Criminal Justice corrections

Discretionary parole A. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. B. The return of prisoners to the larger community without supervision. C. The automatically release from prison of an inmate who has completed his or her maximum prison sentence less any goodtime credit. D. Conditional early release from imprisonment at the discretion of a state paroling authority and continued supervision in the community. E. The maximum time on a prison sentence has been served.

Conditional early release from imprisonment at the discretion of a state paroling authority and continued supervision in the community.

State jail system A. Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments. B. A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional. C. A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression. D. Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency. E. Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.

Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency.

Jails A. Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments. B. A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional. C. A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression. D. Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency. E. Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.

Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments

Prisons A. Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments. B. A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional. C. A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression. D. Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency. E. Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.

Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments.

Medium-security facility A. Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. B. The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity. C. The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state. D. Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors. E. A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate. F. Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors

In 1930, the ________ was established to run as part of the Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigations Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) Federal Criminal Unit Federal Accounting Office

Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP)

Criminal blended sentences A. In cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court. B. Juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders. C. Juvenile court judge forgoes jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court. D. Criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles. E. Prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult.

In cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court.

Sex offenses A. Sex offender who has experienced violence and/or sexual abuse in the past. B. Sex offender who is socially competent and generally resembles law-abiding citizens. C. Inappropriate sexual contact with family members/acquaintances, child molestation, sexual assault or rape of adults. D. Sex offender with low self-esteem, socially awkward as a child, and unmarried.

Inappropriate sexual contact with family members/acquaintances, child molestation, sexual assault or rape of adults

Because they tend to be socially competent, married or living with someone, and have children or step-children, these sex offenders are especially difficult to identify Rapists. Voyeurs. Incest offenders. Child molesters.

Incest offenders

Restoration A. Discourage future criminal acts by both the offender and others. B. Assuring the offender receives a just and adequate punishment. C. Providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding. D. Isolation of the offender from the general population. E. Make the victim and community whole again by returning things as much as possible to how they were before the crime occurred.

Make the victim and community whole again by returning things as much as possible to how they were before the crime occurred.

The first probation law was enacted by the ________ legislature in 1878 Vermont Massachusetts Virginia Pennsylvania

Massachusetts

Triggering event A. A situation involving a large number of inmates making a forcible attempt to take control of a sizable area of the prison for a substantial amount of time. B. When prisoners refuse to leave their cells. C. An altercation involving three or more inmates resulting in official action, but where staff control of the facility is maintained. D. Underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot. E. One or several specific events that spark a riot.

One or several specific events that spark a riot.

Outpatient treatment A. An alternative process for people arrested for misdemeanors, nonviolent felonies, and have a history of alcohol or drug abuse or have other specific conditions believed to be causing criminal behavior. B. A form of aftercare for recovering addicts who have completed a residential program. C. Frequently address offenders with co-occurring disorders. D. Participants are involved in activities while they live and work independently in the community

Participants are involved in activities while they live and work independently in the community

Bifurcated trials A. Death penalty statutes that direct juries to use guided discretion are constitutional. B. The law requires the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes. C. The death penalty was being imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner. D. Death penalty cases have two stages, with the first stage determining guilt and a second stage to decide the sentence. E. The law requires juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

Death penalty cases have two stages, with the first stage determining guilt and a second stage to decide the sentence.

Gregg decision A. Death penalty statutes that direct juries to use guided discretion are constitutional. B. The law requires the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes. C. The death penalty was being imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner. D. Death penalty cases have two stages, with the first stage determining guilt and a second stage to decide the sentence. E. The law requires juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

Death penalty statutes that direct juries to use guided discretion are constitutional.

Which of the following is NOT one of the main decisions points for prosecutors? Recommending to the judge a sentence or case disposition for convicted offenders. Deciding whether to arrest a suspect. Determining whether to charge a suspect. Initial court screening.

Deciding whether to arrest a suspect

Most state prisons are run by an agency that is usually called the Department of Crime. Bureau of Justice. Department of Corrections. Bureau of Penology.

Department of Corrections.

Under which of the following does the judge impose a flat sentence for a specific amount of time? Determinate sentencing. Mandatory minimum sentencing. Indeterminate sentencing. Presumptive sentencing.

Determinate sentencing.

Deterrence A. Discourage future criminal acts by both the offender and others. B. Assuring the offender receives a just and adequate punishment. C. Providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding. D. Isolation of the offender from the general population. E. Make the victim and community whole again by returning things as much as possible to how they were before the crime occurred.

Discourage future criminal acts by both the offender and others.

Which of the following is NOT a feature of the male inmate code? Keep your dignity. Don't pretend to be somebody you're not. Don't make friends with the prison staff. Don't snitch

Don't pretend to be someone you're not

Internal classification A. A stage in the classification process wherein an inmate's custody level, treatment program, or work assignment is reevaluated to be sure it is still appropriate. B. A stage in the classification process wherein a prisoner's custody level is determined and, based on that custody level, in which the prison inmate begins serving the sentence. C. The process and procedures by which prison officials determine the risk posed by each offender and the offender's individual treatment needs. D. Classification procedures that have a factual, impartial, and observable base rather than the intuitive footing of subjective systems. E. Establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments within the prison

Establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments within the prison.

There are three broad categories of challenges that prisoners face when returning to the community. Into which category does finding affordable and stable housing fall? Establishing structure and stability in a myriad of choices. Connecting to social services and community agencies. Reading, understanding, and implementing the Second Chance Act provisions. Choosing supportive relationships

Establishing structure and stability in a myriad of choices.

Hospice of St. Michael A. Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas. B. A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community. C. Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons D. Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system. E. The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.

Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas.

Auburn Prison A. Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas. B. A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community. C. Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons D. Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system. E. The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.

Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system.

Tim, a classification officer at the state prison, is interviewing newly arrived prisoner Tony. Tim is deciding which housing unit Tony should be assigned to, what Tony's work assignment will be, and which vocational programs are appropriate for Tony. Tim is conducting what type of classification? Objective. Reclassification. External. Internal.

External

________ classification determines a prisoner's custody level whereas ________ classification establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments. External / internal Direct / indirect Internal / external Indirect / direct

External / internal

Which of the following has a court ruled as violating prisoners' constitutional protection against cruel and unusual punishment? Prison officials in Michigan failed to provide inmates with winter coats, hats, and gloves. Prison officials in Illinois failed to provide an inmate with toilet paper for 5 days, or with soap, toothpaste, or a toothbrush for 10 days. Prison officials in Nevada refused to grant an inmate's request for crunchy rather than creamy peanut butter. Jail officials in Kentucky served an inmate only one meal-sufficient to maintain normal health-a day for 15 consecutive days.

Prison officials in Michigan failed to provide inmates with winter coats, hats, and gloves

Which of the following is NOT considered a benefit of prison labor? Prisoners are typically not paid or receive such little pay for their labor that work becomes another aspect of their punishment. Idleness during incarceration is reduced. Inmates learn employable skills. Day-to-day facility maintenance and operation is maintained.

Prisoners are typically not paid or receive such little pay for their labor that work becomes another aspect of their punishment.

Supermax prison A. Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. B. The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity. C. The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state. D. Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors. E. A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate. F. Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other.

Pardon A. A stay of execution that grants time for something, such as an appeal, to happen. B. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. C. A broad term describing an act of leniency in the criminal justice system. D. Releases the person (partially or fully) from the legal consequences of the crime.

Releases the person (partially or fully) from the legal consequences of the crime

Presumptive sentencing guidelines A. Required, rather than suggested, protocol for a judge to use when deciding a sentence. B. Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders. C. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period. D. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range. E. Suggested, rather than required, protocol that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

Required, rather than suggested, protocol for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

Mandatory sentencing A. Required, rather than suggested, protocol for a judge to use when deciding a sentence. B. Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders. C. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period. D. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range. E. Suggested, rather than required, protocol that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders.

________ is a type of pretrial release in which defendants are placed at liberty in the community without having to make a payment but are still responsible for the full bail amount if they fail to meet required court appearances Conditional release Bail bond Release on recognizance Unsecured bond

Unsecured bond

Which program helps inmates understand the victimization facts and the plight of victims' rights and greatly improves their sensitivity levels? Restoration classes. Victim-impact classes. Community reparation classes. Behavioral modification classes.

Victim-impact classes

Which of the following is an example of a special rather than standard probation condition? Obey all local, state, and federal laws. Submit to testing for controlled substances. Wear an electronic monitoring device. Refrain from possessing any firearms without written permission from the court

Wear an electronic monitoring device

Unsecured bond A. A nonfinancial pretrial release wherein the defendant is released on a promise to fulfill some requirement such as staying employed. B. A written agreement by the defendant to pay cash or relinquish property to the court if the defendant fails to attend required court appearances. C. When a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if required court appearances are missed. D. Pretrial release based only on the defendant's promise to appear for trial (not backed with money or property).

When a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if required court appearances are missed

Voluntary lockdown A. A situation involving a large number of inmates making a forcible attempt to take control of a sizable area of the prison for a substantial amount of time. B. When prisoners refuse to leave their cells. C. An altercation involving three or more inmates resulting in official action, but where staff control of the facility is maintained. D. Underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot. E. One or several specific events that spark a riot.

When prisoners refuse to leave their cells.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding solitary confinement? The prisoner is under intense control and isolation. Inmates may have access to televisions, radios, or even reading and writing materials. Whereas typical cells measure about 6 feet wide and 9 feet long, solitary confinement cells are usually twice that size since inmates are confined to the cell for 23-24 hours per day. Rather than eating in a dining hall, meals are typically passed through slots in each inmate's individual cell door.

Whereas typical cells measure about 6 feet wide and 9 feet long, solitary confinement cells are usually twice that size since inmates are confined to the cell for 23-24 hours per day

When determined to have committed an act that would otherwise be a crime, rather than being found guilty of a crime, juveniles are guilty of a delinquent act. petitioned as neglected. found to be persons in need of supervision (PINS). adjudicated delinquent.

adjudicated delinquent.

Preadjudication diversion occurs after formal sentencing. is granted by the prosecutor. is typically offered to persons charged with their second or third felony. allows the defendant to be supervised in the community before pleading guilty.

allows the defendant to be supervised in the community before pleading guilty.

The more effective treatment interventions are those that designed to help both men and women simultaneously. are designed for adult women over age 35. are focused on either males or females specifically. ignore offender demographics and concentrate instead on offender age.

are focused on either males or females specifically.

The Second Chance Act was passed and reauthorized in order to help meet the goal of providing more opportunities for victims to receive compensation for harm done to them. assisting offenders in stabilizing their lives so they may eventually become fully independent. identifying relapsed drug offenders and returning them to prison. securing convictions against multiple offenders.

assisting offenders in stabilizing their lives so they may eventually become fully independent

A written agreement presented by the defendant, who agrees to pay cash or surrender property to the court if he or she fails to attend required court appearances is called a surety of peace. bail bond. controle judiciare. writ of mandamus

bail bond

The phrase "cruel and unusual punishment" was clearly defined in the 1952 U.S. Supreme Court case Harcourt v. Virginia. means the same as torture. is applied to federal prisoners but not to state prisoners unless it is specifically mentioned in the state constitution. changes in meaning as society's standards of decency evolve.

changes in meaning as society's standards of decency evolve

Which program type depends on correctional resources available in the community to assist the offender in seeking help and abiding by certain conditions? Fixed fines. Institutional corrections. Local jail. Community corrections.

community corrections

________ release is a form of parole available on a case-by-case basis for inmates who are permanently incapacitated or have less than one year to live, and who pose no imminent danger to the community. Compassionate Geriatric Paroled Conditional

compassionate

Of the following, which is considered the most frequent cause of prison riots and disturbances? Conflict among prisoners. Biased and unfair rules and regulations. Food of poor quality or insufficient amount. Staff members or officers confronting inmates.

conflict among prisoners

Repeated and cumulative media exposure is thought to contribute to insecurity and fear of crime according to crime control theory. social learning theory. cultivation theory. social interaction theory.

cultivation theory

In conventional cases, restitution is ordered by the judge at the time of sentencing, but in restorative justice cases restitution is set by the legislature. determined at victim-offender mediation sessions. not even a possible sanction. determined by the offender's net daily salary

determined at victim-offender mediation sessions.

If most murders are emotional rather than rational acts, which argument favoring the death penalty is weakened? Innocence. Fairness. Retribution. Deterrence.

deterrence

One criticism of restorative justice is that it can promote ________ by perpetuating existing social inequities unnecessary leniency excessive subordination discrimination excessive deterrence

discrimination

One example of sentencing disparity is the ________ representation of minorities in prison. balanced decreasing disproportionate increasing

disproportionate

Of the Fourteenth Amendment's two clauses, the ________ clause addresses the actions to be used when depriving a person of life, liberty, or property and the ________ clause the application of law to all people within the jurisdiction free exercise / establishment equal protection / due process due process / equal protection establishment / free exercise

due process / equal protection

This concept is expressed when society treats similar crimes and similar criminals alike Rehabilitation. Reciprocity. Mediation. Equity.

equity

________ are/is widely used in many countries throughout the world as the primary means of punishment, but in the United States this sanction is mostly reserved for traffic and ordinance violations. Parole Fines Jail Community service

fines

When mom goes to prison the children are most often taken care of by ________, and when dad goes to prison the children are most often taken care of by ________. dad / mom grandparents / mom foster parents / other relatives friends / grandparents

grandparents/ mom

A timeline in the chapter shows that over a five-decade period, state and federal sentencing has moved from ________ to ________. minimal use of private prisons / minimal use of public prisons truth-in sentencing / issue-based sentencing harsh penalties of mandatory sentencing / a preference for prison alternative a reliance on probation / a reliance on prison

harsh penalties of mandatory sentencing / a preference for prison alternative

The number one issue that is linked to rising costs of incarceration is the growth of the number of prisoners who receive no financial support from their family. have special health care needs. lack any vocational skills. are illiterate

have special health care needs.

The ________ model assumes that prison life is an extension of street life of marginalized people from impoverished communities who end up dominating the prison prisonization deprivation customization importation

importation

Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of probation supervision? Deferred adjudication probation. Intensive probation. Pretrial supervision. Incapacitation probation.

incapacitation probation

________ is an innovative learning program wherein a seminar-style course is taken within a prison by both inmates and nearby college students. Inside Out InEd Self-Starter Learn Now

inside out

According to the Chapter 4 table on types of punishment, ________ is a form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations intensive supervision probation concentrated probation aggravated probation day reporting

intensive supervision probation

Which term refers to sanctions that operate mostly beyond public view, yet have very serious consequences for the individuals affected? Extra-legal sanctions. Statutory sanctions. Invisible punishment. Class punishment.

invisible punishment

Prisons in the agricultural South made use of a ________ that provided labor to plantation owners and other farmers who needed help with crops. credit system payment system lease system fee system

lease system

How long does the average criminal trial last? less than a week. 1 month. 2-3 weeks. 3 to 6 hours

less than a week

Jails configured as ________ facilities are designed with single- or multiple-occupancy cells aligned along corridors. continuous linear elliptical podular

linear

Requiring a prison sentence, rather than some form of community corrections, for particular crimes and some offenders is called ________ sentencing. presumptive truth-in voluntary mandatory

mandatory

The ________ statutes required the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes, whereas the ________ statutes required juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances. compulsory / managed judgment managed judgment / compulsory mandatory / guided discretion compulsory / guided discretion

mandatory / guided discretion

One explanation for the disproportionate number of mentally ill people in jail and prison is that many were mistakenly categorized as mentally ill by a criminal justice system that doesn't have enough qualified professionals to diagnose them. newly admitted offenders are uneducated and are mistakenly counted as mentally ill. people diagnosed as mentally ill have died or left the system but were not removed from the jail and prisoner count. mentally ill people are susceptible to being arrested because they have no shelter and treatment on the streets.

mentally ill people are susceptible to being arrested because they have no shelter and treatment on the streets

All executions since 1976 have been for murder of more than one person in a single event or over time. murder with mitigating circumstances. murder with aggravating circumstances. murder or rape.

murder with aggravating circumstances.

The living area and cells of new-generation jails typically have comfortable furniture, tiled or carpeted floors, and basically a normalized living environment. This is done in an attempt to make prisoners feel ownership toward their surroundings and thus provide incentive for prisoners to behave. guilty for destroying any of the surroundings because they are aesthetically beautiful. calm and thus reduce the violent tendencies that may lead to property destruction. artistic and want to contribute to the design of the jail.

ownership toward their surroundings and thus provide incentive for prisoners to behave.

Two key ingredients incorporated into new generation jails are linear facility design and intermittent surveillance. podular design and direct supervision. linear facility design and direct supervision. podular design and intermittent supervision.

podular design and direct supervision.

Home detention A. A court-ordered cash payment that an offender makes to the victim to offset some of the losses incurred from the crime. B. Requires offenders to remain at a specific location, except for such purposes as employment, school, treatment, medical emergencies, or approved shopping trips. C. A nonresidential community corrections sanction that blends high levels of control with the delivery of specific services needed by offenders. D. A general fund by which state governments disperse money to qualifying victims of violent crimes for payment of bills and lost wages

Requires offenders to remain at a specific location, except for such purposes as employment, school, treatment, medical emergencies, or approved shopping trips.

Sara has been sentenced to a community-based correctional center where she will live under supervision and must obtain permission to leave for work, school, or leisure activities. To what type program has Sara been sentenced? Day Reporting Center. Residential Community Corrections Facility. Home confinement. Electronic monitoring.

Residential Community Corrections Facility.

What is the principle wherein risk and need is linked to treatment intervention? Reclassification. Responsivity. Reactive. Restorative

Responsivity.

Invisible punishment A. All rights and privileges of citizenship are forfeited, including things such as the right to enter into a contract or the right to sue. B. Sanctions operating mostly beyond public view, yet having very serious adverse consequences for the individuals affected. C. The loss of the right to vote due, for example, to a felony conviction. D. A partial rather than an absolute loss of rights and privileges. E. Secondary outcomes beyond the actual sentence that was imposed.

Sanctions operating mostly beyond public view, yet having very serious adverse consequences for the individuals affected

Which of the following is NOT a capital crime as found in any of the federal or state statues authorizing capital punishment? Treason. Drug trafficking. Aggravated kidnapping. Second degree murder.

Second degree murder.

Collateral consequences A. All rights and privileges of citizenship are forfeited, including things such as the right to enter into a contract or the right to sue. B. Sanctions operating mostly beyond public view, yet having very serious adverse consequences for the individuals affected. C. The loss of the right to vote due, for example, to a felony conviction. D. A partial rather than an absolute loss of rights and privileges. E. Secondary outcomes beyond the actual sentence that was imposed.

Secondary outcomes beyond the actual sentence that was imposed.

Today, prison gangs are more typically called Security Threat Groups. Cell Clubs. Protection Cliques. Convict Crews

Security threat groups

Specific deterrence A. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place. B. Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention. C. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage a person from committing additional crimes. D. Imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection.

Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage a person from committing additional crimes.

General deterrence A. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place. B. Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention. C. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage a person from committing additional crimes. D. Imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection.

Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place.

Geriatric prison A. A prisoner who is age 50 and over. B. Separate facilities specifically designed for aging inmates where they have no contact with the younger general population. C. Available, in prison, for terminally ill prisoners who do not have medical parole. D. Available on a case-by-case basis for inmates who are permanently incapacitated or terminally ill.

Separate facilities specifically designed for aging inmates where they have no contact with the younger general population.

Voluntary sentencing guidelines A. Required, rather than suggested, protocol for a judge to use when deciding a sentence. B. Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders. C. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period. D. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range. E. Suggested, rather than required, protocol that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

Suggested, rather than required, protocol that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

Supervised mandatory parole A. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. B. The return of prisoners to the larger community without supervision. C. The automatically release from prison of an inmate who has completed his or her maximum prison sentence less any goodtime credit. D. Conditional early release from imprisonment at the discretion of a state paroling authority and continued supervision in the community. E. The maximum time on a prison sentence has been served.

The automatically release from prison of an inmate who has completed his or her maximum prison sentence less any goodtime credit.

Furman decision A. Death penalty statutes that direct juries to use guided discretion are constitutional. B. The law requires the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes. C. The death penalty was being imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner. D. Death penalty cases have two stages, with the first stage determining guilt and a second stage to decide the sentence. E. The law requires juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

The death penalty was being imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner

Which doctrine best expresses the contemporary approach by courts to judicial involvement in prison administration? The hands-off doctrine. The hands-on doctrine. The deference doctrine. The participatory doctrine.

The deference doctrine.

Nonpetitioned case A. The juvenile agrees to submit to certain supervisory conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent. B. The idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens. C. Misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity. D. Act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult. E. The informal response to a juvenile court case.

The informal response to a juvenile court case.

Informal probation A. The juvenile agrees to submit to certain supervisory conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent. B. The idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens. C. Misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity. D. Act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult. E. The informal response to a juvenile court case.

The juvenile agrees to submit to certain supervisory conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent.

Prison argot A. A system of unwritten rules that directs inmate behavior. B. The process by which the prisoners learn the norms of life in prison. C. A society with its own norms and values defined by inmates with the most power and influence. D. The language, slang, and physical gestures used to communicate meaning in prison.

The language, slang, and physical gestures used to communicate meaning in prison

Guided discretion statutes A. Death penalty statutes that direct juries to use guided discretion are constitutional. B. The law requires the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes. C. The death penalty was being imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner. D. Death penalty cases have two stages, with the first stage determining guilt and a second stage to decide the sentence. E. The law requires juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

The law requires juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

Mandatory statutes A. Death penalty statutes that direct juries to use guided discretion are constitutional. B. The law requires the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes. C. The death penalty was being imposed in an arbitrary and capricious manner. D. Death penalty cases have two stages, with the first stage determining guilt and a second stage to decide the sentence. E. The law requires juries to impose capital punishment only after considering both aggravating and mitigating circumstances.

The law requires the death penalty upon conviction of specific crimes.

Civil disenfranchisement A. All rights and privileges of citizenship are forfeited, including things such as the right to enter into a contract or the right to sue. B. Sanctions operating mostly beyond public view, yet having very serious adverse consequences for the individuals affected. C. The loss of the right to vote due, for example, to a felony conviction. D. A partial rather than an absolute loss of rights and privileges. E. Secondary outcomes beyond the actual sentence that was imposed.

The loss of the right to vote due, for example, to a felony conviction

Rated capacity A. Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. B. The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity. C. The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state. D. Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors. E. A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate. F. Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state.

Sentence expiration A. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. B. The return of prisoners to the larger community without supervision. C. The automatically release from prison of an inmate who has completed his or her maximum prison sentence less any goodtime credit. D. Conditional early release from imprisonment at the discretion of a state paroling authority and continued supervision in the community. E. The maximum time on a prison sentence has been served.

The maximum time on a prison sentence has been served.

Design capacity A. Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. B. The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity. C. The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state. D. Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors. E. A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate. F. Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity.

Banishment A. Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas. B. A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community. C. Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons D. Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system. E. The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.

The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.

Classification A. A stage in the classification process wherein an inmate's custody level, treatment program, or work assignment is reevaluated to be sure it is still appropriate. B. A stage in the classification process wherein a prisoner's custody level is determined and, based on that custody level, in which the prison inmate begins serving the sentence. C. The process and procedures by which prison officials determine the risk posed by each offender and the offender's individual treatment needs. D. Classification procedures that have a factual, impartial, and observable base rather than the intuitive footing of subjective systems. E. Establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments within the prison

The process and procedures by which prison officials determine the risk posed by each offender and the offender's individual treatment needs

Prisonization A. A system of unwritten rules that directs inmate behavior. B. The process by which the prisoners learn the norms of life in prison. C. A society with its own norms and values defined by inmates with the most power and influence. D. The language, slang, and physical gestures used to communicate meaning in prison.

The process by which the prisoners learn the norms of life in prison

Reentry A. The process of release preparation that begins within the institution and continues with community supervision. B. A group that involves community members in an offender's reentry to society. C. A minimum-security prison-based or community-based facility housing prisoners who have not yet been granted parole or who have been promised a future parole date. D. An authorized temporary overnight leave of absence from prison lasting 24 to 72 hours.

The process of release preparation that begins within the institution and continues with community supervision.

Unconditional release A. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. B. The return of prisoners to the larger community without supervision. C. The automatically release from prison of an inmate who has completed his or her maximum prison sentence less any goodtime credit. D. Conditional early release from imprisonment at the discretion of a state paroling authority and continued supervision in the community. E. The maximum time on a prison sentence has been served.

The return of prisoners to the larger community without supervision.

What did the Supreme Court decide in In re Winship regarding juveniles who are brought up on charges in juvenile court proceedings? The standard of proof in civil court was applicable to juveniles in juvenile court. The standard of proof in criminal court was applicable to juveniles in juvenile court. The standard of proof in juvenile court is a matter of judicial discretion. The standard of proof in juvenile court is a matter of state discretion

The standard of proof in criminal court was applicable to juveniles in juvenile court.

Which of the following best defines the concept of parens patriae? The state must protect its citizens from misbehaving young people. The state is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens. The state must hold parents responsible for the misbehavior of their children. The state must defer to a child's parents when that child misbehaves.

The state is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens

A ________ investigation report is an informational source on which judges base their sentencing decision for adult felony offenses. pretrial presumptive pre-reporting presentence

pre sentence

Judge Johnson is required by his state to refer to a matrix then issue a sentence that falls within a range of months for an offender with particular characteristics who has been convicted of a particular crime category. Judge Johnson is following sentencing commission standards. presumptive sentencing guidelines. truth-in-sentencing statutes. voluntary sentencing guidelines.

presumptive sentencing guidelines.

________ sentencing guarantees that offenders receiving a prison sentence will serve at least 85% of that sentence. Mandatory Truth-in Presumptive Voluntary

Truth-in

Suzanne, a new inmate, has been sent to a facility operated by a for-profit company under contract with state authorities to provide security, housing, and programs for Suzanne and the other inmates. Suzanne is in a(n non-governmental prison (NGP). semi-secure lock-up. unofficial confinement facility (UCF). private prison

private prison

In comparing the merits of the Pennsylvania and Auburn models, proponents of the Pennsylvania system claimed it was less damaging to prisoners' mental health. provided more opportunity for mediation and repentance. provided better vocational training. produced more money for the state.

provided more opportunity for mediation and repentance

Correctional program that "works" A. Two or more independent and rigorous studies show a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group. B. Programs depend on correctional resources available in the community. C. Correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes. D. Offenders are housed apart from their community, friends, and family. E. At least one high-quality or rigorous study shows a program to be effective.

Two or more independent and rigorous studies show a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group

Two primary federal sources of prisoners' rights are the Declaration of Independence and Bill of Rights. U.S. Constitution and Civil Rights Act. Bill of Rights and Magna Carta. U.S. Constitution and Declaration of Independence.

U.S. Constitution and Civil Rights Act.

Crime policy in the United States are more punitive than crime policies in other Western countries for each of the following reasons EXCEPT crime policy in the United States, even at the state level, is reliant on federal funding. sentencing and release decisions in the United States are micromanaged by legislators. U.S. judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training. crime policy in the United States is more decentralized.

U.S. judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training

Of the typical sex offender profiles, which one is likely to have experienced violence and/or sexual abuse in the past? Incest offender. Child molester. Rapist Voyeur.

rapist

In comparison with the two other categories of sex offenders, this category is most likely to have a substance abuse problem. Voyeurs. Rapists. Child molesters. Incest offenders

rapists

Which of the following refers to the process of release preparation that begins within the institution and continues in the community? Reentry. Early release. Restitution. Transitioning.

reentry

The most frequent non-financial release procedure for a criminal is conditional release. bail bond. unsecured bond. release on recognizance (ROR).

release on recognizance (ROR)

Prison programs in the late twentieth century were more likely to emphasize vocational training. restorative justice procedures. diagnosis. educational training.

restorative justice procedures.

Because this punishment philosophy does not require punishment to achieve some goal or objective, it is very difficult to argue with one of its proponents that the philosophy doesn't "work." Rehabilitation. Incapacitation. Deterrence. Retribution

retribution

Which of the following does your textbook suggest is the most basic right for prisoners? Right to access the courts. Freedom of religion. Right to sue their captors. Right to privacy

right to access the courts

Under which type of incapacitation would the policy be to reserve imprisonment for only those offenders needing to be locked away for society's protection? General. Technological. Selective. Indeterminate.

selective

Generally speaking, with ________ incapacitation people are sentenced to prison based on their personal characteristics, whereas under ________ incapacitation people are sentenced to prison based on characteristics of their crime. general / selective technological / general selective / technological selective / general

selective / general

Laws requiring citizens to be notified when a convicted felon moves, or is planning to move, into a community are currently restricted to which type of offender? Sex offenders. Offenders on parole Property and violent felony offenders. Violent felony offenders.

sex offenders

To be considered of high quality, a program should be measured as valid but not necessarily reliable. be measured as reliable but not necessarily valid. have a sample size between 10 and 30 people. show significant differences between treatment and control groups

show significant differences between treatment and control groups.

Compared with other countries, the United States incarceration rate is significantly higher than that for most other countries. lower than most other countries. tied with other Western industrialized countries. lower than most third world countries but higher than most industrialized countries.

significantly higher than that for most other countries.

Of the following, which ranks lowest on the prisoner hierarchy? Snitches. Players .Gang members. Punks.

snitches

Hanging a horse thief to ensure he doesn't steal any other horses expresses this philosophy Specific deterrence. General deterrence. Informal deterrence. Sanctioned deterrence.

specific deterrence

Sex offenses are more often reported when the perpetrator is a(n) aunt or uncle. stranger. sibling. person of the same sex as the victim.

stranger

Most parolees leave parole as a result of successful discharge. transfer to other jurisdictions. absconding. revocation.

successful discharge

Predisposing factor A. A situation involving a large number of inmates making a forcible attempt to take control of a sizable area of the prison for a substantial amount of time. B. When prisoners refuse to leave their cells. C. An altercation involving three or more inmates resulting in official action, but where staff control of the facility is maintained. D. Underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot. E. One or several specific events that spark a riot.

Underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot

The observation that essentially all prisoners return to live in free society is called the golden rule of criminology. the iron law of imprisonment. Beccaria's rule. restorative justice.

the iron law of imprisonment

When considering how staff members such as probation officers or community corrections counselors relate to offenders being friendly is more important than having any particular training. it is important that meetings be held at least three times per week. the use of negative reinforcement must be frequent. the quality of the interaction is more important than the quantity.

the quality of the interaction is more important than the quantity.

According to a 2012 public opinion survey, American voters believe too little money is being spent on imprisonment. too few people are in prison. too many people are in prison. more nonviolent offenders need to be imprisoned.

too many people are in prison.

An environment that is physically separate from the larger society and where every detail of a person's life is controlled (clothing, food, housing, daily routine) is referred to as deprivation hypothesis. pains of imprisonment. total institution. super-max syndrome.

total institution

Inmates who earn the privilege of working specialty maintenance jobs that offer more freedom or movement throughout the prison are called outcasts. cleaners. trusties. players.

trusties

When prisoners are returned to the community without supervision they are said to have received a(n) ________ release paroled unconditional conditional preterm

unconditional

According to a recent study of state good time provisions, there is considerable variation in the amount of good time available to prisoners, but the norm seems to be 35 to 40 weeks per year. 10 to 20 days per month. 5 to 10 days per month. 2 to 3 days per month.

10 to 20 days per month

Older prisoners (those over age 50) comprise about what percent of the inmate population? 2%. 25%. 54%. 11%.

11%

In 1990, women were 9 percent of the jail population. By 2014 that percentage had grown to 15%. 27%. 33%. 47%.

15%

Most inmates work about ________ in prison 2-3 hours per day more than 8 hours per day 5-6 hours per day None of the above. Most prisoners do not work.

2-3 hours per day

Public opinion surveys indicate that respondents believe about ________ percent of the current prison population could be released from prison and not pose a threat to overall public safety. 80 20 5 60

20

Today, ________ U.S. states, plus the federal government and the military, have death penalty statutes. 42 21 31 12

31

Data from a sample of state court felony cases found what percentage of defendants who were released prior to case disposition made all scheduled court appearances and had not pretrial misconduct 40%. 90%. 20%. 70%

70%

Community reparation board A. The process of release preparation that begins within the institution and continues with community supervision. B. A group that involves community members in an offender's reentry to society. C. A minimum-security prison-based or community-based facility housing prisoners who have not yet been granted parole or who have been promised a future parole date. D. An authorized temporary overnight leave of absence from prison lasting 24 to 72 hours.

A group that involves community members in an offender's reentry to society.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the typical federal prisoner? U.S. citizen. Male. Black/African-American. All the above are characteristics of the typical federal prisoner. None of the above is characteristic of the typical federal prisoner.

Black/African-American

Prison riot A. A situation involving a large number of inmates making a forcible attempt to take control of a sizable area of the prison for a substantial amount of time. B. When prisoners refuse to leave their cells. C. An altercation involving three or more inmates resulting in official action, but where staff control of the facility is maintained. D. Underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot. E. One or several specific events that spark a riot.

A situation involving a large number of inmates making a forcible attempt to take control of a sizable area of the prison for a substantial amount of time.

Inmate subculture A. A system of unwritten rules that directs inmate behavior. B. The process by which the prisoners learn the norms of life in prison. C. A society with its own norms and values defined by inmates with the most power and influence. D. The language, slang, and physical gestures used to communicate meaning in prison.

A society with its own norms and values defined by inmates with the most power and influence.

Bail bond A. A nonfinancial pretrial release wherein the defendant is released on a promise to fulfill some requirement such as staying employed. B. A written agreement by the defendant to pay cash or relinquish property to the court if the defendant fails to attend required court appearances. C. When a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if required court appearances are missed. D. Pretrial release based only on the defendant's promise to appear for trial (not backed with money or property).

A written agreement by the defendant to pay cash or relinquish property to the court if the defendant fails to attend required court appearances.

Which of the following describes people who favor the elimination of the death penalty in modern-day society? Deterrents. Retentionists. Abolitionists. Libertarians.

Abolitionists.

Delinquency offense A. The juvenile agrees to submit to certain supervisory conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent. B. The idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens. C. Misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity. D. Act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult. E. The informal response to a juvenile court case.

Act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult.

Disturbance A. A situation involving a large number of inmates making a forcible attempt to take control of a sizable area of the prison for a substantial amount of time. B. When prisoners refuse to leave their cells. C. An altercation involving three or more inmates resulting in official action, but where staff control of the facility is maintained. D. Underlying conditions that occur over an extended period of time and provide the foundation for a riot. E. One or several specific events that spark a riot.

An altercation involving three or more inmates resulting in official action, but where staff control of the facility is maintained.

Problem-solving courts A. An alternative process for people arrested for misdemeanors, nonviolent felonies, and have a history of alcohol or drug abuse or have other specific conditions believed to be causing criminal behavior. B. A form of aftercare for recovering addicts who have completed a residential program. C. Frequently address offenders with co-occurring disorders. D. Participants are involved in activities while they live and work independently in the community.

An alternative process for people arrested for misdemeanors, nonviolent felonies, and have a history of alcohol or drug abuse or have other specific conditions believed to be causing criminal behavior

Furlough A. The process of release preparation that begins within the institution and continues with community supervision. B. A group that involves community members in an offender's reentry to society. C. A minimum-security prison-based or community-based facility housing prisoners who have not yet been granted parole or who have been promised a future parole date. D. An authorized temporary overnight leave of absence from prison lasting 24 to 72 hours.

An authorized temporary overnight leave of absence from prison lasting 24 to 72 hours.

Retribution A. Discourage future criminal acts by both the offender and others. B. Assuring the offender receives a just and adequate punishment. C. Providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding. D. Isolation of the offender from the general population. E. Make the victim and community whole again by returning things as much as possible to how they were before the crime occurred.

Assuring the offender receives a just and adequate punishment.

Restitution A. A court-ordered cash payment that an offender makes to the victim to offset some of the losses incurred from the crime. B. Requires offenders to remain at a specific location, except for such purposes as employment, school, treatment, medical emergencies, or approved shopping trips. C. A nonresidential community corrections sanction that blends high levels of control with the delivery of specific services needed by offenders. D. A general fund by which state governments disperse money to qualifying victims of violent crimes for payment of bills and lost wages

A court-ordered cash payment that an offender makes to the victim to offset some of the losses incurred from the crime.

Operational capacity A. Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. B. The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity. C. The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state. D. Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors. E. A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate. F. Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate

Relapse prevention A. An alternative process for people arrested for misdemeanors, nonviolent felonies, and have a history of alcohol or drug abuse or have other specific conditions believed to be causing criminal behavior. B. A form of aftercare for recovering addicts who have completed a residential program. C. Frequently address offenders with co-occurring disorders. D. Participants are involved in activities while they live and work independently in the community.

A form of aftercare for recovering addicts who have completed a residential program

Intensive supervision A. Community supervision of an offender under court-imposed conditions for a specified time period during which the court can modify conditions as needed. B. A form of short-term imprisonment that emphasizes rules and regulations and includes a combination of hard work, physical conditioning, and treatment. C. Community-based facility that houses offenders and serves as midpoints between liberty in the community and deprivation of liberty in a prison. D. A form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations governing the offender's movement and behavior. E. A nonresidential community-based sanction that blends high levels of supervision with the delivery of specific services needed by the offender.

A form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations governing the offender's movement and behavior.

Boot camp A. Community supervision of an offender under court-imposed conditions for a specified time period during which the court can modify conditions as needed. B. A form of short-term imprisonment that emphasizes rules and regulations and includes a combination of hard work, physical conditioning, and treatment. C. Community-based facility that houses offenders and serves as midpoints between liberty in the community and deprivation of liberty in a prison. D. A form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations governing the offender's movement and behavior. E. A nonresidential community-based sanction that blends high levels of supervision with the delivery of specific services needed by the offender.

A form of short-term imprisonment that emphasizes rules and regulations and includes a combination of hard work, physical conditioning, and treatment.

Victim compensation A. A court-ordered cash payment that an offender makes to the victim to offset some of the losses incurred from the crime. B. Requires offenders to remain at a specific location, except for such purposes as employment, school, treatment, medical emergencies, or approved shopping trips. C. A nonresidential community corrections sanction that blends high levels of control with the delivery of specific services needed by offenders. D. A general fund by which state governments disperse money to qualifying victims of violent crimes for payment of bills and lost wages

A general fund by which state governments disperse money to qualifying victims of violent crimes for payment of bills and lost wages

Marco, a state prison employee, is charged with guiding inmates through all aspects of their prison sentence and also serves as a liaison between inmates and the outside community. Which staff position does Marco hold? Recreational staff. Case manager. Religious staff. Counseling staff.

Case manager.

Probation Officer Chen spends much of her day mentoring and providing advice to her clients. Which "hat" is Chen wearing, or what form of service delivery is she following? Linkage. Casework. Brokerage. Triage.

Casework.

The first state prison in the sense of a facility housing only convicted offenders (not those simply accused of crime) from all over the state was Boston Prison. Walnut Street Jail (Philadelphia). Castle Island (Boston). Newgate Prison (Simsbury, CT)

Castle Island (Boston

________ was an eighteenth century Italian criminologist who believed that punishment should be used only for good. Jeremy Bentham Thomas Towers Clifford Harris Cesare Beccaria

Cesare Beccaria

Statutory exclusion A. In cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court. B. Juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders. C. Juvenile court judge forgoes jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court. D. Criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles. E. Prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult.

Criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles

Of the factors that research has identified as effective in predicting recidivism, which of the following is a dynamic factor? Alcohol/substance abuse history. Criminal thinking patterns. Gender. Age at first arrest

Criminal thinking patterns.

Institutional corrections A. Two or more independent and rigorous studies show a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group. B. Programs depend on correctional resources available in the community. C. Correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes. D. Offenders are housed apart from their community, friends, and family. E. At least one high-quality or rigorous study shows a program to be effective.

Offenders are housed apart from their community, friends, and family

What is meant by the notion of "civil death"? Inmates must be executed within five years of a death sentence being imposed. States can require inmates to participate in treatment programs even if the inmate does not want to participate. State prison authorities cannot impose certain policies on inmates. Offenders forfeit all rights and privileges of citizenship.

Offenders forfeit all rights and privileges of citizenship.

Data from the Illinois Department of Corrections show that which of the following offender profiles is less likely to commit a new offense within three years after being released? Persons being released with a communicable disease. Older inmates (age 70-79). Young inmates (age 20-25). Middle-aged inmates (age 45-55).

Older inmates (age 70-79).

Which of the following is NOT a reason for a juvenile to be brought to juvenile court? Situations wherein the juvenile has been involved in activities that adults consider to be inappropriate or undesirable behavior for a juvenile. Situations wherein the juvenile has been involved in activities that would be criminal if done by an adult. Situations wherein a child or juvenile has been neglected, abused, exploited, or mistreated. Situations wherein a person who is now an adult is believed to have committed a serious delinquent offense when he or she was a juvenile.

Situations wherein a person who is now an adult is believed to have committed a serious delinquent offense when he or she was a juvenile

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of community-based sanctions? The offender is able to live at home. There are cost savings to taxpayers over jail or prison. Some offenders are in programs that are more restrictive than needed. There is an increased chance that the offender will pay back restitution to victims

Some offenders are in programs that are more restrictive than needed

Since 1976, most executions have taken place in the ________ and the fewest in the ________. South / West West / Midwest South / Northeast Northeast / West

South / Northeast

Incorporation A. A law imposing a greater punishment for a crime than was allowed when the crime was committed. B. Judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court in order to determine the legality of the prisoner's detention. C. Legal theory arguing that all provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause. D. Those personal, natural rights that protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment.

Legal theory arguing that all provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause.

Prerelease center A. The process of release preparation that begins within the institution and continues with community supervision. B. A group that involves community members in an offender's reentry to society. C. A minimum-security prison-based or community-based facility housing prisoners who have not yet been granted parole or who have been promised a future parole date. D. An authorized temporary overnight leave of absence from prison lasting 24 to 72 hours.

. A minimum-security prison-based or community-based facility housing prisoners who have not yet been granted parole or who have been promised a future parole date.

Mental health disorder A. Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments. B. A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional. C. A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression. D. Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency. E. Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.

A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional.

Clemency A. A stay of execution that grants time for something, such as an appeal, to happen. B. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. C. A broad term describing an act of leniency in the criminal justice system. D. Releases the person (partially or fully) from the legal consequences of the crime.

A broad term describing an act of leniency in the criminal justice system.

Ex post facto laws A. A law imposing a greater punishment for a crime than was allowed when the crime was committed. B. Judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court in order to determine the legality of the prisoner's detention. C. Legal theory arguing that all provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause. D. Those personal, natural rights that protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment.

A law imposing a greater punishment for a crime than was allowed when the crime was committed.

Serious mental illness A. Confinement facilities usually operated by state or federal governments. B. A broad category identifying convicted offenders who are considered to have mental health problems as a result of self-reported clinical diagnosis or treatment by a mental health professional. C. A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression. D. Confinement facilities operated by a state government, rather than the more typical local government agency. E. Confinement facilities usually operated by city or county governments.

A narrow category used to identify convicted offenders suffering from such conditions as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorder, or major depression.

Conditional release A. A nonfinancial pretrial release wherein the defendant is released on a promise to fulfill some requirement such as staying employed. B. A written agreement by the defendant to pay cash or relinquish property to the court if the defendant fails to attend required court appearances. C. When a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if required court appearances are missed. D. Pretrial release based only on the defendant's promise to appear for trial (not backed with money or property).

A nonfinancial pretrial release wherein the defendant is released on a promise to fulfill some requirement such as staying employed.

Day Reporting Center A. A court-ordered cash payment that an offender makes to the victim to offset some of the losses incurred from the crime. B. Requires offenders to remain at a specific location, except for such purposes as employment, school, treatment, medical emergencies, or approved shopping trips. C. A nonresidential community corrections sanction that blends high levels of control with the delivery of specific services needed by offenders. D. A general fund by which state governments disperse money to qualifying victims of violent crimes for payment of bills and lost wages

A nonresidential community corrections sanction that blends high levels of control with the delivery of specific services needed by offenders

Day reporting A. Community supervision of an offender under court-imposed conditions for a specified time period during which the court can modify conditions as needed. B. A form of short-term imprisonment that emphasizes rules and regulations and includes a combination of hard work, physical conditioning, and treatment. C. Community-based facility that houses offenders and serves as midpoints between liberty in the community and deprivation of liberty in a prison. D. A form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations governing the offender's movement and behavior. E. A nonresidential community-based sanction that blends high levels of supervision with the delivery of specific services needed by the offender.

A nonresidential community-based sanction that blends high levels of supervision with the delivery of specific services needed by the offender.

Civil disabilities A. All rights and privileges of citizenship are forfeited, including things such as the right to enter into a contract or the right to sue. B. Sanctions operating mostly beyond public view, yet having very serious adverse consequences for the individuals affected. C. The loss of the right to vote due, for example, to a felony conviction. D. A partial rather than an absolute loss of rights and privileges. E. Secondary outcomes beyond the actual sentence that was imposed.

A partial rather than an absolute loss of rights and privileges.

Aging prisoner A. A prisoner who is age 50 and over. B. Separate facilities specifically designed for aging inmates where they have no contact with the younger general population. C. Available, in prison, for terminally ill prisoners who do not have medical parole. D. Available on a case-by-case basis for inmates who are permanently incapacitated or terminally ill.

A prisoner who is age 50 and over.

Commutation A. A stay of execution that grants time for something, such as an appeal, to happen. B. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. C. A broad term describing an act of leniency in the criminal justice system. D. Releases the person (partially or fully) from the legal consequences of the crime.

A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch.

Commutation of sentence A. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. B. The return of prisoners to the larger community without supervision. C. The automatically release from prison of an inmate who has completed his or her maximum prison sentence less any goodtime credit. D. Conditional early release from imprisonment at the discretion of a state paroling authority and continued supervision in the community. E. The maximum time on a prison sentence has been served.

A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch.

External classification A. A stage in the classification process wherein an inmate's custody level, treatment program, or work assignment is reevaluated to be sure it is still appropriate. B. A stage in the classification process wherein a prisoner's custody level is determined and, based on that custody level, in which the prison inmate begins serving the sentence. C. The process and procedures by which prison officials determine the risk posed by each offender and the offender's individual treatment needs. D. Classification procedures that have a factual, impartial, and observable base rather than the intuitive footing of subjective systems. E. Establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments within the prison

A stage in the classification process wherein a prisoner's custody level is determined and, based on that custody level, in which the prison inmate begins serving the sentence

Reclassification A. A stage in the classification process wherein an inmate's custody level, treatment program, or work assignment is reevaluated to be sure it is still appropriate. B. A stage in the classification process wherein a prisoner's custody level is determined and, based on that custody level, in which the prison inmate begins serving the sentence. C. The process and procedures by which prison officials determine the risk posed by each offender and the offender's individual treatment needs. D. Classification procedures that have a factual, impartial, and observable base rather than the intuitive footing of subjective systems. E. Establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments within the prison

A stage in the classification process wherein an inmate's custody level, treatment program, or work assignment is reevaluated to be sure it is still appropriate.

Reprieve A. A stay of execution that grants time for something, such as an appeal, to happen. B. A reduction of the sentence through action in the executive branch. C. A broad term describing an act of leniency in the criminal justice system. D. Releases the person (partially or fully) from the legal consequences of the crime.

A stay of execution that grants time for something, such as an appeal, to happen

Reformatory A. Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas. B. A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community. C. Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons D. Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system. E. The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.

A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community.

Inmate code A. A system of unwritten rules that directs inmate behavior. B. The process by which the prisoners learn the norms of life in prison. C. A society with its own norms and values defined by inmates with the most power and influence. D. The language, slang, and physical gestures used to communicate meaning in prison.

A system of unwritten rules that directs inmate behavior

Indeterminate sentencing A. Required, rather than suggested, protocol for a judge to use when deciding a sentence. B. Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders. C. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period. D. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range. E. Suggested, rather than required, protocol that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period.

Determinate sentencing A. Required, rather than suggested, protocol for a judge to use when deciding a sentence. B. Requires a prison sentence for some crimes and some offenders. C. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence that covers a time range rather than a fixed period. D. A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range. E. Suggested, rather than required, protocol that stipulate a time range for a judge to use when deciding a sentence.

A system wherein the convicted offender receives a sentence to a specific time period rather than a time range.

Successful residential treatment programs for juveniles are those that do which of the following? Support mental health issues rather than focusing on punishment. Provide aggression replacement training such as anger control. Focus on specific skills such as behavior management or family counseling. All of the above. None of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following is an example of incapacitation through technology? Surgical castration of sex offenders. Monitoring offender movement with the use of electronic devices. Chemical intervention such as Antabuse for alcoholics. All of the above are examples of incapacitation through technology. None of the above is an example of incapacitation through technology.

All of the above are examples of incapacitation through technology.

The transfer of a juvenile to adult criminal court can occur as the result of in some states the criminal courts actually have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles. prosecutor decides to try the juvenile as an adult. juvenile court judge waives jurisdiction in the matter. All of the above are possible, depending on the state. None of the above. Juveniles cannot be transferred to adult criminal court.

All of the above are possible, depending on the state.

Civil death A. All rights and privileges of citizenship are forfeited, including things such as the right to enter into a contract or the right to sue. B. Sanctions operating mostly beyond public view, yet having very serious adverse consequences for the individuals affected. C. The loss of the right to vote due, for example, to a felony conviction. D. A partial rather than an absolute loss of rights and privileges. E. Secondary outcomes beyond the actual sentence that was imposed.

All rights and privileges of citizenship are forfeited, including things such as the right to enter into a contract or the right to sue.

According to evidence-based practices research, sentencing to which of the following programs should be avoided since they don't reduce-or may even increase-recidivism? Adult boot camps. "Scared straight" programs. Wilderness programs. All the above are programs to which sentencing should be avoided. None of these programs are ones to which sentencing should be avoided.

All the above are programs to which sentencing should be avoided.

Correctional program that is "promising" A. Two or more independent and rigorous studies show a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group. B. Programs depend on correctional resources available in the community. C. Correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes. D. Offenders are housed apart from their community, friends, and family. E. At least one high-quality or rigorous study shows a program to be effective.

At least one high-quality or rigorous study shows a program to be effective.

Compassionate release A. A prisoner who is age 50 and over. B. Separate facilities specifically designed for aging inmates where they have no contact with the younger general population. C. Available, in prison, for terminally ill prisoners who do not have medical parole. D. Available on a case-by-case basis for inmates who are permanently incapacitated or terminally ill.

Available on a case-by-case basis for inmates who are permanently incapacitated or terminally ill.

Prison hospice A. A prisoner who is age 50 and over. B. Separate facilities specifically designed for aging inmates where they have no contact with the younger general population. C. Available, in prison, for terminally ill prisoners who do not have medical parole. D. Available on a case-by-case basis for inmates who are permanently incapacitated or terminally ill.

Available, in prison, for terminally ill prisoners who do not have medical parole

Objective classification system A. A stage in the classification process wherein an inmate's custody level, treatment program, or work assignment is reevaluated to be sure it is still appropriate. B. A stage in the classification process wherein a prisoner's custody level is determined and, based on that custody level, in which the prison inmate begins serving the sentence. C. The process and procedures by which prison officials determine the risk posed by each offender and the offender's individual treatment needs. D. Classification procedures that have a factual, impartial, and observable base rather than the intuitive footing of subjective systems. E. Establishes the prisoner's housing, program, and work assignments within the prison

Classification procedures that have a factual, impartial, and observable base rather than the intuitive footing of subjective systems.

Which program represents restorative justice principles by involving community members and treatment providers in the reentry process? Prerelease centers. Day reporting centers. Community reparation boards. Furlough stations.

Community reparation boards.

Regular probation A. Community supervision of an offender under court-imposed conditions for a specified time period during which the court can modify conditions as needed. B. A form of short-term imprisonment that emphasizes rules and regulations and includes a combination of hard work, physical conditioning, and treatment. C. Community-based facility that houses offenders and serves as midpoints between liberty in the community and deprivation of liberty in a prison. D. A form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations governing the offender's movement and behavior. E. A nonresidential community-based sanction that blends high levels of supervision with the delivery of specific services needed by the offender.

Community supervision of an offender under court-imposed conditions for a specified time period during which the court can modify conditions as needed.

Halfway house A. Community supervision of an offender under court-imposed conditions for a specified time period during which the court can modify conditions as needed. B. A form of short-term imprisonment that emphasizes rules and regulations and includes a combination of hard work, physical conditioning, and treatment. C. Community-based facility that houses offenders and serves as midpoints between liberty in the community and deprivation of liberty in a prison. D. A form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations governing the offender's movement and behavior. E. A nonresidential community-based sanction that blends high levels of supervision with the delivery of specific services needed by the offender.

Community-based facility that houses offenders and serves as midpoints between liberty in the community and deprivation of liberty in a prison.

Which of the following involves a discretionary reduction of an offender's sentence length by a designated individual(s) in the executive branch (for example, the governor). Commutation of sentence. Modified probation Mitigated release. Curtailed parole.

Commutation of sentence.

Which of the following is the most frequent cause of prisoner death in custody? Heart disease or other illnesses. AIDS. Suicide. Drug/Alcohol overdose.

Heart disease or other illnesses.

There are three broad categories of challenges that prisoners face when returning to the community. Into which category does sobriety and recovery from alcohol or drug addiction fall? Establishing structure and stability in a myriad of choices. Connecting to social services and community agencies. Reading, understanding, and implementing the Second Chance Act provisions. Choosing supportive relationships

Connecting to social services and community agencies.

Evidence-based practice A. Two or more independent and rigorous studies show a significant difference between the treatment group and the control group. B. Programs depend on correctional resources available in the community. C. Correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes. D. Offenders are housed apart from their community, friends, and family. E. At least one high-quality or rigorous study shows a program to be effective.

Correctional interventions for which there is consistent and solid scientific evidence showing that they work to meet the intended outcomes.

Prison hulks A. Exemplified the idea that convicts should be isolated to encourage penitence and prevent cross-contamination of evil ideas. B. A system of prison discipline with an interest in preparing inmates for their eventual return to the community. C. Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons D. Exemplifies use of the congregate and silent system. E. The permanent expulsion of criminals to remote locations.

Eighteenth-century British merchant and naval ships converted into floating prisons

Mental health courts A. An alternative process for people arrested for misdemeanors, nonviolent felonies, and have a history of alcohol or drug abuse or have other specific conditions believed to be causing criminal behavior. B. A form of aftercare for recovering addicts who have completed a residential program. C. Frequently address offenders with co-occurring disorders. D. Participants are involved in activities while they live and work independently in the community.

Frequently address offenders with co-occurring disorders

General incapacitation A. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place. B. Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention. C. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage a person from committing additional crimes. D. Imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection.

Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention.

Selective incapacitation A. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage people from committing a crime in the first place. B. Imprisonment is acceptable and desirable on an extensive scale for a wide range of offenders as a means of crime prevention. C. Seeks to prevent crime by using punishment to discourage a person from committing additional crimes. D. Imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection.

Imprisonment is reserved for those very few offenders who must truly be locked away for society's protection.

________ refers to an informal, unwritten set of ideal norms that directs an inmate's behavior. Prison argot Deprivation Prisonization Inmate code

Inmate code

Minimum-security facility A. Prisons at the highest security level, with prisoners isolated from the general population and from each other. B. The number of inmates that facility planners or architects intended as the facilities capacity. C. The maximum number of beds or inmates allocated by an official to institutions in the state. D. Facilities with chain-link fences, razor wire, and electronic sensors. E. A facility size based on the ability of the staff, programs, and services to accommodate. F. Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision

Institutions where inmates have considerable personal freedom and more relaxed supervision.

Judicial waiver A. In cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court. B. Juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders. C. Juvenile court judge forgoes jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court. D. Criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles. E. Prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult.

Juvenile court judge forgoes jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court

Incapacitation A. Discourage future criminal acts by both the offender and others. B. Assuring the offender receives a just and adequate punishment. C. Providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding. D. Isolation of the offender from the general population. E. Make the victim and community whole again by returning things as much as possible to how they were before the crime occurred.

Isolation of the offender from the general population.

Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the age-crime curve? Juvenile crime rises in preadolescence, peaks at around 13, and drops thereafter. Juvenile crime rises in early adolescence, peaks at around 15, and drops thereafter. Juvenile crime rises through adolescence, peaks at around 18, and drops thereafter. Juvenile crime rises in late adolescence, peaks at around 21, and drops thereafter.

Juvenile crime rises through adolescence, peaks at around 18, and drops thereafter

________ is generally considered as the "founder" of modern probation. Zebulon Brockway Oxenbridge Thacher Matthew Hill John Augustus

John Augustus

This person is often considered the greatest prison reformer of modern times. Howard Johnson. Moses. William the Conqueror. John Howard.

John Howard

Writ of habeas corpus A. A law imposing a greater punishment for a crime than was allowed when the crime was committed. B. Judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court in order to determine the legality of the prisoner's detention. C. Legal theory arguing that all provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause. D. Those personal, natural rights that protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment.

Judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court in order to determine the legality of the prisoner's detention

Juvenile blended sentences A. In cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court. B. Juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders. C. Juvenile court judge forgoes jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court. D. Criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles. E. Prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult.

Juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders

By the end of this time period in England, punishment had become less cruel and moved toward exhibitory punishments such as stocks and pillories. William the Conqueror's reign. Middle Ages. King Hammurabi's reign. Mosaic.

Middle ages

Status offense A. The juvenile agrees to submit to certain supervisory conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent. B. The idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens. C. Misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity. D. Act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult. E. The informal response to a juvenile court case.

Misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity.

What name is given to the use of smaller correctional programs housed in small sites (rather than large congregate care facilities) where the emphasis is on rehabilitation in small groups, constant therapeutic intervention, and minimal force? Restorative Hospice. Reformatory Model. Missouri Model. Therapeutic Prototype.

Missouri Model.

Which of the following best describes the means by which most of those people leaving death row since 1976 have left? Most were executed. Most received clemency. Most died from causes other than execution. Most had their sentence or conviction overturned by an appeals or higher court.

Most had their sentence or conviction overturned by an appeals or higher court.

Which treatment type has both a family-based and a community-based aspect? Functional Family Therapy. Scared Straight programs. Multisystemic Therapy. Blended sentencing.

Multisystemic Therapy.

What goal was to be achieved by separating prisoners from each other? They would be deterred from future crime. Penitence would be encouraged and cross-contamination of evil ideas prevented. Prisons could be built more economically. All the above were stated goals of separating prisoners. None of the above were stated goals of separating prisoners

Penitence would be encouraged and cross-contamination of evil ideas prevented.

During the nineteenth century, the ________ worked to have long-term punishment as a humanitarian alternative to the death penalty. Pennsylvania Utilitarians New England Lutherans Pennsylvania Quakers Maine Pilgrims

Pennsylvania Quakers

Which of the following factors represents the most significant risk factor relating to early onset of delinquency in females? Substance abuse. Poor academic performance. Teen pregnancy. Societal factors.

Poor academic performance.

Release on recognizance A. A nonfinancial pretrial release wherein the defendant is released on a promise to fulfill some requirement such as staying employed. B. A written agreement by the defendant to pay cash or relinquish property to the court if the defendant fails to attend required court appearances. C. When a defendant is released without having to make any payment but is liable for the full bail amount if required court appearances are missed. D. Pretrial release based only on the defendant's promise to appear for trial (not backed with money or property).

Pretrial release based only on the defendant's promise to appear for trial (not backed with money or property)

Direct file A. In cases where a juvenile is tried as an adult, the criminal court judge can impose juvenile sentences that would ordinarily be available only to juvenile court. B. Juvenile court judge can impose both juvenile and adult sanctions on certain categories of serious juvenile offenders. C. Juvenile court judge forgoes jurisdiction over a case and transfers it to criminal court. D. Criminal courts have original jurisdiction for certain crimes committed by juveniles. E. Prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult.

Prosecutor decides to try a juvenile as an adult

Which of the following is NOT considered a primary goal of problem-solving courts? Stabilize clients faster. Provide for prosecutorial involvement in the treatment process. Reduce recidivism. Increase treatment services.

Provide for prosecutorial involvement in the treatment process.

Rehabilitation A. Discourage future criminal acts by both the offender and others. B. Assuring the offender receives a just and adequate punishment. C. Providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding. D. Isolation of the offender from the general population. E. Make the victim and community whole again by returning things as much as possible to how they were before the crime occurred.

Providing the offender with skills, attitudes, and norms that enable him/her to be law-abiding.

The Prison Litigation Reform Act (PLRA. affects prisoner litigation through three provisions. Which of the following is NOT one of those provisions? Three-strikes provision. Prisoners are prohibited, except in cases of immediate threat of physical harm, from filing new lawsuits after having previously filed three or more lawsuits that were dismissed as frivolous. Exhausted remedies provision. Prisoners must use all available administration remedies at their place of confinement before filing a complaint in court. Frequent filer provision. Prisoner must pay full filing fee, or at least a down payment followed by installment payments. Qualified assistant provision. To encourage legitimate suits, prisoner must have the assistance of a qualified person (e.g., a lawyer, law student, or paralegal) when filing a lawsuit.

Qualified assistant provision. To encourage legitimate suits, prisoner must have the assistance of a qualified person (e.g., a lawyer, law student, or paralegal) when filing a lawsuit

Rapist A. Sex offender who has experienced violence and/or sexual abuse in the past. B. Sex offender who is socially competent and generally resembles law-abiding citizens. C. Inappropriate sexual contact with family members/acquaintances, child molestation, sexual assault or rape of adults. D. Sex offender with low self-esteem, socially awkward as a child, and unmarried.

Sex offender who has experienced violence and/or sexual abuse in the past.

Incest offender A. Sex offender who has experienced violence and/or sexual abuse in the past. B. Sex offender who is socially competent and generally resembles law-abiding citizens. C. Inappropriate sexual contact with family members/acquaintances, child molestation, sexual assault or rape of adults. D. Sex offender with low self-esteem, socially awkward as a child, and unmarried.

Sex offender who is socially competent and generally resembles law-abiding citizens.

Child molester A. Sex offender who has experienced violence and/or sexual abuse in the past. B. Sex offender who is socially competent and generally resembles law-abiding citizens. C. Inappropriate sexual contact with family members/acquaintances, child molestation, sexual assault or rape of adults. D. Sex offender with low self-esteem, socially awkward as a child, and unmarried.

Sex offender with low self-esteem, socially awkward as a child, and unmarried.

Parens patriate A. The juvenile agrees to submit to certain supervisory conditions without being formally charged or adjudicated as delinquent. B. The idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens. C. Misbehavior that is considered wrong only because society does not consider the juvenile old enough for such activity. D. Act that would be criminal had it been done by an adult. E. The informal response to a juvenile court case.

The idea that the court is the ultimate parent of all minors and therefore has final responsibility for its younger citizens.

Prisons developed differently in the South and North. Which of the following is NOT considered a cause of the differences? There was a preference in the South to have justice dispensed at the state rather than local level. Religious groups in the North promoted penitentiaries, whereas religious groups in the South preferred the application of corporal and capital punishment. Destruction brought by the Civil War meant Southerners directed their attention toward rebuilding their homes and communities rather than at philanthropic endeavors aimed at criminals. The South's agricultural economy made prison farms and work camps more viable than large penitentiaries where inmates produced a product.

There was a preference in the South to have justice dispensed at the state rather than local level.

Civil rights A. A law imposing a greater punishment for a crime than was allowed when the crime was committed. B. Judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court in order to determine the legality of the prisoner's detention. C. Legal theory arguing that all provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the due process clause. D. Those personal, natural rights that protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment.

Those personal, natural rights that protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment.

Sir Walter Crofton, director of the Irish prison system, created a procedure that allowed inmates to be released from prison before their actual sentence was completed. What term was applied to this forerunner to modern day parole? "Get out of jail" card. Ticket-of-leave. Probation. Early release.

Ticket-of-leave

As more research is conducted on women involved in the criminal justice system, it becomes increasingly clear that there are no, or at least minimal, differences in the paths to criminality taken by males and females. when differences between men and women are accounted for in jail and prison management, such gender-informed responses can actually enhance the safety and security of jails and prisons. there are no, or at least minimal, differences in how men and women respond to custody and supervision. All the above are supported by the research. None of the above is supported by the research.

when differences between men and women are accounted for in jail and prison management, such gender-informed responses can actually enhance the safety and security of jails and prisons.

Since 1976, most (55%) of the persons executed were Latino. Asian-American. African-American. White.

white