Corrections in america exam

In the United States, the rate of imprisonment decreased by almost 20 percent between 1980 and 2015. True False

False

Jails are designed to hold sentenced offenders for very long terms of confinement. True False

False

Offenders are fingerprinted and booked into the jail before arrest. True False

False

The Manhattan Bail Project helped judges identify those who were suitable for Pre understaffing. True False

False

The Retributive Era is a return to the Positive School of criminality, in which offenders have free choice to commit their crimes. True False

False

The warden is the elected official who oversees both policing activities within the county and the operation of the jail. True False

False

Which type of crime is punishable by one year or more of incarceration?

Felony

During the 1950s, the rehabilitation of offenders replaced punishment as the penal system's primary objective. True False

True

Each year, jails admit about five times as many offenders as all other correctional components combined. True False

True

Most offenders are sentenced to probation and supervised in the community by probation or parole officers. True false

True

Why have States adopted Sentencing Guidelines?

uniformity, ensuring that similar crimes merit similar sentences.

Which of the following is a problem with the system of bail as a requirement for release? A. The bail process discriminates against the poor. B. The bail process does not allow freedom to be bought. C. The ability to "make bail" is closely related to the risk of the offender. D. The availability of financial resources is closely related to the risk of the offender

A. The bail process discriminates against the poor.

Jail inmates may have only noncontact visits. What type of visitor is the exception?

Attorney

Which system was known as the "congregate and silent" system? Pennsylvania system Auburn system fee system Irish system

Auburn System

What is the hands-off doctrine?

Avoidance by the U.S. Supreme Court of judicial intervention in the operations of prisons and the judgment of correctional administrators

Which of the following is a pledge of money or property in exchange for a promise to return for further criminal processing? plea bargain surety release on recognizance bail

Bail

Which eighteenth theorist is recognized as the century founder of the Classical School of criminology? Jeremy Bentham Cesare Beccaria Cesare Lombroso Voltaire

Cesare Beccaria

Who among the following concluded that criminals had traits that made them throwbacks to earlier stages of evolution? Cesare Lombroso Cesare Beccaria Jeremy Bentham Voltaire

Cesare Lombroso

Fewer than 30 percent of felony cases result in a guilty plea by the defendant, and instead go to trial. True False

False

Which of the following facilitates continuous communication between jail staff and inmates, thus reducing tension and avoiding the development of conflicts among inmates or between inmates and staff? A. second generation jails B. Direct supervision jails C. First generation jails D. podular design

Direct supervision jails

______ courts are created to deal with the underlying substance abuse problem as the basis of the offender's behavior. Traffic Drug Superior Family

Drug

Which constitutional amendment refers to "cruel and unusual punishment"? A. Fifth B. Fourth C. Sixth D. Eighth

Eighth Amendment

Which constitutional amendment states that excessive bail may NOT be required?

Eighth Amendment

The first jails were created in ________ England Spain America Africa

England

generation jails housed inmates using a linear ________design, with cells aligned in long, straight rows. First second third None of the Above

First

Which of the following is an early English term for a jail? lockup workhouse gaol jail

Gaol

What main factor differentiates jails from prisons?

Length of stay

The ________ model is a theory of corrections based on the belief that offenders were sick and needed to be diagnosed and treated.

Medical

Statistical approaches to considering the risk of escape and violence by inmates are called ________ classification systems. Selective Classification Sentence Modification Objective Classification Drug Abuse

Objective Classifications

An offender is arrested on a crime and signs a promise to appear in court. This offender is likely to be released on: Bond Own Recognizance Pre-Trial Diversion Will not be released

Own Recognizance

What is defined as a legislative authorization to provide a specific range of punishment for a specific crime? A.punishment guide B.penal code C.correctional system D.fee system

Penal Code

Jails with a(n) ________ design provide common dayroom areas in the center of a unit of cells, and house fewer inmates. Podular Linear Isolation Oblon

Podular

The _______ process encompasses the legal process prior to trial. Sentencing Pre-sentencing investigation Pretrial None of the above

Pre-trial

Which of the following statements is TRUE of the Walnut Street Jail? A.Prisoners were allowed to congregate during the day to work in factories to improve the production of goods. B.It introduced the idea of releasing offenders on a conditional basis, leading to the development of parole. C.Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release. D.It was an architectural nightmare, built in an octagon with small, dark cells inside the cellblocks to provide solitary confinement and no labor.

Prison administrators often put masks on inmates as they moved through the prison, to avoid identification in case they met each other after release.

Which of the following is TRUE of private correctional agencies? A. Private correctional agencies enter into a contract with governments to house jail inmates. B. Private correctional agencies are not for profit entities that provide programming for offenders. C. Private correctional agencies are not required to meet professional standards for jail operations. D. Private correctional agencies independently decide on security policies for inmates

Private correctional agencies enter into a contract with governments to house jail inmates.

________ is the imposition of a criminal sanction by a judicial authority. Pre-trial release sentencing plea bargain bond

Sentencing

In rural counties, which elected official oversees the operation of the jail? A. prosecutor B. sheriff C. local magistrate D. chief of police

Sheriff

Which was a requirement for English prisons and jails as specified by the English Penitentiary Act of 1779? A. harsh and unsanitary conditions B. housing inmates in common cells C. systematic inspections D. fees charged to inmates

Systematic Inspections

What is specific deterrence?

The effect of punishment on an individual offender that prevents that person from committing future crimes

Which is one of the three most important reasons for effective jail classification systems? A. They provide a guide for giving inmates proper substance abuse counseling B. They provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape C. They provide a guide for identifying the educational needs of inmates. D. They provide a guide for identifying juvenile inmates

They provide a guide for identifying inmates with a high risk of escape

What was the first penitentiary designed house sentenced offenders in the United States called?

WALNUT STREET JAIL

Which of the following is an advantage of a diversionary treatment program? A. Diversionary treatment programs cost considerably more than criminal justice processing. B. Diversionary treatment programs increase the demands on the court to process the case as a criminal activity. C. With diversionary treatment programs, offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction. D. Diversionary treatment programs generally do not involve community treatment programs

With diversionary treatment programs, offenders avoid the stigma associated with a criminal conviction.

Plea bargains are designed to: a.Defendant enters plea of guilty to lesser charges b. Prosecutor agrees to dismiss some charges in exchange for guilty please c. To prevent the criminal justice system from coming to a halt d. All of above

all the above

Which of the following would be considered a practical suicide prevention activity for a jail? A. improving communication between inmates who are housed together B. training correctional and mental health staff to be aware of the risk of suicide C. asking roundabout suicide-related questions at inmate intake screening and assessment D. remodeling all jail cells to be suicide resistant

asking roundabout suicide-related questions at inmate intake screening and assessment

A very large percentage of arrested and jailed offenders make bond and are released within ________. six weeks one month two hours forty-eight hours

forty eight hours

Which of the following is a goal of mental health courts? A. increasing the repetition of contacts with the criminal justice system B. dealing with the underlying drug issues of clients C. stopping the use of communities to treat mentally ill individuals D. increasing public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals.

increasing public safety by reducing criminal activity by mentally ill individuals.

In which of the following sentencing models do judges have primary discretion in creating the sentence? A. mandatory minimum sentencing B. administrative form of sentencing C. judicial form of sentencing D.legislative form of sentencing

judicial form of sentencing

Which is a primary reason for new jail construction over the past decade? a. Courts have ruled that second generation jails are unconstitutional b. the number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased c. private companies have determined that building and operating new jails is unprofitable d. jails are relatively inexpensive to build and staff

the number of successful legal challenges by jail inmates for overcrowding has increased

Which of the following is a reason for the significant increase in the use of jails from 1985 to 2008? A. the "soft on crime" mentality of the public B. the overcrowding of state and federal prisons over the past decade C. the decreasing use of split sentences D. the serious budget crises of local governments

the overcrowding of state and federal prisons over the past decade