Crime & Society Quiz Questions
________ guarantees the accused the right to counsel when in custody and thereafter.
Miranda v. Arizona
______ are assigned to enforce morality-based laws, such as those addressing prostitution and gambling.
vice squads
Individuals provoking or encouraging criminal behavior is known as:
victim precipitation
English police officers are known as bobbies because:
Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel was responsible for their creation.
All of the following are reasons for court congestion, as presented in the text, EXCEPT:
the crime rate, which is always on the rise
The term "blue curtain" describes:
the secrecy and insulation from others in society that is a consequence of the police subculture.
Excuse defense ultimately rests on proving:
a lack of intent
The ________ Amendment pertains to bail
eighth
__________ policing is an aggressive law enforcement style in which patrol officers take the initiative against crime instead of waiting for criminal acts to occur
proactive
Police agencies begin to appear in the United States in the ________ century.
19th
In _______, the Supreme Court decided that the federal cocaine sentencing guidelines, like other guidelines, are advisory.
Kimbrough v. United States
Which crime theory falls within the overall "big picture" theory of state dependence?
Labeling Theory
Where does the Supreme Court come from?
Article III of the Constitution
______ are responsible for delivering jury instructions.
judges
_________ factors are not one of the four primary types of factors linked to prosecutorial decision making.
situational
Social disorganization leads to:
All of these are produced by social disorganization. (weakened informal social control, higher crime rates, inability to achieve common goals)
Law enforcement in colonial America paralleled the _________ model.
British
_________ describes the experience of black officers who must deal with the expectation that they will show lenience to members of their own race, while at the same time experiencing overt racism from their police colleagues.
Double marginality
The Supreme Court ruled, in ________, that the death penalty amounts to cruel and unusual punishment, which is a violation of the Eighth Amendment.
Furman v. Georgia
Sir Robert Peel's legislation, the ___________, established the first organized police force in London.
Metropolitan Police Act
One of the most important sources of self-report data on substance use is the _____, conducted annually using approximately 2,500 high school seniors.
Monitoring the Future Survey
How do private police compare with public police?
Private police are concerned almost solely with loss prevention.
Which of the following are not established criticism of the UCR?
Systematic collection of police data
The U.S. Supreme Court deemed the use of deadly force against an unarmed and nondangerous fleeing felon to be an illegal seizure under the Fourth Amendment in:
Tennessee v. Garner
What is police discretion?
The use of personal decision-making and choice in carrying out the operations in the criminal justice
The _______________ was created in 1929 by President Herbert Hoover to study the U.S. criminal justice system and make recommendations for improvement.
Wickersham Commission
_________ is the proceeding held to determine whether probable cause is sufficient to warrant a criminal trial.
a preliminary hearing
Since 2000, policing (along with other components of the criminal justice system) has entered into __________ era.
an evidence-based
The evidence against a man is presented to the grand jury who charge him with the crime of murder. This is called:
an indictment
_________ would be placed in Layer I of the criminal justice "wedding cake".
arrest of a noted celebrity
The chief legal officer and prosecutor of each state and of the United States is the:
attorney general
According to the criminal justice assembly line model, ________ are moved down the conveyor belt.
cases
About 32 percent of police departments have some type of ________ requirement for officers.
college
Prison sentences for two or more criminal acts that are served one after the other are called:
consecutive sentences
The _________ perspective demands an efficient system that hands out tough sanctions to those who violate the law.
crime control
_________ is not one of the unifying principle of evidence-based justice
customary practice
The _______ is the legal counsel in a criminal case who represents the accused person from arrest to appeal.
defense attorney
What is the argument most closely supportive of a politically conservative position in support of a "Ferguson Effect" on crime in the United States?
depolicing
The _________ effect is defined as the assumed ability of the threat of criminal sanctions to discourage crime before it occurs.
deterrent
Concern over the prevalence of serious errors in the criminal justice system reflects the ________ perspective.
due process
How many justices must agree that the matter is worth hearing in the Supreme Court before the case will come before them?
four
The term actus reus refers to the:
guilty act
Which example of police operations best exemplifies community-oriented policing?
hiring bilingual officers to patrol ethnic neighborhoods.
_________ comprise an example of a situation in which a warrant WOULD be necessary.
home searches
Using mandatory life sentences so criminals cannot hurt other citizens is the core goal of:
incapacitation
The ________ branch of government interprets existing laws and determines whether they meet constitutional requirements
judicial
The three main components into which the contemporary criminal justice system is generally divided are:
law enforcement, the judiciary, and the correctional system
The style of policing in which an officer approaches a group of teenagers drinking beer, checks everyone's ID, and arrests anyone who is underage would be:
law enforcer
Ford v. Wainwright (1986) is important because of the ruling that it is unconstitutional to put to death a:
mentally insane person
If a pregnant woman in labor stole a car because she feared delivery of her baby was imminent and she had no other means of transportation, she may use the defense of:
necessity
Under a plea of _________, the defendant submits to sentencing without any formal admission of guilt.
nolo contendere
The requirement that a search warrant state precisely where the search is to take place and what items are to be seized is referred to as the ______ requirement
particularity
The requirements that must be satisfied before a warrant can be issued are:
probable cause, a neutral and detached magistrate, and particularity.
The term __________ has been coined to describe the racial influence over police discretion
racial profiling
The _________ perspective sees the justice system as a mechanism of caring for and treating people who cannot manage themselves.
rehabilitation
A court that has primary jurisdiction over specific types of offenses and that operates differently than a traditional criminal court is referred to as a:
specialized courts
______ theory suggests that some people adopt the goals of society but lack the means to attain them and will therefore seek alternatives, such as crime.
strain
If the court ordered witnesses to appear in court, they would be notified by a _________, specifying the date and time of the hearing.
subpoena
The act of murder is a violation of _______ law.
substantive criminal law
Diversion is considered after arrest and arraignment but before the:
trial
