Cooper:(
What organized "ethnic cleansing" occurred as a result of the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne?
- Greek speakers left Turkey to return to Greece - Turkish speakers were also repatriated to Turkey
What was different about the practice of Croatian Catholicism in the medieval period compared to other Catholic countries?
Able to serve liturgy in Croatian rather than Latin
What modern ethnic group claims to be the descendants of the Illyrians?
Albania
What new country was created in the Balkan Wars, and what other three countries won territory?
Albania Greece Serbia Montenegro
What ethnic group settled into the areas that Serbs left during their "great migration" at the end of the Ottoman period?
Albanian Muslims
p. 100 - what political and social advantage did it give to Greece and Turkey that they did massive population exchanges after the first World War? What price did they pay?
Allowed the country to concentrate on incorporating refugees into the life of the state-brought new energy and dynamism to the Greek economy caused massive headaches for the government (caused short term suffering) Avoided a future conflict over their minority people
What was the greatest ambition of 14th century Serbian King Stefan Dušan? Did he accomplish it? Why or why not?
Archbishop of Pec crowned him emperor of the Serbs, Greeks, Bulgarians and Albanians-Sought to have a great Serbian Kingdom but to inherit the Byzantine Empire-he could not attack Constantinople due to his death
Who declared war on whom at the start of World War I?
Austria Hungary on Serbia
Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria all gained independence at the Treaty of Berlin. Who was given control of Bosnia?
Austria-Hungary fearing Serbian expansion created a protectorate over Bosnia and Herzegovina
To what Empire did the Ottomans lose Transylvania, Croatia and Vojvodina (now northern Serbia) by 1775?
Austrian Habsburgs
Serbian Prince Lazar and Ottoman Sultan Murad were both killed in what 1389 battle?
Battle of Kosovo- Kosovo Polje (the Field of Blackbirds) on St.Vitus Day (Vidovdan) June 28 1389
Who was Vuk Karadzic and what is he remembered for?
Born in Trsić in Ottoman Serbia 1787 Linguist, lexicographer, ethnographer, writer and publicist Singlehandedly created a Serbian literary language based on his own dialect which he believed to be pure unlike the Russian Church Slavonic Believed that literature could forge a Serbian Identity Published Serbian grammar book 1814 Dictionary 1818 Bible to Modern Serbian 1847 Laid down the linguistic and cultural foundation for modern nations in the Balkans
What 14th century kingdom was ruled by King Tvrtko I? From which neighboring kingdoms did it have to wrest his territory and which modern nation is there now?
Bosnia, Took much of it territory of todays Herzegovina from the Serbs and its controlled the Croatian coastline (minus Dubrovnik) from todays Montenegro to just south of Zadar
What 9th to 10th century kingdom was ruled by King Symeon the 1st? The territory of which modern day nations did that kingdom claim?
Bulgaria-kingdom of the Bulgars
What geopolitcal shift occurred as a result of the "Fall of the Western Roman Empire"?
Byzantium was created and was viewed as a Second Rome
Who invaded and sacked Constantinople in 1204?
Catholic Crusaders (egged on by the Venetians)
Where did Serbs migrate to after their rebellion against the Ottoman was put down at the end of the 17th century.
Center of Serbia was previously Zeta and Raška (Montenegro and Kosovo) Mass migration to north of the Danube (welcomed by the Habsburgs as a buffer zone)
Did converts to Islam in the Ottoman period typically live in villages or cities? Where were populations most diverse and tolerant?
Cities, Istanbul 58%Muslim 31%Christian 11%Jewish Skoplje (Capital of now Macedonia) was also very varied
Name two positive social customs arising from the Ottoman period that are still considered in the Balkans to be "typically Balkan."
Coffee-prepared with a dzhezva Cafe as a focus of (male) social life- drink coffee smoke cigarettes Baklava, dolmas, meat kabobs Generous hospitality to strangers, tolerance of difference and principled refusal to allow the need to make living interfere with the free and easy patterns of social intersourse
Who were the janissaries and what was their ethnicity?
Come from the Devshirme, taught in Istanbul military skills, forbidden to marry- forever loyal to the Sultan Most gifted children were turned over to the palace school where they would be trained and educated to fill administrative positions throughout the empire
What was the Ottoman policy towards existing ruling aristocracies in the areas they conquered?
Conquerors often destroyed or co-opted the previous ruling aristocracies. They did NOT eliminate the communities these aristocrats had led. Instead, in exchange for loyalty and regular tax payments, the Ottomans allowed them a broad degree of local control under their religious leaders (basically pay money and don't be rude and you can practice Christianity)
What event of historical importance occurred on May 29th, 1453?
Constantinople fell for good to the Ottoman Turks thus the end of the Byzantine Empire, under the command of Sultan Mehmet "the Conquerer"
What 10th century kingdom was ruled by King Tomislav? The territory of which modern day nations did that medieval kingdom claim?
Croatia (closely connected w/Latin empires), majority of Bosnia and all of Croatia
By the 12th century, the territories of which modern day ex‐Yugoslav nations were ruled by the Hungarians?
Croatia and much of Bosnia, Slovakia, Transylvania and Hungary proper
Using the name of the ex‐Yugoslav nations, which countries were on which side of the Great Schism between "Eastern and Western Christianity?
Croatia, Slovenia Western Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia Eastern
Who was Ivan Mestrovic and what was he famous for?
Croatian artist, whose most celebrated work melded a Catholic and Western sculptural plasticity to traditional Serbian themes
Since there is little ethnic or even linguistic continuity between the medieval kingdoms and post‐ Ottoman nations, what anchored memory and identity across the centuries? p. 40.
Cultural and religious legacy of Christianity
What did King Aleksandar do in 1929?
Disbanded parliament and declared a dictatorship
Name two Croatian cities where Game of Thrones is filmed?
Dubrovnik and Split
Why was it not possible to build a national identity around language in the Balkans, as was true in Germany and other Western countries?
Each language was comprised of multiple dialects which tended to blend Into other ill-defined languages with multiple dialects These languages needed to be transformed to modern purposes
What was the Ottoman‐ era practice known as devshirme?
Early 7th century, child recruitment, where Christian villages were required to provide a periodic levy of young male children. They would be taken to Istanbul, where they would learn Turkish and convert to Islam.
Ottoman rule in the Balkans lasted from the 15th century until which century?
Early Twentieth century-Essentially after WWI
Was the Ottoman military and political hierarchy based on birth/inheritance or on merit? Why did this matter?
Early years was ghazi fighters (warriors of the faith)-Muslim volunteers who served for the glory of Allah 14th century Sipahis (cavalry who received timars-land and peasants, timars can not be inherited and were reassigned by the Sultan if there was disloyalty or death) fought could be Muslim or Christian
Which 4th century Roman Emperor founded what would become the largest city in Europe by the 6th century A.D.? What was it's name then and now?
Emperor Constantine, Constantinople now Istanbul
The Ottoman economy was healthy during its centuries of growth; what happened after the empire ceased to expand militarily?
End of 15th century to end of 16th century, Ottoman Empire enjoyed the totality of the empire lack of new conquests meant the military was no longer able to support itself Hungarian power regained territory taking vital rich territory Ottoman economy meant for stability and continuity could not provide for growing population Economic decay
What fascist Croatian political group supported the assassination of King Aleksandar?
Fascist Croatian Ustaša movement
Fear of the territorial ambitions of what country caused Croatians and Slovenes to join the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918?
Fear of Italy-who joined the Allied war effort precisely because it had been promised territorial concessions in Dalmatia and Slovenia
In what century was the city of Rome repeatedly sacked, (by Vandals and Visigoths) leading to the Fall of the Western Roman Empire.
Fifth Century
What modern countries were part of the Napeoleonic "Illyrian Provinces".
Former Balkan territories of Venice and Dubrovnik as well as Croatia and Slovenia
What were the terms of the dhimma, the deal offered to non‐Muslim inhabitants during the Ottoman period?
"Security Compact" Non-Muslim monotheistic religions were given the protection of the state in exchange for their willingness to accept status of second-class citizen, pay extra taxes and follow humiliating laws that did not apply to Muslims-Hospitality as well
How do many Christians in the Balkans view the overall effect of the Ottoman period on the economic and cultural life of the Balkans?
Ottoman period viewed negatively: Ottoman rule was a "yoke" that prevented development and brought misery to the communities. Ottomans were semi barbarous occupiers. Also called the "sick man of Europe". *Side note- Every bias has truth, looking at everything objectively like pro-Ottomans do can be harmful
What was a zadruga, and how did it organize Balkan society in the long 19th century?
Peasant families living in extended groups Ranged in size (some ranging more than 50-more common was a dozen or two) consisted of husband, wife, children (married and unmarried), children's wives and children all under a single roof
What was the main export of the Balkans to the rest of the planet in the long 19th century?
People, hundred of young men, immigrating to the US and later to Australia and Canada and South America
What sort of new ideas came to the Balkans in the brief period of French rule?
Political ideology based on the rights of man and having demonstrated the power of a state whose citizens could be mobilized on the basis of national sentiment. Lasting effect on the upper and more educated classes
Who was Stjepan Radić, who killed him, and where? What did King Alexkandar do in response?
Popular leader of the Croatian Peasant Party Assassinated by a parliamentary delegate from Montenegro, on the parliamentary floor King Aleksandar dismissed Parliament in January 1929 instituting a royal dictatorship
Wachtel tells us that nineteenth century nationalist movements built upon "hazy memories" of what? Name two ways that those memories endured over the centuries? (p. 29)
Preserved in religious institutions, architectural monuments and oral peasant culture- Hazy memories built on medieval glory
Who was Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk)?
President of the new Turkish Republic Birth of Turkey as a modern and secular nation-state
What had the janissaries become in Serbia by the late 1700s?
Quasi-independent band off marauders that supported themselves by preying on the local population Returned to Belgrade, killed the local pasha who had been the main defender of Serbian and Ottoman interests and resumed their depredations Thus Karadjordje began a a revolt for protection from the janissaries and the restoration of the previously granted autonomy
What are two names of the one Roman city that remained unconquered by the Slavic invasions?
Ragusa (Dubrovnik)
How did the "millet system" allow the survival of Christian communities during the Ottoman period?
Religiously defined communities Comes about in the 18th century Not a strict centralized structure Allowed for internal affairs to be supervised by their own religious authorities under their own laws Retained the individuality within the multiethnic empire
What Balkan country allied with the Austro‐Hungarians and Germans (the Central Powers) against Serbia in World War I?
Romania December 1917
What four outside nations/empires lent their "aid" on both sides of the conflict between the Ottomans and 19th century independence movements and why did they care?
Russia, Habsburgs, Britain and France Rarely for the good of the Balkan people Usually the effect of setting one group against another in an attempt to continue the careful balancing act
What two empire collapsed at the end of World War I?
Russia-1917 Revolution toppled Tsar Nicholas II, Bolshevik coup of October 1917 Austria-Hungary-Leaving power vacuum in north Balkans Ottoman Empire-Although this happened at 1922
What was the source of conflict between the sons of Serbian King Stefan Nemanja ‐‐ Stefan, Vukan and Sava ‐‐ after his death. How was it resolved? How is Sava remembered by Serbs?
Sava-Prince Rastko renounced his territory (founded hilander monestary) Vukan ruled over coastal region called Zeta (large Catholic population, and Vukan appeared to have converted) Stefan was his fathers favorite and chosen heir had central portion of Serbia Vukan w/the aid of Hungary attempted to oust his brother Sava left his monestary to make peace between the brothers A truce prevailed that was uneasy SAINT SAVA, FIRST ARCHBISHOP OF THE SERBIAN CHURCH
The medieval state of Raška and the 12th century Principality of Zeta arose in the area of which two modern day nations?
Serbia and Montenegro
Why did the militantly Catholic Habsburgs allow tens of thousands of Orthodox Serbs to settle in the Krajina? What is another term for it, and where is it?
Serbs provided a permanent military levy to protect the Military Frontier (Krajina)- the buffer zone between Habsburgs and Ottomans
What was the issue that separated the Croatian and Slovenian vision for the organization of the first Yugoslavia from the Serbian vision?
Serbs-Wished for centralized unified state Croats-Desired for a more decentralized perhaps federal union
What sorts of gains were Balkan rulers seeking by manipulating both the Eastern and Western churches?
Slav leaders attempted to achieve as much control over church affairs as possible, by threatening to go to a certain side the church of the opposite would offer more autonomy/authority (such as appointing bishops locally and the right over their own language for the liturgy)
Why did the Balkans have to be Christianized twice?
Slavic Invasion of the 6th and 7th century reintroduced paganism
What was different about the Slavic invasion (in comparison with other "barbarian" invasions that made it so successful and permanent?
Slavs remained, other invaders had been nomads on horseback who swiftly attacked and then withdrew, but the slavs stayed. Exhausting the plunder, they settled down and began to farm
Name at least three groups of invaders/migrants who entered the Balkans between the 6th and the 14th centuries.
Slavs, Magyars, Roma, Turks (first Bulgars)
What countries were involved in the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913? Which was the big loser, and what did it lose?
Solution to the Macedonian Question 1st- Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and Montenegro agreed beforehand how Macedonia was to be divided attacked the remaining Ottoman Balkan territories. 2nd-Bulgaria feeling as they had not received their share of land attacked Greece and Serbia Result: Awful for Bulgaria, signing the Treaty of Bucharest receding large amounts of territory to each of its neighbors. Serbia, Montenegro and Greece won.
Roman Emperor Diocletian built his 3rd century palace in what modern city, in what modern country?
Split, Croatia
Who were the two rulers who were in conflict during the 1097 Battle of Gvozd Mountain" and what was the long‐term geopolitcal outcome of the battle. (You have to google this one)
The Battle of Gvozd Mountain took place in the year 1097 and was fought between the army of Petar Svačić and King Coloman I of Hungary. It was a decisive Hungarian victory, which ended the War of the Croatian Succession and served as a turning point in Croatian history.
What is the deeper cultural meaning of the battle of Kosovo for Serbs as it is remembered in oral tradition?
The battle has gone down in Serbian memory as the culminating and crucial defeat Hero-Miloš Obilić, went to Sultans tent to prove his fealty, KILLING the Sultan after being slandered by Vuk Branković (traitor, hate this guy-his disloyalty aided in the Serbian defeat)-no proof of legend War between Orthodoxy (Good) and Islam (Evil) Symbol of both National Humiliation and Hope for future redemption Vuk Karadžić transcribed many of there oral poems
Why were young elites drawn to the idea of a unified South Slavic state?
The parts of the Balkans under the Habsburg rule were poor and underdeveloped in comarison with their Western Europe and thus many felt increasingly disenfranchised in an empire that seemed to favor its Germanic and Hungarian elements
What happened to the Jewish refugees from Spain who arrived in the Balkans in the 15th to 16th centuries?
They took leading positions in commerce and became key segments of the urban population.
Of what cultural heritage did the inhabitants of Byzantium consider themselves to be? What language did they speak?
They were thoroughly Hellenized heirs, down to their use of Greek (replacing Latin as the main language)-Roman
How did the breakdown of the Timar system lead to the rise of Hajduks?
Timar system was meant to allow for reasonable standard of living but with the decaying military oversight Local lords were able to exert control over the timars, making them massive private estates exploiting the peasants unmercifully Some regions peasant famers began to abandon agricultural land and take to the hills where it was harder to be taxed and would partake in herding and banditry (Hajduks, play key roles in national uprisings later in history)
Who assassinated whom, and where, on June 28th, 1914?
Gavrilo Princip, Mlada Bosna, Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand *On vidovdan-also anniversary of Kosovo Battle
What happened to Vlad the Impaler, before he became the famously sadistic ruler King Vlad III of Wallachia?
Given to the Turks as a hostage in Anatolia, after his fathers death was set free and made an officer in the Ottoman Army Ruled Wallachia three separate times Ruthless and unconcerned for human life
What Balkan country finally joined the British, French and Russians (the Allies) to turn the tide of World WarI?
Greece
What happened (culturally) to the Slavs who settled in Greece in the medieval period, and how is this different from what happened to Slavs elsewhere in the Balkans?
Greece Slavs failed to develop an independent political existence, thus when Byzantine control was reestablished many Slavs were forced to move to Anatolia. Yet those who remained in Greece, adopted customs and language becoming fully hellenized
What three national states were vying for the territory of Macedonia at the end of the 19th century?
Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia
Name at least three groups of people who were in the Balkans before the Slavs arrived beginning in the 6th century?
Greeks, Illyrians, Romanized Dacians
What political organization was responsible for the assassination of Yugoslavia's King Aleksandar in 1934?
IMRO gunman, during a state visit to France 1934
In which geographic areas across the region of the former Yugoslavia did the influence of Roman language and culture last the longest?
coastal adriatic cities (Dubrovnik, Split, Zadar), Dacian provinces
Who were the Illyrians, who were they in conflict with prior to the Slavic invasions?
difficult to say if all historical Illyrians are related due to a blanket term, Albanian historians have tried to make a descendants claim from Illyrians (this would make them one of the oldest indigenous Balkan people), Illyrian kingdom centered near Lake Shkoder, lived off subsistence agriculture and piracy, constant thorn in Macedonia as well as state of Epiros (western Greece), caused problems for expanding roman republics, conflict w Romans
What happened to the Empire that encompassed present day Macedonia after the death of Alexander the Great?
disintegrated and Macedonia proper lost its central position in Greece--Plundered by marauding Celts in early 3rd century (Illyrian dominant)
In which aspects of Balkan cultural life did Slavic pagan religious practices survive?
incorporated into Christian structure- Slava
What was the basic social unit in Slavic society?
most likely the extended family
In what direction did his territorial ambitions of King Symeon the first lie?
small territory straddling the Danube to an enormous kingdom that controlled almost the entire Balkan Peninsula, wanted Imperial Crown (Constantinople-Byzantine)
Who was Ivo Andric and what was he famous for?
Nobel Prize Winner Bosnian-born writer Identified as Yugoslavian Bridge on the Drina
Who were Cyril and Methodius and what accomplishment are they most remembered for? How are they still honored today?
Now called Church Slavonic, Glagolitic language. (canonized saints in the Serbian Orthodox Church-language went to become Cyrillic later on)
What were the two religions competing for dominance in the Balkans during the medieval period?
Orthodoxy and Catholicism
The first Yugoslavia was the kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes? Who was left out of the picture?
12 million non-south slav minorities (Germans, Hungarians, Albanians, Romanians, Turks, Czechs and Slovaks)
What historic revolution occurred in Western Europe, but not in the Balkans?
Industrial Revolution
Who were the IMRO and what did they do in 1903?
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization Appeared in Ottoman controlled Macedonia Led the bloody and unsuccessful Ilinden uprising in 1903 (the last in the series of Balkan revolutions against the Ottomans)
What was the ethnicity of the King of the "Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes - otherwise known as the first Yugoslavia?
Karadjordjavić dynasty that had been on the Serbian throne since 1903
The early medieval Balkan kingdoms differed from later "nation‐states" in what significant way? (p. 34‐35)
Kingdoms were not established in a search to unite under a common religion, language or custom but rather an ambitious ruler who strove to exert control over as large of a territory ad possible
What was the economic difference between the Balkans and the rest of Europe in the long 19th century?
Lack of harmony between national and state boundaries populations were far more heterogeneous Industrialization had still barely gotten on its way Cities were tiny
It is estimated that 70% of Albanians and 50% of Bosnians converted to Islam (much higher than Croats or Serbs). What was common to their prior religious history?
Less established parishes in pre-Ottoman period causing the peasants to be less attached to the region, unlike the other regions who had deep history in Christianity Albanians may have just wanted too distinguish from their slav neighbors Both countries were split between orthodoxy and catholicism making them more prone to accept another religion
The Ottoman millet system prevented its citizens from organizing around language or ethnic identity. What became the main personal and political marker of identity?
Linguistics (edit: religion)
Name two positive cultural and/or economic aspects that scholars attribute to life in the Ottoman Empire?
Lived in better material circumstances in the early centuries of the empire (less peasant misery) Put a stop to endless local wars Ottoman taxes were less burdensome than the feudal dues peasants had paid under previous native rulers Tolerant of differences COMPARED to West
How did the colonization of America affect the Ottoman economy?
Lost its position as crossroads of the world, declined as a shipping center and enormous revenues were lost
Why was the 15th century Ottoman Sultan Mehmed known as "the Conquerer"?
Mainly for his conquest over Constantinople, also capturing much of the Balkans and Anatolia
The Russo‐Turkish war of 1877‐78 led to the independence from the Ottomans of what new state? What was Russia after?
Treaty of San Stefano- Creation of enormous Bulgarian State-such state the Russians believed would be easy to manipulate and influence giving them a commanding position of the Balkan Peninsula Revised Treaty of Berlin-Cut Bulgaria into three parts Russia becomes protector of the Slavs/Orthodox
Did upper or lower classes convert to Islam more readily in the Ottoman period, and why would this have been?
Upper class- educated and wealthy people had more to lose from intransigence in the face of superior power Interacted more frequently with the Ottoman bureaucrats who had been sent to administer the region
How did the arrival of the Slavs change the existing settlement patterns across the Balkans?
Urban towns were abandoned (7th-8th century)
Who was Mehmet Pasha Sokollu and what is remarkable about his political career?
Was taken through the Dershirme, born to a Bosnian Christian family 1505 Quickly rose through the ranks, holding many offices became Grand Vizier by Suleiman I (the Magnificent) remaining in office under Selim II (Selim the II was incompetent thus Mehmet Pasha Sokollu ruled the empire 1565-79 in office till assasinated
