Criminalistics chapters 1-3 (exam 1)
To formulate a successful strategy for recovering relevant physical evidence at crime scenes, what must the investigator ultimately rely on?
Experience
The exposure compensation settings on a digital camera would be used to capture an image that is:
Extremely bright or dark
Which entity maintains the largest crime laboratory in the world?
FBI
Who undertook the first definitive study of fingerprints as a method of personal identification?
Francil Henry Galton
What is included in the work of the biology unit of a crime lab
Identify and perform DNA profiling on bloodstains and dried body fluids, compare hairs and fibers, id and compare botanical materials
An expert witness must be able to demonstrate:
Formal degree in forensic science
Which of the following acts is permissible for officers at the scene?
None of the above: Eat Drink Smoke
Which statement about note taking is not true?
Note taking is done after all crime scene processes have been completed
Where must detailed information about each photograph taken at a crime scene be recorded?
On a photography log
After providing medical assistance for the injured and arresting any suspects on the scene, the first officer should immediately:
Secure the scene
The size and location of the crime scene as well as the events that occurred there will determine:
The kind of search pattern that will be used to locate evidence
The advantages of recording crime-scene notes on an audio-recording device include all of the following except:
The notes can be recorded at the crime scene lab instead of at the crime scene
Who is the final evaluator of forensic evidence?
Jury
Forensic science is the application of science to:
Law
Who devised a technique for determining the blood group of a dried bloodstain, which he applied to criminal investigations?
Leone Lattes
Oblique lighting creates a shadowing effect in photographs of three-dimensional objects by placing the flash at what angle to the plane of view?
Less than 45 percent
Which search pattern is most reliant on the boundaries established?
Line
Which crime-scene search pattern does not require more than one investigator?
Line or spiral
What is the name of the search pattern in which one or two investigators start at the boundary at one end of the scene and walk straight across to the other side?
Line/Strip search pattern
What is the oldest forensic laboratory in the United States?
Los Angeles Police Department
Which lens would be best suited to photographing the details of a small but detailed tool mark found at a crime scene?
Macro lens
Who is know as the father of forensic toxicology?
Matheiu Orfila
Videorecordings of the crime scene:
Must be completed by a hard copy of notes and separate still photographs
What kind filter allows a small range of wavelengths of light and blocks all others from reaching the film or microchip?
Barrier filters
Officers should attempt to locate tool marks at the point of entry during the investigation of what type of crime?
Burglary
When taking overview photographs, the crime-scene photographer should include at least one object in multiple overview photographs to help visually piece the scene together. What is this object called?
A visual tag
Who developed the system known as anthropometry?
Alphons Bertillion
Which one of the following people did not make a contribution to forensic toxicology?
Alphonse Bertillion
Approximately how many crime labs are currently operating in the United States (including federal, state, county, and municipal labs)?
411
In what situation is the photographic technique of "painting with light" used?
At night
Recording the details of a large outdoor crime scene or the relationship of multiple crime scenes may involve
Aerial photography
Bite marks would be LEAST likely to be found in cases involving?
Arson
Who established the first workable crime laboratory?
August Vollmer
Who established the comparison microscope as the indispensable tool of the modern firearms examiner?
Calvin Goddard
Which of the following is a disadvantage of the spiral search pattern?
Difficult to complete perfect spiral and evidence can be missed
Crime-scene photography must produce examination-quality photographs, which are photographs that can be easily interpreted by whom?
Everyone involved in the case
What search pattern employs two people performing line searches that originate from adjacent corners?
Grid search pattern
Who wrote the first treatise describing the application of science to the field of criminal investigation?
Hans Gross
The most common methods of crime-scene recording do not include which one of the following?
Infrared analysis
The purpose of the crime-scene search is to locate what?
Physical evidence
In digital photography, light is recorded as a specific charge on millions of tiny what?
Pixels
Which of the following may give clues about the timing of an incident?
Position of the days newspaper inside or outside the house
Which search pattern would be best for a crime scene where many investigators are available to search a large area?
Quadrant/zone
The types of evidence commonly found during a vehicle search include all of the following except which?
Questioned documents
The number of pixels contained in a digital camera is directly related to the detail and sharpness of the image, which is called its what?
Resolution
Close-up crime-scene photographs must be taken both with and without what?
Scale
The conditions at a crime scene can be compromised by all of the following actions except:
Taking photographs at the crime scene
Forensic odontology refers to the study of which of the following?
Teeth
The camera's aperture is commonly adjusted on the SLR and DSLR cameras by adjusting what?
The f-number
Once the lead investigator determines that all pertinent evidence at the crime scene has been located, the investigators must perform what?
The final survey
The "speed" of film is a measurement of what?
The length of time the microchip is exposed to light
What feature of a digital camera's "night mode" allows the camera to gather as much light as possible to create the image?
The slower shutter speed
The concept of "general acceptance" of scientific evidence relates to what?
The standard guideline for determining the judicial admissibility of scientific exams
Which unit is responsible for examining body fluids and organs for the presence of drugs andpoisons?
Toxicology
What feature allows most digital cameras to automatically compensate for color temperatures that deviate from white?
White balance
What is the initial survey of the crime scene that is carried out by the lead investigator called?
Walk-through
Which search pattern employs several people moving from the boundary straight toward the center of the scene (inward) or from the center straight to the boundary (outward)?
Wheel/Ray search pattern
The center of the crime scene, which is always included within the crime scene's boundary, is:
Where the crime occurred
The first responding officer at the crime scene must make attempts to detain and question whom?
Witnesses and suspects