Criminal Justice Test 2
__________ are the line-level employees responsible for supervising parolees in the community from the time of their release until they either successfully leave supervision or have their parole revoked.
parole officers
Which law, enacted by the British Parliament in 1853, enabled prisoners to be released into the community and supervised by the police?
penal servitude act
Which stage of Maconochie's marks system emphasized punishment and included solitary confinement and a diet of bread and water?
penal stage
__________ is face-to-face contact between a parole officer and an offender.
positive contact
The process by which an inmate leaves prison and returns to the community is known as __________ .
prisoner reentry
The primary purpose of __________ is to maintain surveillance, enforce conditions of probation, and guide offenders into treatment to protect the public from further crimes.
probation supervision
A(n) __________ caseload comprises standard probationers who require no special program or supervision.
regular
Which nineteenth-century director of the Irish prison system created a four-stage system of graduated release from prison?
sir walter crofton
What was the first stage of the Irish system of release?
solitary confinement
A combination of a short jail sentence with a return to the community on probation is a(n) __________ .
split sentence
The __________ style of supervising community offenders emphasizes monitoring and enforcing compliance with the rules of supervision and detecting violations leading to revocation and return to custody.
surveillance
The use of prisons as a criminal sanction has increased, in part, because of the public's increasing fear of crime, decreasing tolerance of criminals, and demand for tougher sentencing laws.
true
Which type of Federal Bureau of Prison facility handles the highest number of inmates?
BOP-operated prisons
A probationer cannot be arrested and detained in jail during the revocation process.
False
With house arrest, offenders face the restriction of not being able to work at a job outside of the house.
False
Over the past fifty years, the sentencing options available to judges have increased.
True
Shock probation is generally believed to be a low-cost and effective intermediate sanction for less serious felons.
True
Which of the following classifications pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" requires three contacts per month with at least one positive contact?
basic high
A military correctional facility is also called a(n) __________ .
brig
Which probation style mimics the community policing philosophy and partners with citizens groups, churches, and other neighborhood organizations?
broken-windows probation
Which of the following is NOT one of the ways the 2007 Second Chance Act proposed to ease the reentry process for individuals leaving prison?
by providing more personal liberty to the prisoners
Which of the following styles of supervising community offenders emphasizes assisting the offender with problems, providing counseling, and ensuring that the offender successfully completes supervision?
casework style
Which of the following is Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) NOT responsible for?
detaining individuals arrested for attempting to leave the United States without a valid passport
__________ use money as the means of carrying out criminal sanctions, such as restitution and forfeiture of assets.
economic sanctions
The use of technology to monitor an offender's location is __________ .
electronic monitoring
Opened in 1876, the first reformatory in the United States was the __________ .
elmira reformatory
After World War II, the retributive model of corrections was adopted as the dominant theory influencing prison practices.
false
Prison administrators try to keep inmates idle in their cells and quiet for as much of the day as possible.
false
Retribution was strongly emphasized as the goal of prisons until the 1970s.
false
The __________ is the agency within the Justice Department that is charged with housing and managing federal offenders.
federal bureau of prisons
A(n) __________ is money that offenders pay to the court as punishment for committing an offense.
fine
What is the security level of U.S. penitentiaries?
high
Which of the following calls for fixed sentences so that the punishment fits the crime?
just deserts model
Judges have little discretion in imposing special conditions of probation.
False
Which 1973 Supreme Court decision created the due process requirements for revoking probation?
Gagnon v. Scarpelli
Which of the following is a recommendation of the 1967 report by the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Inmates must be given the opportunity and capability to earn a living wage to compensate their victims and support their families.
__________ is the Boston shoemaker who became the father of probation.
John Augustus
Offenders can pay restitution through community service.
True
The Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 made way for parole, and increased the amount of good time available to federal offenders.
false
What kind of caseload includes offenders with very high risk or needs?
intensive-supervision
In the 1979 case Greenholtz v. Inmates of the Nebraska Penal and Correctional Complex, the Supreme Court determined that parole was legally a privilege and not a right.
true
When was the U.S. Department of Justice established?
1870
The superintendent of the British penal colony on Norfolk Island who created a system of marks for good behavior that could lead to a graduated release from prison was __________ .
Alexander Maconochie
Which Supreme Court case allowed an exception to parole violations by holding that failure to make restitution payments due to unemployment is not sufficient reason to revoke probation?
Bearden v. Georgia
How is prisoner reentry different today compared to a few decades ago?
Communities to which prisoners return are more disorganized and their families less supportive.
__________ , also known as halfway houses, are houses in which offenders live in the community that provide supervision, room and board, and some treatment as an alternative to prison.
Community Residential Centers
Which company received the first private contract to house adult offenders?
Corrections Corporation of America
Which private prison corporation opened the first for-profit correctional facility in 1984 and had the highest revenue of such companies in 2010?
Corrections Corporation of America
Boot camps are gaining in popularity because they are less expensive to operate than other methods of incarceration.
False
Community residential center placement rarely occurs after probationers are failing under their current supervision requirement.
False
Community supervision officers do not visit offenders' residences or places of employment.
False
Electronic monitoring is a criminal sanction, not a method of supervision.
False
In the United States, __________ is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing or deportation back to their home country.
Immigration and Customs Enforcement
Which Supreme Court decision granted probationers the right to legal counsel during the revocation hearing?
Mempa v. Rhay
Where was the first U.S. penitentiary established?
Philadelphia
Which 1981 Supreme Court decision set forth that housing two inmates in a cell designed for one did not violate the Eighth Amendment's protection from cruel and unusual punishment?
Rhodes v. Chapman
Who was the first director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons?
Sanford Bates
Which of the following is NOT a possible result if the court finds that a probationer is in violation?
The court has no discretion and must order imprisonment under the original sentence.
During a revocation hearing, a probationer may be represented by legal counsel and may have the opportunity to testify.
True
In recent years, as a result of increasing surveillance and close monitoring of offenders, the number of probation violations has risen significantly.
True
Split sentences have become more common over the past two decades thanks to the "tough on crime" approach.
True
The stay at a community residential center may be as short as 30 days.
True
Under administrative supervision, offenders have no contact with a parole or probation officer, but they still must meet their conditions.
True
Which of the following is responsible for housing illegal aliens pending a hearing?
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement
In which case did the Supreme Court determine that probation is a privilege and not a right?
U.S. v. Birnbaum
Which of the following statements is NOT true of a career as a warden?
Wardens are paid more than most chief executives in the private sector.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major steps in the sentencing and release processes for discretionary parole?
a few weeks after the hearing, the parole decision is communicated to the inmate in writing through the prison staff
Which federal institutions have special missions, such as the detention of pretrial offenders or containment of extremely dangerous inmates?
administrative facilities
________ is used only after low-risk offenders demonstrate a good adjustment to supervision.
administrative supervision
The major component of which of the following alternatives to incarceration is military regimentation, discipline, exercise, and hard work?
boot camp
__________ are risk assessments that predict the chance of an offender in the community committing new crimes and help to set the level of supervision the offender needs.
community classification systems
Criminal sanctions that involve community supervision of offenders, use correctional and program resources available in the community, and require offenders to abide by specified conditions to remain in the community are __________ .
community corrections
__________ is granted when the decision to release the offender is made by a parole board.
discretionary parole
As many drug crimes were federalized, the federal prison population declined with less than one-third of all federal prison inmates serving sentences for drug offenses.
false
Currently, drug offenders with no prior involvement in crime do not receive long, mandatory prison sentences.
false
Currently, the U.S. public disagrees that confinement facilities are the most effective way to protect the public, punish criminals, and deter them from committing further crimes after release.
false
During the 1900s, prisoners served set amounts of time in crowded prisons, with little emphasis on rehabilitation or preparation for release.
false
Hearing procedures are the same in every state.
false
In Maconochie's mark system, during the initial penal stage of incarceration inmates could begin to earn marks through work, program participation, and good behavior.
false
Inmates consider jail sentences very "easy time," because there is so little to do.
false
Inmates should do as little as possible in prison in order to prepare for release to the community.
false
Most states require that the staff of private prisons be public employees, not employees of the company that owns the prison.
false
Special conditions of parole are not similar in any way to special conditions of probation.
false
The length of parole supervision following release from prison is never more than a year.
false
Transitional employment programs provide subsidized work to current prisoners with close supervision, mentoring, and on-the-job training.
false
The decision of Congress to make a crime a federal rather than a state offense is to __________ a crime.
federalize
In some states, __________ conduct parole hearings and recommend decisions to the parole board.
hearing officers
Which of the following is sometimes referred to as "community control"?
house arrest
The __________ model for sentencing proposed by David Fogel would use flat, determinate sentences, eliminate parole boards, and make all treatment voluntary.
justice
About how many inmates did state and federal prisons hold in 1967?
less than 300,000
What should a parole officer's first step be if he or she thinks a parolee has failed to adhere to a technical condition of parole supervision?
make a determination of a violation
The __________ system was a system of credits against a sentence that allowed inmates to be released once they earned the required number through work and good behavior.
mark
In the late 1960s, the __________ model, with its emphasis on rehabilitating offenders, was the prevailing corrections philosophy.
medical
What is the security level at federal institutions that feature dormitory housing, a relatively low staff-to-inmate ratio, and limited or no perimeter fencing?
minimum
Which type of supervision is typically satisfactory for offenders who pose little risk to the community?
minimum supervision
A __________ is a statement of an organization's major function and what it is to accomplish.
mission
Which 1972 Supreme Court decision set forth that once parole is granted, offenders must have certain due process to revoke that liberty?
morrissey v. brewer
The overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders, rather than diversion of offenders from prison, is called __________ .
net widening
Which term describes the overlapping of criminal sanctions and added supervision for community-placed offenders?
net widening
__________ is an emphasis on the rational and efficient deployment of control strategies for managing and confining high-risk criminal populations.
new penology
How many contacts per month with at least one positive contact does a basic low classification pertaining to "supervision and conditions of parole" require?
none
Which document does a parole officer write when a parole violation occurs and the offender does not cooperate or absconds from supervision?
notice of violation
Which of the following requires that an offender repay society for the harm caused by his or her offense?
offender restitution
__________ is the conditional release of inmates prior to the expiration of their sentence.
parole
Which of the following was created as a means to reduce disparity and make decision making more understandable to the public and inmates?
parole guidelines
__________ are similar to sentencing guidelines and use predictive factors to determine offenders' risk to the community and chance for success.
parole guidelines
Which of the following was the ruling in the Gagnon v. Scarpelli case in 1973?
parolees have a limited right to counsel
The __________ is the date on which the inmate can expect to be released on parole.
presumptive parole
An institution designed to house convicted, adult felons serving a sentence of one year or more is a(n) __________ .
prison
Which is NOT one of Petersilia's six collateral consequences of imprisonment?
prison overcrowding
A __________ is a secure correctional facility operated by a non-governmental agency and usually in a "for profit" manner.
private prison
The term __________ is based on a Latin term that means "a period of proving oneself."
probation
Which of the following is a prison sentence that is suspended on the condition that the offender follows certain rules and commits no further crimes?
probation
Community corrections gained prominence as an adaptation of which of the following eras of corrections?
rehabilitative
Which of the following eras of corrections developed with the distinct provision that the community be an essential part of the correctional process?
reintegrative
Which is NOT a factor that has been cited in support of intermediate sanctions?
rise in the number of plea bargains
Which of the following is a point determination for each inmate for use with parole guidelines?
salient factor score
__________ is the score based on factors predictive of success on parole.
salient factor score
__________ is a system of matching offenders to institutions with the security and staff resources to prevent escapes and control inmate behavior.
security classification
Federal prisons are classified into five different __________ (minimum, low, medium, high, or administrative), with each type of facility holding inmates with similar risks of violence and escape.
security levels
The __________ of 1984 abolished parole, established determinate sentencing, and reduced the amount of good time for federal offenders.
sentencing reform act
A short period of imprisonment with a return to the community within a few weeks to continue supervision on probation is __________ .
shock probation
On which model is shock probation based?
specific deterrence
If the offender agrees that he or she has made a technical parole violation, the officer writes a report that is referred to as a __________ .
stipulated agreement
Crimes with little sophistication, such as murder, robbery, burglary, assault, and theft are __________ crimes.
street
What is the release of inmates after they have served a determinate sentence, but with a period of supervision in the community, known as?
supervised mandatory release
Probation can be revoked for __________ that is, not meeting all the conditions of supervision.
technical violations
Which enactment pertains to interstate transportation of stolen vehicles?
the Dyer Act
Which act exemplifies criminal statutes extending the authority of the federal government to prosecute new crimes that were difficult for local law enforcement agencies to handle?
the Volstead Act
Which, according to Gowdy, is a factor contributing to the expansion of the private sector's role in the penal system?
the public's view that the current penal system is too costly and too ineffective at reducing recidivism
The U.S. penitentiary in Leavenworth, Kansas, was one of the three federal prisons authorized and built under the __________ of 1891.
three penitentiary act
Which of the following early forms of parole originated on Norfolk Island in the nineteenth century and allowed the release of prisoners who had proven themselves through work and good behavior?
ticket of leave
What is the primary function of prisons?
to hold convicted felons, usually serving a sentence of a year or more
Which is NOT part of the mission statement of most prisons?
to physically discipline inmates who break the rules
What is a purpose of reentry courts?
to review inmates' reentry plans and progress
Which step does NOT occur during the formal revocation of parole?
trial by jury
An important feature in the organization of parole decision-making is that the parole board is independent from prison administrators.
true
Before the 1970s, only the most violent and dangerous offenders went to prison, while property offenders usually got probation and supervision in the community.
true
By 1944, all states had adopted the use of parole and indeterminate sentences.
true
Employment is key to successful reentry.
true
Maconochie's mark system allowed for inmates to be released once they earned the required level of marks through work and good behavior.
true
Most offenders today serve a determinate sentence that is much longer than in the past.
true
Parole offenders may waive the preliminary hearing and proceed to the full revocation hearing.
true
Prisons are a relatively new phenomenon in criminal justice and corrections.
true
The Great Depression helped to expand the use of parole, as more people were sent to prison because of unemployment and Prohibition.
true
The budgets for all three areas of the criminal justice system (police, courts, and corrections) have increased dramatically.
true
The federalization of drug laws has had the greatest effect on the increase in the number of drug offenders in prison.
true
The penitentiary was first established because the Pennsylvania Quakers decided that a more humane and efficient way to punish and reform criminals was needed.
true
The prison staff generally do not make a recommendation regarding parole in most states.
true
The role of prisons in the U.S. criminal justice system over the past several years has grown tremendously.
true
Which of the following is a form of restitution in which offenders repay their victims directly for their losses and harm caused by the offense?
victim compensation
Failure to follow conditions of parole supervision is known as a(n) __________ .
violation
The __________ began as an initiative by President Reagan to reduce the availability of and dependence on illicit drugs through interdiction, criminal sanctions, and treatment.
war on drugs
Which U.S. penologist advocated the Irish system in the United States and became the first superintendent of the Elmira Reformatory?
zebulon r. brockway