merocrine glands

→ most numerous → watery sweat (think particles)

5 flavors detected over broad regions of the tongue:

→ salty → sweet → sour → bitter → umami (savory)

What does parietal lobe help with? How to remember?

→ sensory interpretation of textures and shapes --> understanding speech (not ability to speak like in frontal lobe!) Remember because parietal sounds like parents and they are the ones who help us know textures and shapes and how to understand speech

how many tarsals?

7

Disorder on cranial end of brain Anencephaly Spina Bifida

Anencephaly

2 types of exocrine glands

Sebaceous (holocrine), Sudoriferous (sweat)

Skeletal muscle helps regulate body temperature. T of F

T

is brainstem related to autonomic or somatic movements?

autonomic (not voluntary)

This process of cell division is known as

cleavage

Hypoglossal nerve does

tongue muscles

Discuss the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.

(MACROSCOPIC)Gross Anatomy: Structures you can see with your naked eye (no miscrospe needed) Microscopic Anatomy: need microscopes to see -Cytology: Study of Cells -Histology: Study of Tissues

The structure responsible for attaching muscle to bone is a sphincter. ligament. fascia. tendon. myofibril.

tendon.

Describe the anatomy of a serous membrane. Differentiate between the pericardium, pleura, and peritoneum.

(imagine putting fist in balloon and two layer sack is created outside of it; this serous membrane is here for when the heart beats and its stops it from ruining since it causes friction when it beats (imagine rubbing finger on desk for hours, it will eventually break down, the serous membrane blocks the heart from breaking down from friction). 3 layers of serous membrane: visceral pericardium, pericardial, parietal -parietal is most superficial (outside layer), pericardial is second layer, and visceral is layer closest to heart

Name the five regions of the vertebral column and state the number of vertebrae in each region

**this is superior or inferior **to remember how many are in the first three, its breakfast at 7, lunch at 12 and dinner at 5 (and then 5, 4) Cervical Vertebrae (7; C1-C7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12; T1-T12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5; L1-L5) Sacrum (5; S1-S5) Coccyx (4; C1-C4)

What does cerebellum do? How to remember?

-Fine-tunes, smoothens and coordinates muscle movements -balance/equilibrium remember playing baseball and being able to throw good, we need cerebellum for that and dancer to be balanced

Describe the overall process of early embryonic development, including cell division of the fertilized oocyte, formation of the blastula, and gastrulation. Some important terms that you will learn include oocyte, sperm, fertilization, zygote, cleavage, morula, blastocyst, trophoblast, cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast, chorion, placenta, inner cell mass (embryoblast), bilaminar disc, epiblast, amnion, and hypoblast.

-OOCYTE is taken out of the ovaries and is picked up into the uterine tubes (this is called ovulation when leaving ovaries). The OOCYTe and Sperm come together in holy matrimony. When the OOCYTE gets married to the sperm, she changes her name since that is what normally happens (fertilization is OOCYTe and sperm coming together). She is now called zygote. Fertilization is where we mark day one. Zygote now has to do cell division. It goes from 2, to 4, to 8, etc cells. This process of cell division is known as cleavage. Around 16 cells, it is no longer called a zygote, but now a morula. That morula will keep undergoing cell division until it gets to 100 cells and then it will be called blastocyst. The blastocyst is made up of 2 important parts. One is the outer shell called the trophoblast and the other is a mass of cells called the embryoblast (inner cell mass). The blastocyst implants inside of the uterine wall (implantation). -the embryoblast builds the embryo. BLAST=BUILDS, the trophoblast becomes the fetal half of the placenta (Chorion) -placenta=fetal portion + maternal portion come together (fetal portion = chorion which derives from trophoblast) -trophoblast divides into two layers: cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast (these help form the chorion and later the placenta) -Inner Cell Mass divides into two layers: epiblast and hypoblast - the epiblast becomes the embryo and amnion -epiblast lines the amnion, hypoblast lines the yolk sack

What does the frontal lobe help with?

-decision making -personality -verbal communication (our ability to communicate) -voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column? 5 4 7 12

12

how many phalanges

14

Explain the differences between first-class, second-class, and third-class lever systems. How to remember what's in middle? 1st picture? 2nd? 3rd?

1st- scissors, putting head back 2nd: wheelbarrow, standing on tipi toes 3rd: tweezers, flexing muscles FRE

semimembranosus 2,3,1

2

Infants can survive as early as week ___

22

Describe transverse and cephalocaudal body folding of the embryo.

3 layers in transverse folding -first layer is ectoderm -mesoderm is stuff in red -Cells that line yolk sack are endoderm -REMEMBER BURRITO ANALOGY (taking the three layers and folding them with the ectoderm on outside, middle of the burrito is now the endoderm and is the tube) AT SAME TIME is cephalocaudal folding, which would be folding the burrito sides towards the middle

Arrange the middle ear bones in the numbered list from lateral to medial. Components: 1-incus 2-stapes 3-malleus

3, 1, 2

Infants born as early as ___ weeks can survive without lifesaving measures

30

anything before __ weeks is a premature birth

38

how many False ribs

4, 2 are floating

how many metacarpals and metatarsals?

5

how many true ribs are there?

7

The transition from the embryonic period to the fetal period occurs at about week __________ in development. 4 8 16 32

8

how many carpals?

8

ABCD Rule of Malignant Melanoma Recognition

A = Asymmetry (one half of mole does not match the other) → B = Border (edges nothed, irregular, blurred or ragged) → C = Color (not uniform, different shades) → D = Diameter (larger than ¼ inch)

Controls ionic environment of CNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Schwann Cells

Astrocytes

Most abundant glial cells in the CNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Satellite cells

Astrocytes

--> degeneration of Somatic motor system → lose ability to move muscles

ALS

What is required for actin to be released from myosin?

ATP

What protein binds to myosin?

Actin

memory loss, depression, disorientation Hydrocephalus Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease

progressive degeneration of the brain (begins in hippocampus) Hydrocephalus Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease

Alzheimer's disease

Describe anatomical position,

Anatomical position is just a picture of a person facing us and with arms to side (anterior position), posterior is facing us with their backs -we are always referring to anatomical position

Describe, in your own words, what the study of anatomy and physiology is all about

Anatomy: structure of body parts (ex: humorous) Physiology: study of the functions and relationships of body parts (ex: talks about how humerus and ulna create a joint)

Disorder on cranial end of neural tube Substantial or complete absence of brain Rarely live longer than a few hours following birth

Anencephaly

Briefly summarize how bones grow lengthwise during childhood. Explain how bones grow in thickness (width) during childhood

Appositional Growth (thickness) Interstitial Growth (lengthwise)

In anterior cavity; resembles CSF Aqueous humor Vitreous humor

Aqueous humor

The posterior chamber of the eye contains which type of fluid? Aqueous humor Vitreous humor Antrum Perilymph

Aqueous humor

Which glial cell helps to form the blood-brain barrier? Astrocyte Ependymal cell Neurolemmocyte Microglial cell Oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte

Describe, in order of increasing complexity, the levels of structural organization of the body. In your answer, include the words molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism

Atoms- Molecule- Organelle- Cell- Tissue- Organ- Organ System- Organism

Explain how muscle names incorporate action, body region, attachments, orientation, shape/size, and number of heads.

Attachments: muscle tells us where the muscle attaches to ex: sternocleidomastoid attaches to sternum and clavicle Action: ex, supinator performs supination Body region: ex: rectus femoris will be found in femoral region Orientation: external abdominal oblique vs internal shape/sizes: gluteus maximus, minimus, medius (big, small, medium) Number of heads: triceps brachii has three heads

_________ is connecting point between postganglionic axon and preganglionic axon

Autonomic ganglion

Hypothalamus functions. How to remember?

BEETS HAM Behavior Endocrine Emotion Temperature control Sleep/wake cycles Hunger/Thirst autonomic control memory

Which type of cancer is most common type, least dangerous, and originates in stratum basale?

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Body is in paralyzed state where you cannot contract your muscles

Botulism

What is a sinus infection?

Buildup of mucus that won't drain

which nervous system runs along center or axis of body (brain and spinal cord)

CNS

describe the function and location of the following glial cells: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal cells, satellite cells, and Schwann cells

CNS Astrocyte: control ionic environment, protects the brain from things entering Oligodendrocyte: forms myelin sheath Microglial cells: macrophages of CNS, eats stuff, garbage man of CNS Ependymal cell: line brain ventricles PNS Satellite cell: protect and regulates nutrients for cell bodies and ganglia Schwann Cell: myelinates axons in the PNS

Name where neuronal cell bodies and axons are found in the CNS and PNS

CNS → gray matter: cell bodies (soma) and dendrites → white matter: axons and myelin sheaths White because it is fat Fat is covering axons PNS → Cell bodies (soma) are in ganglia → Axons are in nerves

What are two parts of the nervous system?

CNS and PNS

Sural (what region of body?)

Calf

Name and briefly describe the five layers of the epidermis. Which are found in thick skin? Which are found in thin skin? How to remember

Can Loud Girls Sing Base? L only thick skin, so hands and feet only

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle which one is Found in heart myocardium

Cardiac Muscle

The term brachial is associated with what body region? cheek leg airway arm

arm

detect chemical changes Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Baroreceptors

Chemoreceptors

Describe the structure of cartilage, including chondroblasts, chondrocytes, lacunae, extracellular matrix, and perichondrium

Chondroblast=builds cartilage Chondrocytes=cells found in cartilage Lacunae=cave in which the chondrocytes live Extracellular matrix=ground substance + fibers Perichondrium=membrane surrounding the cartilage

Which of the following structures supplies nourishment to the retina? Choroid Sclera Ciliary body Iris

Choroid

Briefly discuss the different types of bone fractures and how bone fractures are repaired Closed Fracture Open Fracture Comminuted Fracture Greenstick Fracture

Closed Fracture → bone doesnt pierce the skin, just cut the bone in half Open Fracture → bone does pierce the skin Comminuted Fracture → several breaks resulting in many small pieces Greenstick Fracture → partial fracture where only one side of the bone breaks

Old guy trying to hear? Vestible Semicircular canals Cochlea

Cochlea

What cranial nerve is involved with hearing? Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear) CN VII (facial) CN VI (abducens) CN II (optic)

Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)

Which one is sound isn't conducted efficiently through the outer ear or middle ear? Conductive hearing loss Sensorineaural hearing loss

Conductive hearing loss

Which type of photoreceptor helps us see with greater clarity and in color?

Cones (because the bright traffic cone helps us have clarity on what to do)

Functions of Vertebral Ligaments:

Connect bone to bone Act to prevent too much movement within the vertebrae

Draw diagram of connective tissue

Connect tissue proper, supportive connective tissue, Fluid connective tissue CTP: Loose, dense, AAR, RIEE SCT: Bone (Comapct Spongy ), Cartilage (FHE) FCT: Blood

Name the 4 basic tissue types

Connective Tissue Muscular Tissue Epithelial Tissue Nervous Tissue

Meninges is made of... C M E N

Connective tissue

Which primary tissue type would be located in blood, body fat, ligaments and tendons, dermis of the skin, and in the cartilage of some joints? Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscle tissue None of the choices is correct.

Connective tissue

What two articular surfaces (where the ribs articulate) are unique to thoracic vertebrae?

Costal Facet and costal demifacet

Define fibrous joint. Name the three subtypes. Draw a picture and give examples of each subtype. Define cartilaginous joint. Name the two subtypes. Draw a picture and give examples of each subtype

DIAGRAM!

Draw a typical synovial joint, labeling the following: articular cartilage, joint cavity, bone, periosteum, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, and ligaments. State the function of each of the labeled structures.

DIAGRAM!

Which statement is most true? Dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs. Axons receive impulse, terminate at dendrites. Soma receives impulse, transmits to dendrites to synaptic knobs. Synaptic knobs receive impulse, transmit through axon and cell body.

Dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs.

Which secondary brain vesicle forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus? Telencephalon Diencephalon Myelencephalon Metencephalon Mesencephalon

Diencephalon

Out of FHE cartilage, which one is located in the epiglottis and external ear?

E

out of FHE cartilage, which one thinnest?

E

Describe the three fiber types that are present in connective tissue proper. How to remember?

ELLA COULD RETIRE Elastic Fibers: stretching and going back to original position Collagen Fibers: really strong, specifically at resisting stress in one direction Reticular Fibers: form a net like structures of fibers

Line internal cavities of the brain Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Satellite cells

Ependymal cells

What cells does CFS produce? Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Satellite cells

Ependymal cells

line brain ventricles Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes

Ependymal cells

What are the three layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

Explain what is meant by the terms extracellular matrix and ground substance

Extracellular matrix (stuff surrounding cells)= ground substance + protein fibers Ground Substance is usually a fluid (water), but it can also be mineralized and solid, as in bones

The fovea centralis has the sharpest vision because it is the area with the highest proportion of rods and almost no cones. T or F

F

out of FHE cartialge, which one is thickest?

F

anterior ⅔ of tongue= Facial Nerve or Glossopharyngeal nerve?

Facial Nerve

From personal experience relating to mobility of your fingers in comparison to your toes, how do you think their areas on the primary motor cortex compare? Think back to the homunculus. Toes and fingers have about the same amount of surface area on the primary motor cortex. Fingers have more surface area than toes on the primary motor cortex. Toes have more surface area than fingers on the primary motor cortex. Neither have any surface area on the primary motor cortex.

Fingers have more surface area than toes on the primary motor cortex.

which degree of burn simply damage the epidermis

First Degree

put grove, tube, plate in order

First starts off as neural plate (midweek 3), the plate then forms a grove (late week 3), then it becomes neural tube (early week 4)

Location and function of simple squamous

Functions: → diffusion (diffusion, and therefore filtration) → filtration: certain things pass through, but not all ( Locations: → Lung Air Sacs (alveoli) (if alveoli were not made of simple squamous, oxygen would not be able to diffuse across and enter into our bloodstream) → Lining of Blood Vessels (these need to be lined with simple squamous so that oxygen can diffuse across the blood vessels) → serous membranes

location and fucntion of Transitional

Functions: → distention and relaxation of urinary structures (stretch and relax, stretch so urine can pass through and then close up so nothing else comes) Locations: → ureters → bladder → urethra

location and function of stratified squamous

Functions: → protection Locations: Oral cavity (hard chip) Pharynx (hard chip still) Esophagus (hard chip) Vagina (for babies, need that extra protection) Anus (friction for friction) Epidermis of Skin

location and function of pseudostratified columnar

Functions: → protection → movement (if ciliated) Locations: → Respiratory tract

location and function of simple columnar

Functions: (same as simple cuboidal, but add one more) → absorption → secretion → movement (if ciliated) Locations: → non ciliated:stomach, small + large intestines → celiated: uterine tubes

Name and briefly describe the types of intercellular junctions found in epithelial tissue

Gap junctions -connect 2 cells and allow stuff to pass between the cells) Tight junctions -makes the cells impermeable, so stuff cannot pass through it -making tight, so things cannot pass through it Anchoring junctions -holds the cells in place, like an anchor holds ship in place -has three types Adherens junctions Desmosomes Hemidesmosomes

which sense are those with receptors that are widely distributed throughout the body

General

examples of monosynaptic

Getting hit on knee from doctor is example (stretch reflex)

Which cranial nerve connects to the CNS near the anterior region of the medulla oblongata, and is responsible for conducting taste information from the posterior region of the tongue? Hypoglossal (XII) Vagus (X) Trigeminal (V) Oculomotor (III) Accessory (XII) Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

posterior ⅓ of tongue= facial Nerve or Glossopharyngeal nerve?

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Three types of cells that Taste bud cells have?

Gustatory, supporting cells, basal cells

out of FHE cartilage, which one is flexible but resilient?

H

bone does:

Hematopoiesis Storage of minerals and energy reserves

Describe the structure and composition of an intervertebral disc and explain what has happened in a herniated disc (slipped disc)

Hernia= is something passing through something it's not supposed to Superficial layer is annulus fibrosus and deep is nucleus pulposus Herniated Disc The nucleus pulposus passes through the annulus fibrosus when it's not supposed to do that (the annulus is this thick ring of cartilage and the nucleus is not supposed to pass through it) If this flowable stuff leaves then it goes on spine and messes with stuff

Explain the various functions of epithelial tissue (where it is found and what it does)

Highly cellular, therefore minimal extracellular matrix (this means that there are so many cells, and because there are so many, there is not much space between them) Polarity, therefore tissue has an apical and basal surface (since the top part of the cells are different from the bottom part [like north and south pole, they are different], there is the apical [top part and superficial part] and basal surface.) Attachment to a basement membrane (because it is polar, it has two parts, and the basal part attaches to the basement membrane) Avascular (no blood vessels, which means if we were to cut into the epithelial tissue it would not bleed) Regeneration (if gets cut, will grow back quick)

Which is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body? Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Reticular cartilage Hyaline cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

excessive CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid) Hydrocephalus Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease

Hydrocephalus

Joint: How movable is the joint? (functional)

Immovable (synarthrosis)-SIN in spanish means without, so without movement Slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)- amphibian means land and water, so this means kinda moves, kinda doesn't Freely movable (diarthrosis)- when you die, you are free to move around as much as you want

In what developmental stage does the human embryo implant in the wall of the uterus? As a zygote In the morula stage In the blastocyst stage In the gastrula stage During organogenesis

In the blastocyst stage

Which is not true of myelin sheath? It decreases speed of conduction. It supports, protects, and insulates axon. It contains nodes of Ranvier where the impulse "jumps." It is made by oligodendrocyte in the CNS.

It decreases speed of conduction.

what are the cells found in the epidermis. How to remember?

Karen's Eat-up The Managers

which is which? hunchback swayback crooked spine Kyphosis Lordosis Scoliosis

Kyphosis (hunchback) Lordosis (swayback); common in pregnant women since extra weight in the front Scoliosis (crooked spine); s like spine

Ventricles superior to inferior 3rd, Cerebral aqueduct, lateral, 4th ventricle

Lateral, 3rd, Cerebral aqueduct, 4th ventricle

Explain what bursae, tendon sheaths, fat pads, tendons and menisci are. Where are they found in relation to articulations, and what are their functions?

Ligaments=fibrous material that holds together bones Tendon=hold together bones to muscle Tendon sheath=connective tissue filled with lubricating fluid surrounding single tendons. AKA water snake toy (goes around tendons) Bursa=a little bigger than tendon sheath and cover bones, skeletal prominences, under muscle, between tendons, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and skin Fat pads=pad of fat just protecting the bones Meniscus=crescent shaped (more c shaped) in the TMJ! Articular disk=full circle in the KNEE

Location and function of simple cuboidal

Locations: -kidney tubules -glands Functions: → absorption → secretion

This condition involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination. Guillain-Barré syndrome Parkinson disease Multiple sclerosis Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis None of the choices is correct.

Multiple sclerosis

List the structural organization of muscle from largest to smallest

Muscle group- muscle - fascicle - muscle cell - myofibril Deep Fascia - epimysium - perimysium - endomysium - nothing **remember that peri is always in the middle of epi and endo

Discuss the structure and function of myelin.

Myelin Sheath → structure: fat, oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells, nodes of ranvier → function: supports, protects and insulates axon → increases speed of conduction

Briefly explain how skeletal muscle cells develop from myoblasts

Myo means muscle, blast means build Muscle cell develops because the myoblasts fuse together

Which region of a somite differentiates into the skeletal muscles? Sclerotome Dermatome Myotome

Myotome

Describe the anatomy of a nerve, including its three connective tissue wrappings.

Nerve: → cable like bundles of axons in the PNS Deep to superficial: → endoneurium: wraps individual axons → perineurium: wraps axon fascicles → epineurium: wraps entire nerves

Explain what fontanels are, where they are located, and why they are important.

Not found in adults, only babies to help baby head be flexible to pass through woman's body

Form myelin in the CNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Satellite cells

Oligodendocytes

Myelinates axons in CNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Schwann Cells

Oligodendocytes

What is unique about the fovea centralis?

Only has cones, so we can concentrate all that light on something which makes us have 2020 vision

"Wear and tear" Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis

What are the two layers of the dermis? superficial to deep

Papillary Layer (superficial), Reticular Layer

Which would most likely be true in osteoporosis? Osteoblast activity is high. Osteoclast activity is high. Osteoclast and osteoblast activity are normal.

Osteoclast activity is high.

Describe the following bone disorders: osteomalacia (rickets) and osteoporosis

Osteomalacia: **A vitamin D or calcium deficiency leads to soft bones which would lead to bowed legs and is too little osteoclast Osteoporosis: excessive bone resorption (a lot more pores, so more space) Aged and post-menopause Too much osteoclast activity

Differentiate between osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts in terms of function and location

Osteoprogenitor cells= stem cells of bones (first ones) Osteoblasts= build bones (osteoprogenitors mature and become these) Osteocytes= mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix (osteoblasts become these) Osteoclasts= consume bone (different families, do not become the others)

which NS anything branching out from middle of body line (nerves (including cranial brain) and ganglia)

PNS

detect pain Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Baroreceptors

Pain receptors

Functions of integumentary system. How to remember?

Pam Paid Tom Money in South Europe → protection (skin and hair protect body) → prevent loss of water (sweat glands regulate how much sweat we release) → temperature regulation → metabolic regulation → immune defense (certain cells in it that fight off bacteria, viruses that try to get into our body through our skin) → sensory receptors (you can fill if you touch your skin, if cut your skin, it hurts) → excretion by means of secretion

Describe the basic characteristics and functions of connective tissue (what thing to remember it?)

Pam Sings Bob Songs That she Invented → physical protection → support and structural framework → binding of structures → Storage → transport (blood) → immune protection

Olfaction and gustation share several similar structures and characteristics. Check all that are common among these two senses. Receptor cells Supporting cells Basal cells Papillae

Papillae

The epithelial and connective tissue elevations on the dorsal surface of the tongue are called _____________.

Papillae

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate are all types of

Papillae

effects motor system. Hydrocephalus Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease

leads to tumors often Hydrocephalus Alzheimer's disease Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease

detect light (vision) Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Baroreceptors

Photoreceptors

Explain the terms polydactyly, meromelia, phocomelia, and Amelia

Polydactyly: extra digits (since poly means many), 12 fingers instead of 12 Meromelia: Partial absence of a limb Phocomelia: Short, poorly formed limb Amelia: Complete absence of a limb

site how the primitive streak forms

Primitive starts in inner mass cells which then break into the epiblast and hypoblast cells. We are looking at this point where the epiblast and hypoblast cells meet= bilaminar disk. The epiblast cells start migrating to the middle of the cell (primitive streak) and fall into the sinkhole. (think of the concrete wall analogy he gave) Gastrulation (Formation of the three layers)

define Sebaceous (holocrine)

Produce sebum (oil); ex: zits Whole Cell being secreted Holocaust (like holocrine) is associaetd with death, like how these cells die

Check all that are a function of cerebrospinal fluid. Production of cranial glial cells Provides bouyancy to the brain Protects the brain from sudden movements Transports nutrients and chemicals to the brain, and removes waste products.

Production of cranial glial cells

Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the appendix? LLQ RLQ LUQ RUQ

RLQ

explain the five parts of a reflex arc

Receptor Sensory (afferent) neuron Interneurons Motor (efferent) neuron Effector

Autoimmune disease, chronic inflammatory disorder Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Osteoarthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Name the four abdominopelvic regions, and identify what organs are found in each quadrant. What is found in all four regions? What is only found in the lower two?

Right upper quadrant: liver and gallbladder Left Upper Quadrant: stomach and spleen Right Lower Quadrant: appendix Left Lower Quadrant: none specific to this quadrant *intestines found in all four *bladder found in both lower quadrants

stores calcium needed for muscle contraction T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Surround somas in ganglia Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Satellite cells

Satellite cells

Which contains perilymph? Scala vestibuli Cochlear Notch Vestibular Membrane Basilar Membrane

Scala vestubili

Which of the following glial cells is not part of the central nervous system? Oligodendrocyte Schwann Cell Astrocyte Ependymal Cell

Schwann Cell

Myelinates axons in the PNS Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Oligodendocytes Schwann Cells

Schwann Cells

Which nerve of the sacral plexuses is the largest and longest nerve in the body? Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve Sciatic nerve Common fibular nerve Pudendal nerve

Sciatic nerve

There is a spinning ride, and it makes people dizzy, what is that associated with? Or in other words, rotational movement? Vestible Semicircular canals Cochlea

Semicircular canals

Which one is damage to the inner ear or nerve pathways? Conductive hearing loss Sensorineaural hearing loss

Sensorineaural hearing loss

Differentiate between sensory (afferent) neurons, motor (efferent) neurons, and interneurons.

Sensory neurons send message to nervous system Motor neurons send it away from system Interneurons connect the two senses

what makes up the integumentary system?

Skin, nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands

Choose the correct pathway for wave vibration in the cochlea. Sound waves enter through oval window → scala tympani → cochlear duct → scala vestibuli and exit through round window Sound waves enter through round window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through oval window Sound waves enter through oval window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through round window Sound waves enter through round window → scala tympani → cochlear duct → scala vestibuli and exit through oval window

Sound waves enter through oval window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through round window

Disorder on caudal end of brain Anencephaly Spina Bifida

Spina Bifida

which type of cancer arises from keratinocyte

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Fracture Repair steps

Step 1: Fracture hematoma forms (collection of blood) Step 2: Cartilage (soft) callus forms (soft callus full of cartilage forms) Step 3: Cartilage is converted to spongy bone Step 4: Compact bone forms on outside

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle which ones are striated? Not striated?

Stri: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle Not: smooth muscle

Describe the basic anatomy and function of a synapse

Synapse: where neuron connects to other neurons

The Z-discs move closer together upon muscle contraction. T or F

T

conduct impulses from the surface of the cell down into the cell T-tubules Sarcoplasmic reticulum

T-tubules

An individual reaches into her backpack and feels around for a pencil. What epidermal cells are being used to detect the different objects? Melanocytes Dendritic cells Tactile cells Keratinocytes

Tactile cellsCorrect

Explain what is meant by the terms origin and insertion when discussing skeletal muscle attachments. What is the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis

Tendon: where muscle attaches to bone Aponeurosis: flat tendon Origin: less movable attachment site (muscle has to part of it, top and bottom, the origin is the less movable part) Insertion: more movable attachment site **muscle is string that when we pull the origin, the insertion moves

Caused by a bacterium Clostridium tetani Excessive muscle contraction

Tetanus

Which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum? Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus

Thalamus

What is the feature that first signals gastrulation? invagination of cells from the epiblast occurs. Folding of the embryonic disc occurs. The yolk sac disappears. The embryonic disc forms. The primitive streak forms

The primitive streak forms

Which is not true of shingles? It is usually confined to one or a few adjacent dermatomes. The virus remains latent until onset of puberty. The chickenpox virus invades the posterior root ganglia. A rash of scaly, painful blisters is a symptom.

The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.

detect temperature changes Chemoreceptors Pain receptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Photoreceptors Baroreceptors

Thermoreceptors

Explain the differences between unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar neuron

Unipolar: one branch, sensory neurons Bipolar: two branch, 5 special senses Multipolar: more than two branches, most CNS neurons, and all motor neurons are this)

In posterior cavity; gelatinous substance Aqueous humor Vitreous humor

Vitreous humor

Match the correct fluid (Aqueous humor and vitreous humor) with the structure it would be found in: vitreous chamber Posterior Chamber Anterior Chamber

Vitreous humor: vitreous chamber Aqueous humor: anterior chamber, posterior chamber

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle which ones are voluntary, and which ones are involuntary?

Vol: skeletal Inv: Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle

Describe the basic properties and functions of muscle tissue.

What 4 things all muscles have in common? Excitability: muscle tissue can become excited by action potential Contractility: muscle ability to shorten Conductivity Elasticity: after it stretches to go back to original position Extensibility: lengthen the muscle fibers past point of normal position

Explain the two joint classification schemas (functional and structural)

What is it made of? (Structural) How movable is the joint? (functional)

examples of polysynaptic reflexes

Withdrawal reflex is example (touching hot or sharp thing)

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle Which one is y shaped? Which one is football shaped (fusiform)? Which one is long and cyndrical (fiber like)

Y: cardiac muscle Football: smooth muscle Long and Cylindrical: skeletal muscle

briefly explain the events involved in muscle contraction ___is sent down a neuron carrying the single to "contact the muscle" As it reaches the terminal end of the neuron, it causes the release of ___ which is a ____. ___ then travels across the space between the neuron and the muscle fiber. This space is called the ___. ___ then binds to the ____ which is part of the sarcolemma. This causes an __ to be sent across the sarcolemma. The action potential then dives deep to the sarcolemma by traveling through the ___. This causes the release of ___ from the ___.

___is sent down a neuron carrying the single to "contact the muscle" action potential As it reaches the terminal end of the neuron, it causes the release of ___ which is a ____. ACH, Neurotransmitter ___ then travels across the space between the neuron and the muscle fiber. This space is called the ___. ACH, synaptic cleft ___ then binds to the ____ which is part of the sarcolemma. ACH, motor end plate This causes an __ to be sent across the sarcolemma. Action potential The action potential then dives deep to the sarcolemma by traveling through the ___. Titubial This causes the release of ___ from the ___. Calcium, terminal cisternae

Thin filaments made of:

actin → tropomyosin → troponin

While cooking your dinner, you accidentally touch the hot stove. Trace the path of the impulse from the touch of initial contact to your hand moving away from the stove. afferent neuron to interneuron to efferent neuron afferent neuron to sensory neuron to motor neuron efferent neuron to interneuron to afferent neuron afferent neuron to efferent neuron to interneuron

afferent neuron to interneuron to efferent neuron

Muscle Terminology- Agonist: Synergist: Antagonist: Fixator: Origin: Insertion:

agonist= prime mover antagonist= trying to stop agonist from doing what he's meant to do, opposite action of agonist Synergist= helping the agonist, performs same function as agonist Fixator: stabilize origin of muscles we are talking about Ex: knee extension: Agonist: rectus femoris Antagonist: hamstring muscles Synergist: vastus lateralis, etc Fixator: gluteus maximus

What condition is characterized by the absence of a limb? amelia meromelia phocomelia polydactyly

amelia

anxiety is from

amygdala amygdala means almond and if you were allergic to it, you would be fearful of almonds

The unit of bone that consists of a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and is surrounded by concentric rings of calcified bone is a compact bone an osteon a spongy bone a lamellae a canaliculi

an osteon

Which disorder results due to failed neurulation and subsequent malformation of neural tubes at the cranial end of the embryo? multiple sclerosis amyotrophic lateral sclerosis spina bifida anencephaly

anencephaly

What two things are the Intervertebral Disc made of?

annulus fibrosus on outside and nucleus pulposus on inside

Billy woke up one morning and realized that he had lost the sense of smell. We would diagnose that symptom as _____

anosmia (can't smell)

posterior chamber is filled with _______ vitreous humor aqueous humor

aqueous humor

All the blood vessels that supply the brain are found in the... dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

arachnoid mater

Papillary is made of ...

areolar connective tissue

Gustatory cells are replaced by: Basal cells or supporting cells?

basal cells

learning motor skills, regulation of vol. movement hippocampus amygdala basal nuclei

basal nuclei

point where the epiblast and hypoblast cells meet

bilaminar disk

In a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is __________. both a modified smooth ER and a storage site for calcium modified smooth ER none of the above a storage site for calcium

both a modified smooth ER and a storage site for calcium

The nerve plexus that is formed from spinal nerves C5-T1, and innervates most of the arm is the __________ plexus. cervical lumbar sacral brachial

brachial

Innervates pectoral girdle and upper limbs cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus

brachial plexus

What color is Melanin

brown

Fluid-filled sacs that cushion synovial joints are called fat pads. articular discs. bursae. menisci. diarthroses.

bursae.

n compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes. osteonic canals blood vessels lamellae canaliculi perforating canals

canaliculi

Compare and contrast cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle which one is Uninucleate or binucleate?

cardiac muscle

The structural classification of the pubic symphysis joint is ______ , and the functional classification is ________

cartilaginous amphiarthrosis

The pubic symphysis is classified as a cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis fibrous joint and a synarthrosis. synovial joint and a diarthrosis. cartilaginous joint and a synarthrosis. fibrous joint and an amphiarthrosis.

cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis

A person who has clinical problems with balance and muscle coordination could have a defect in the __________. frontal lobe hippocampus cerebellum limbic system

cerebellum

Phrenic nerve resides in which nerve plexus? cervical plexus brachial plexus sacral plexus lumbar plexus

cervical plexus

Phrenic nerve resides in which nerve plexus? sacral plexus cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus

cervical plexus

innervates anterior neck and parts of head and shoulders (head shoulders, stop song) cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus

cervical plexus

The term buccal is associated with what body region? airway cheek leg arm

cheek

Olfaction uses which type of receptors? baroreceptors thermoreceptors chemoreceptors mechanoreceptors

chemoreceptors

where is CSF found? choroid plexus 4th ventrical connective tissue

choroid plexus (3rd ventricle)

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the choroid plexus. arachnoid villi. arachnoid granulation. septum pellucidum. mesencephalic aqueduct.

choroid plexus.

Name the bones that form the pectoral girdle.

clavicle and scapula

The type of cell division that divides the large, fertilized embryo into many smaller cells is called: acrosome reaction cleavage compaction meiosis

cleavage

sound waves transmitted into electrical impulses and inserts it into the cochlear nerve so we can still hear

cochlear implant

Dense regular connective tissue is rich in tightly packed ______ fibers. You will find this type of tissue in _______ .

collagen, arteries

What is dermis made of ?

connective tissue

what is Hypodermis made of?

connective tissue

Under parasympathetic mode, the pupils will __________. dilate dilate then constrict constrict constrict then dilate

constrict

What is the serious membrane?

continuous two layered sack; serous fluid reduces friction caused by moving organs

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the __________. cerebral gyri cerebral sulci longitudinal fissure hypothalamus corpus callosum

corpus callosum

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemisphere is/are the cerebral gyri. cerebral sulci. longitudinal fissure. hypothalamus. corpus callosum.

corpus callosum.

If you were to look at a transverse slice through the diaphysis of the right humerus, you would notice that compact bone tissue is located __________ to the periosteum. medial lateral deep distal superficial

deep

The type of connective tissue that is typically found in muscle tendons is dense regular connective tissue elastic tissue simple squamous epithelium loose areolar connective tissue cartilage

dense regular connective tissue

A specific segment of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves epidermal ridge dermatome spinal root epidermal patch

dermatomes

Diagram a typical long bone. Label the following: compact bone, spongy bone, proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, epiphyseal line, articular cartilage, medullary cavity, endosteum, periosteum, perforating fibers, nutrient foramen, yellow bone marrow, and red bone marrow. State the function of each labeled structure

diagram

Identify the characteristics of long, short, flat, and irregular bones. Be able to classify the bones of the body

diagram

Be able to visualize and identify the major body cavities and sub cavities listed. Be able to name organs found in each.

diagram!

Draw a cross-section of compact bone (microscopic view). Label the following: osteon, central canal, blood vessels, lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and perforating canal. Explain the functions of each of the labeled structures.

diagram!

Draw a diagram of spongy bone (microscopic view). Label the following: trabeculae, lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi.

diagram!

Draw the brain development diagram!

diagram!

Label and describe the function of each of the following components of the knee joint: anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, and medial and lateral meniscus.

diagram!

also know them anterior to posterior of anterior and posterior roots (how to remember?)

diagram!

draw a projection, association, and commissional tract

diagram!

Diagram a typical multipolar neuron, labeling the following: dendrites, cell body (soma), nucleus, axon hillock, axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and synaptic knobs (axon terminals). State the function of each of these structures. Explain the direction in which information flows through neurons.

diagram! Axon hillock determines if info is sent to the next one, and will send it if it is allowed Axon: sends info Dendrite: receives info Myelin sheath: speeds up conduction Oligodendrocyte: produces myelin sheath

What is the endoderm made of?

digestive and respiratory systems

Directional terms: farther from the attachment? dorsal caudal distal anterior

distal

Directional terms: back side? anterior dorsal caudal distal

dorsal

which one holds the brain in place? dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

dura mater

Name these superficial to deep: arachnoid mater dura mater pia mater

dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater

Name the three primary germ layers. Put them from superficial to deep.

ectoderm (top and most superficial) mesoderm (middle) endoderm (bottom)

What are the three layers in gastrulation that form? Name them superficial to deep

ectoderm (top and most superficial), mesoderm (middle) and endoderm (bottom)

what period does Organogenesis happen?

embryonic

which type of ossification deals with hyaline? what are all considered this?

endochondral, under clavile

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the trabeculae. endosteum. trabeculae. epiphysis.

endosteum.

The glial cell that helps to circulate cerebrospinal fluid is the astrocyte. ependymal cell. neurolemmocyte. microglial cell. oligodendrocyte.

ependymal cell.

All three embryonic germ layers develop from the __________. trophoblast hypoblast epiblast all of the above

epiblast

what becomes the embryo and amnion?

epiblast

what lines the amnion?

epiblast

what does the inner mass cell break into?

epiblast and hypoblast

where does the primitive streak start?

epiblast cell

Put the following nervous tissue coverings in order from superficial to deep: perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath. perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath endoneurium, myelin sheath, perineurium, epineurium epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath myelin sheath, endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath

The end of a long bone is called the __________. diaphysis epiphysis metaphysis

epiphysis

what is Epidermis made of ?

epithelial tissue

The tissue type that covers surfaces and lines the inside of organs and body cavities is muscle. connective. epithelial. nervous. None of the choices is correct.

epithelial.

glial cells cannot be ___

excited, (nonexcitable)

which has ducts? exo or endocrine

exo

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs? f h e

f

Trigeminal nerve works with

face, chewing, teeth, tongue

A patient has no sensory function on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. What cranial nerve is most likely impaired? glossopharyngeal nerve IX hypoglossal nerve XII facial nerve VII optic nerve II

facial nerve VII

OOCYTe and sperm coming together is ?

ferilization

placenta=

fetal portion + maternal portion come together

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate: which one has no taste bud?

filiform

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate:: which one on anterior ⅔ of tongue?

filiform

Define, identify, and demonstrate the following movements:

flexion/extension/hyperextension abduction/adduction circumduction lateral rotation/medial rotation pronation/supination depression/elevation dorsiflexion/plantar flexion inversion/eversion protraction/retraction opposition LOOK AT NOTEBOOK!

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate: which ones are during infancy?

foliate

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate: which ones on lateral tongue?

foliate

Antebrachial (what region of body?)

forearm

Organogenesis means

formation of organs

What marks the beginning of the embryonic period?

formation of primitive streak

Where is the location and what is the function of Keratinocyte cells?

found in each of the 5 layers (Can loud girls sing base?) function: protection (since it has so many layers), and waterproof

which one has no rods only cones fovea centralis macula lutea optic disc

fovea centralis

Antecubital (what region of body?)

front elbow

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate: which one of tip and sides of tongue?

fungiform

death of a tissue

gangrene

Formation of the three layers =

gastrulation

temperature, pain, touch, stretch, pressure: which sense?

general

non excitable: neurons glial cells

glial cells

Uric acid crystals in joint cavity Rheumatoid Arthritis Gouty Osteoarthritis

gouty

Which of following senses allows us to taste food? olfaction gustation micturition audition

gustation

Gustatory, supporting cells, basal cells: which ones are the important ones because they are the chemoreceptors?

gustatory

Which cells in the tongue are chemoreceptors? upporting cells gustatory cells basal cells all cells

gustatory cells

The sensory receptors of the inner ear for equilibrium are hair cells. vestibular cells. sensory neurons. supporting cells.

hair cells.

audition=

hearing

Vestibulocochlear nerve works with

hearing, balance

Place the following steps of bone fracture repair in the correct order: hematoma forms hard (bony) callus forms bone is remodeled fibrocartilagenous callus forms

hematoma forms fibrocartilagenous callus forms hard (bony) callus forms bone is remodeled

The type of exocrine gland in which the entire cell disintegrates, liberating any accumulated products, is the apocrine. merocrine. goblet cell. holocrine. None of the choices is correct.

holocrine.

What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in a synovial joint? bony cartilage fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and overproduction of CSF are causes of what disorder? hydrocephalus Parkinson's Disease Alzheimer's Disease Huntington's Disease

hydrocephalus

what lines the yolk sack?

hypoblast

The bilaminar germinal disc of the early embryo consists of the: blastocyst and the trophoblast epiblast and the trophoblast hypoblast and the epiblast blastocyst and the hypoblast

hypoblast and the epiblast

during gastrulation, is epiblast or hypoblast filled in first?

hypoblast layer

Name the bones that form the pelvic girdle

illium, ischium, pubis

Describe cleft lip and cleft palate.

incomplete fusion of facial bones

Neurulation is an example of compaction. blastulation. gastrulation. induction. organogenesis.

induction.

0f the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which make the entire embryo? morula inner cell mass endoblast trophoblast

inner cell mass

where does the primitive streak start?

inner mass cells

what is the largest body organ?

integumentary system

What is the term used to describe the process of bone development that does not involve the formation of a cartilage model of the bone? endochondral ossification bony ossification cartilage-free ossification intramembranous ossification

intramembranous ossification

A typical spinal nerve is a single axon is a cablelike bundle of axons carries only motor information is found only in the CNS functions to carry only sensory information

is a cablelike bundle of axons

Identify the germ layer origin for each of the following organs. kidney brain muscle lung epidermis liver heart lens

kidney-----mesoderm (MESO) brain-----ectoderm (ECTO) muscle-----mesoderm (MESO) lung-----endoderm (ENDO) epidermis-----ectoderm (ECTO) liver-----endoderm (ENDO) heart-----mesoderm (MESO) lens-----ectoderm (ECTO)

Which gland produces tears that coat and protect the eye? lacrimal gland optical mucosal gland palpebral gland caruncle gland

lacrimal gland

Place the pathway of tears in the correct order from secretion to drainage. lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal canal to lacrimal gland lacrimal canal to lacrimal gland to nasolacrimal duct lacrimal gland to nasolacrimal duct to lacrimal canal lacrimal gland to lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal duct

lacrimal gland to lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal duct

Abducens nerve works with

lateral rectus

The term crural is associated with what body region? cheek arm leg airway

leg

What is known as the "emotional brain?" cerebellum brain stem limbic system parietal lobe

limbic system

emotional brain=

limbic system

Where is the location and what is the function of Melanocyte?

location: basale → function: provides melanin which is why we become tan

Where is the location and what is the function of Tactile (Merkel) cell

location: basale layer → function: provide brain with sensory information (senses)

Where is the location and what is the function of Epidermal Dendritic Cell

location: stratum spinosum layer (little man chasing a boar and he stabs him with a spine because he's found in the spinosum layer) → function: (he goes around protecting our bodies) help fight off bacteria, viruses, foreign substances (IMMUNE SYSTEM)

Hippocampus function. How to remember?

long term memories think of a hippo camping, if you had seen that in person, wouldn't that be very memorable?

Angiography

look at blood vessels

Pet Scan

look at which tissues are metabolically active

Ultrasound

looking at structures such as babies, ligaments and tendons and hearts

innervates lower limb cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus

lumbar plexus

which contains mostly cones but not all cones? fovea centralis macula lutea optic disc

macula

Dual innervation means

means it has parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions working to work the organs

In anatomical position, the ulna lies _____ to the radius and ______to the humerus.

medial, distal

The hippocampus has what primary function? sensory motor taste memory

memory

_________ glands package their secretions in secretory vesicles. Merocrine Holocrine Apocrine

merocrine

The first type of connective tissue to form in the embryo and the source of all other adult connective tissues is mesenchyme mucous. adipose. areolar. umbilical.

mesenchyme

No interneurons monosynaptic polysynaptic reflexes

monosynaptic

Simples of reflexes monosynaptic polysynaptic reflexes

monosynaptic

Around 16 cells, it is no longer called a zygote, but now a

morula

The parietal layer of a serous membrane is located: within the serous cavity only in the abdominal cavity most superficial deepest, or closest to the associated organ

most superficial

anterior root (how to remember?) sensory neurons motor neurons

motor neurons

motor= Afferent or efferent?

movement/action efferent

the Oculomotor nerve

moving eyelids

Structurally, the most common type of neuron is the _____ neuron. multipolar bipolar unipolar pseudounipolar

multipolar

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? muscle connective tissue proper blood bone cartilage

muscle

tendons

muscle attaches to bone

A muscle cell is the same as a __________. muscle fascicle sarcomere muscle fiber myofibril

muscle fiber

what is the mesoderm made of?

muscle tissue, heart, kidney, reproductive organs, connective tissue

Thick filaments made of:

myosin

gliac cells are myotic nonmytotic

myotic

excitable cells: neurons glial cells

neurons

Papillary Layer means...

nipple like

is hypodermis part of INTEGUMENTARY?

no

The optic disk contains __________. no rods and no cones equal cones and rods more rods than cones more cones than rods

no rods and no cones The optic disk is called the "blind spot." It doesn't detect light.

What starts the formation of the neural plate?

notochord

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium would be found lining portions of the respiratory system. the larger blood vessels. the oviduct. large kidney tubules. ducts of sweat glands.

portions of the respiratory system

which facial skeleton bones are paired?

only Vomer Mandible arent!

which one has no rods or cones so is blind spot? fovea centralis macula lutea optic disc

optic disc

what color is Carotene?

orange

less movable attachment site= more movable attachment site=

origin insertion

Which of the following bones is not part of the axial skeleton? Lamina ribs sacrum os coxa vertebrae

os coxa

A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called __________. rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis synovial arthritis osteoarthritis

osteoarthritis

A cell type whose job is to build bone is a osteoclast osteocyte osteoblast osteoprogenitor cell

osteoblast

Cells that produce new bone tissue by secreting matrix are called osteocytes. osteoclasts. osteoblasts. osteoprogenitor cells. bone-lining cells.

osteoblasts.

infection in the ear tube

otitis medi

nociceptors

pain

The ________ layer of the dermis lies adjacent to and deep to the epidermis, and is rich in small blood vessels and nerves. vasculosensory reticular subcutaneous papillary

papillary

______ is longer and slow and relaxed sympathetic division parasympathetic division

parasympathetic division

rest and digest, conserve energy and replenishes energy stores sympathetic division parasympathetic division

parasympathetic division

Which cranial bones are paired?

parietal and temporal

In a microscopic view of compact bone, which structure connects the central canals of adjacent osteons? horizontal tunnels canaliculi perforating canals concentric lamellae

perforating canals

What connective-tissue wrapping surrounds a muscle fascicle? perimysium endomysium deep fascia epimysium

perimysium

Arrange the meninges from deep to superficial. arachnoid mater, pia mater, dura mater pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid mater

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

What color is Hemoglobin

pink

lungs are in ___ cavity pericardial pleural abdominal cavity

pleural

More complex reflexes monosynaptic polysynaptic reflexes

polysynaptic reflexes

interneurons polysynaptic reflexes monosynaptic

polysynaptic reflexes

Sensory= afferent or efferent?

sense afferent

Which knee ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur? posterior cruciate ligament lateral collateral ligament anterior cruciate ligament medial collateral ligament

posterior cruciate ligament

The two motor neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are __________ postganglionic and preganglionic neurons ganglionic and myelinated postmyelinotic and premyelinotic

postganglionic and preganglionic neurons

connects to tissue we are trying to do postganglionic axon preganglionic axon

postganglionic axon

PNS has potential for regeneration very unlikely for regeneration

potential for regeneration

connects to spinal cord postganglionic axon preganglionic axon

preganglionic axon

Precentral gyrus= primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex

primary motor cortex

During gastrulation, cells migrate through the __________ to form the three primary germ layers. primitive streak inner cell mass blastocoel neural groove

primite streak

the epiblast cells start migrating to the middle of the cell, which is called

primite streak

What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium? absorption movement diffusion protection

protection

Which of the following is not an example of a synarthrotic joint? piphyseal plates in growing bones sutures of the skull radio-ulnar joint tooth to jaw

radio-ulnar joint

What muscle does not help with knee flexion? semitendinosus semimembranosus rectus femoris biceps femoris

rectus femoris

Death is not an event but a process Tissues continue to live after the brain, heart and lungs fail A few hours after death, ATP runs out -myosin cannot detach from actin -calcium cannot be taken up by sarcoplasmic reticulum -this leads to the continual muscle contraction of rigor mortis (entire body goes into contracted state) After 15-24 hours the myofibrils begin to deteriorate allowing muscles to relax

rigor mortis

Which type of photoreceptor functions best in dim light and does not detect color? retina rods bipolar cells cones

rods

innervates lower limb and sciatic nerve cervical plexus brachial plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus

sacral plexus

What is the plane that divides the left and right sides of the body? oblique sagittal coronal transverse

sagittal

The plasma membrane of a skeletal muscle fiber is called the ______________. sarcolemma sphincter. ligament. fascia. tendon. myofibril.

sarcolemma

Which of the following is not a component of connective tissue? sarcolemma carbohydrates water collagen

sarcolemma

Protects and regulates nutrients for cell bodies in ganglia Astrocytes Ependymal cells Microglial cells Satellite Oligodendocytes Schwann Cells

satellite

What inner ear structure detects rotational movement? saccule utricle semicircular canals cochlea

semicircular canals

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle could be classified as a synergist to the leg curl just described? sartorius vastus medialis pectineus semimembranosus

semimembranosus

Crural (what region of body?)

shin part of body

Relates to specific, adjacent dermatomes

shingles

Scaly skin, painful blisters

shingles

A bone that is about equal in length and width such as a carpal bone or a sesamoid bone is classified as a/an __________ bone.

short

The carpal bones are classified as [ Select ] bones and are located [ Select ] to the metacarpal bones.

short, proximal

what joint is the most mobile? what joint is the weakest?

shoulder, shoulder also, since it's most mobile **so most mobile is most unstable

Optic nerve does

sight

Which muscle tissue is characterized by multinucleated cells? skeletal muscle all muscle tissues smooth muscle cardiac muscle

skeletal muscle

what is the Ectoderm made of?

skin and nervous tissue

Olfactory Nerve does

smell

olfaction=

smell

MRIS

soft tissues (brains, tendons, etc)

what system does ALS affect?

somatic nervous system

The _____ motor is voluntary, whereas the _______ motor is involuntary.

somatic, autonomic

Postcentral gyrus= primary motor cortex primary somatosensory cortex

somatosensory cortex

Where would you place organ level when considering the organization of the human body? encompassing all levels of organization simplest somewhere in the middle most complex

somewhere in the middle

gustation, olfaction, vision, equilibrium: which senses?

special

which sense are those that have specialized organs devoted to them

special

Two types of bones found in the body

spongy/cancellous/trabecular compact/cortical

primary tumors start in brain start somewhere else but still spread to brain

start in brain start somewhere else but still spread to brain

Secondary tumors start in brain start somewhere else but still spread to brain

start somewhere else but still spread to brain

Accessory nerve does

sternocleido mastoid

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? carpals clavicle Navicular sternum tibia

sternum

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? storage physical protection selective permeability secretion

storage

Pennate muscle organization optimizes for __________. strength speed range of motion size

strenght

The presynaptic neuron contains ________, while the postsynaptic neuron contains ______ .

synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters receptors

What does insula lobe help with? how to remember?

taste get in sula my mouth!

Glossopharyngeal works with

taste (posterior 1/3)

Gustatory cells are housed in special sensory organs termed papillae. taste pores. taste buds. gustatory receptor organs.

taste buds.

What does the homonculus of the precentral gyrus tell us? what picture do you remember?

tells us why we have such expressive faces and hands

Thermoreceptors respond to __________. pressure chemicals temperature pain

temperature

Where in the body would you find the epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells? lining the gut glandular epithelium the lung alveoli the skin

the lung alveoli

The biceps brachii muscle is named based on what criteria? the orientation of muscle fibers muscle action and location of muscle attachments the size and shape the number of heads of origin and body region

the number of heads of origin and body region

Which serous membrane layer is in contact with the surface of an organ? the pleural layer the basal layer the visceral layer the peritoneal layer the parietal layer

the visceral layer

Olfaction uses which type of receptors? thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors chemoreceptors baroreceptors

thermoreceptors

The reticular layer of the dermis is __ and rich in ___

thick, collagen fibers

The type of lever with the effort in the middle, and the fulcrum/resistance at either end is third-class second-class first-class lower-class

third-class

The heart is found in the __________ cavity? thoracic abdominal abdominopelvic cranial

thoracic

Where in the body would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium? stomach mouth trachea epidermis

trachea

Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which contributes the placenta? endoblast morula trophoblast inner cell mass

trophoblast

The movement of foot inversion is __________. turning the sole laterally turning the sole medially depressing the foot or pointing the toe lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin

turning the sole medially

The kidney is part of the __________. cardiovascular system urinary system digestive system muscular system

urinary system

CT Scan

used to look at hard tissues too, but this one takes multiple x rays at different angles

two parts of vestibule

utricle and saccule

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate: which one are on back of tongue?

vallate

filiform, fungiform, vallate and foliate: which one is largest?

vallate

Is the papillary layer vascular or avascular?

vascular

CNS has potential for regeneration very unlikely for regeneration

very unlikely for regeneration

Vagus nerve does

visceral sensation

__________ division receives sensory information from internal organs. visceral sensory Somatic motor Somatic sensory Autonomic motor

visceral sensory

What does occipital lobe help with?

vision

The posterior cavity of the eye is filled with _________ vitreous humor aqueous humor

vitreous humor

where are projection, association, and commissional tract?

white matter

What does the homonculus of the postcentral gyrus tell us?

why we have very sensitive faces and hands

what is example of polysinaptic reflex? stretch reflex withdrawal reflex

withdrawal reflex

Think of a synapse and its parts. Where are synaptic vesicles typically found? within the postsynaptic neuron soma within the postsynaptic membrane within the presynaptic neuron soma within the presynaptic axon terminal

within the presynaptic axon terminal

The single cell resulting from fertilization is a(n) blastocyst. morula. trophoblast. embryoblast. zygote

zygote

which bones are in axial skeleton?

→ skull → vertebral column → thoracic cage