Criminology Test 1 & 2
Victims have the most power at what stage of the criminal justice process? a) Prosecution and pretrial services b) Corrections and release c) Adjudication (plea bargaining and/or trial) d) Entry into the system (reporting the crime)
E
A _____ is a request that proceedings be terminated. a) motion to dismiss b) presumptive sentence c) revocation d) plea bargain
a
A motion for a sanity hearing is made when a) the defendant claims that mental illness deprives him or her of legal responsibility. b) the evidence is discovered in the hands of the prosecution. c) the evidence presented is insufficient to establish probable cause. d) the defendant claims that a fair trial cannot be obtained in a particular county.
a
According to Ferguson (Rise of Big Data Policing) bright data is: a) Data technologies that are purposely agnostic about the role of police and focus on revealing hidden problems and patterns b) Data gaps for people in society who are too poor to be in the system or they have purposely avoided inclusion. c) Data technologies that focus on police effectiveness, reducing police violence, and strengthening training and accountability d) Data technologies that involve race, transparency, and constitutional law
a
According to the UCR, which of the following crimes is considered to be a crime against property? a) robbery b) traffic violations c) aggravated assault d) rape
a
After being taken into custody, the arrestee will appear before a judge or magistrate, who decides whether probable cause exists. This official can do all of the following EXCEPT: a) Sentence the arrestee b) Release the arrestee on their own recognizance (ROR) c) Release the arrestee on bail or percentage bail d) Detain the arrestee in jail pending further proceedings
a
Drug courts are generally: a) ineffective at intervention, but effective for punitive purposes b) ineffective at accomplishing their goals c) generally effective at intervention d) being phased out across the country
a
Historically, under the common law of England, a prisoner's detention could be tested by a judicial writ to a jailer for an inquiry. What Latin phase must the writ contain? a) writ of habeas corpus b) writ of appeal c) writ of certiorari d) writ of prosecution
a
In a well-organized municipal police department, which of the following constitutes a nonline function? a) planning and training b) traffic control c) investigative duties d) patrol duties
a
In the context of thieves, amateur thieves a) resolve some immediate crisis by stealing. b) steal when a high level of risk is involved. c) carry out their acts with strict planning. d) predominantly think of themselves as professional criminals.
a
Once a defendant has pled guilty or is convicted, the judge must impose a sanction. Judges: a) May have some choice in sentencing but not much b) May give longer sentences than the sentencing guidelines allow c) Have a great deal of discretion in terms of sentencing
a
One major problem with law enforcement and prosecution of violations of the law for pornography is: a) The definition of what is pornography b) Punishing the right person who is the "owner" of the material c) Finding the material d) Preventing sales to juveniles
a
The Industrial Espionage Act of 1996 makes the theft, unauthorized appropriation, or other misuse of _________ a federal crime. a) proprietary economic information b) none of these c) credit cards d) computer software
a
The cash obtained from drug sales in the United States is physically smuggled out of the country because it cannot be legally exported without disclosure. This describes what phenomenon? a) Money laundering b) Embezzlement c) Churning d) Inside trading
a
Under federal law, marijuana is: a) always illegal b) decriminalized c) legal for medicinal purposes d) available for prescription
a
Which of the following has been used to assert some governmental control over organized crime? a) Racketeer Influenced & Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) b) Project Headstart c) Project Exile d) none of these
a
Which of the following is a criticism of the educational approach to drug treatment? a) Most addicts are quite knowledgeable about the potential consequences of taking drugs but think of them as just part of the "game." b) Most people who begin to use drugs believe that they will easily become addicted because they have enough information about addiction c) Educational programs are the costliest way of treating drug addiction. d) Inner-city youngsters lack enough information about the harmful effects of drugs.
a
Which of the following is not one of the elements of larceny? a) The property has to be personal property and may include real estate. b) The property must be taken. c) There must be a trespass. d) The property must belong to another.
a
Which of the following statements is true about confidence games? a) They are an aggravated form of obtaining property by false pretenses b) They are the most prevalent crime in the society. c) They primarily involve shoplifting items from a retail store. d) They are the highest form of larceny.
a
______ account for the most significant share of arsonists. a) Juveniles b) Embezzlers c) Organized crime figures d) Insurance fraudsters
a
_________ is the most expensive property crime in the United States. a) Motor vehicle theft b) Arson c) Larceny d) Burlary
a
_________ is the use of material, nonpublic, financial information to obtain an unfair advantage in trading securities. a) Insider trading b) Churning c) Stock Manipulation d) Burning
a
____________ is a property as well as a violent crime; a combination of the motive for economic gain and the violent nature is what makes it so serious. a) Robbery b) Theft c) Burglary d) Felony Murder
a
_____________ is defined as the intentional killing of another person with malice forethought. a) Murder b) Voluntary Manslaughter c) Involuntary Manslaughter d) Negligent Manslaughter
a
A(n) _____ is one that inflicts little or no physical hurt. a) aggravated assault b) simple assault c) felonious assault d) sadistic assault
b
All of the following are motives of fire setting except: a) Financial gain b) Secrecy c) Revenge d) Intimidation
b
American policing differs from that found in other countries in its diversity of forces and: a) lack of control over crime. b) lack of central coordination and command. c) lack of jurisdictional territories d) lack of autonomy.
b
As a sentencing strategy or option, _____ is based on the premise that through correctional intervention an offender may be changed and returned to society as a productive citizen. a) incapacitation b) rehabilitation c) retribution d) arraignment
b
Congressional sentencing guidelines significantly increased sanctions for corporate crime, but also allowed companies large reductions in fines where there was evidence of a) a sincere apology. b) organizational due diligence. c) a conspiracy among employees d) little real impact of the crime
b
During the 1960s, _________ became one of the major drugs of choice in the United States among white, middle-class young people who identified themselves as anti-establishment. a) cocaine b) marijuana c) morphine d) heroin
b
In the United States the rate of larceny is a) extraordinarily low. b) extraordinarily high. c) about the same as the rate of burglary. d) about the same as the rate of arson
b
Most high-tech offenders, especially computer hackers, fit a rather unique profile. Which one of the following characteristics does not fit the profile? a) white males b) college graduate c) middle-class background d) IQ over 120
b
Some of the problems recognized by governments in fighting corporate crime include which of the following? a) a broad range of federal and state statutes exist in the area of corporate misconduct b) the lack of disincentives for illegal acts c) the importance of attacking this problem at the international level d) none of these
b
The Constitution states that nobody may be "seized" except on a warrant issued on the basis of __________ of having committed a crime. a) Suspected cause b) Probable cause c) Reasonable cause d) Reasonable suspicion
b
The conflict model of law assumes that: a) certain acts are deemed so threatening to the society's survival that they are designated crimes. b) the criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class within a society. c) society is a stable entity in which laws are created for the general good. d) members of a society by and large agree on what is right.
b
The decline in criminal activities with age is known as _____. a) life-course persistent offending b) the aging-out phenomenon c) the age effect d) midlife crisis
b
The intent of the __________ is to deter police from engaging in illegal practices, and to keep the courts from condoning such conduct. a) Exceptional evidence rule b) Exclusionary rule c) Excessive force rule d) Miranda warning
b
The main difference between the traditional "adult" criminal justice system and the juvenile justice system is that: a) Most juveniles are not allowed to have attorneys to represent them. b) Judges have more discretion in selecting a sanction or disposition of the case than do judges in the adult criminal justice system c) Prosecutors do not have much power in this system d) Juveniles have no civil rights so judges can waive juries and lawyers
b
The process by which lawyers and the judge examine a prospective juror to determine his or her acceptability is known as a) peremptory challenges. b) voir dire. c) challenges for cause. d) pretrial challenges.
b
The war on drugs in the late 1980's and early 1990's was focused mainly on: a) Legalization plans b) Law enforcement and punishment c) Education programs d) Treatment options
b
Which of the following statements is not true about the UCR? a) It provides crime rates. b) It differentiates between completed acts and attempted acts. c) It provides an estimate of the frequency of crime in the United States. d) It includes the number of offenses cleared by arrest.
b
Which of the following statements is true about serial murder? a) It involves killing multiple victims in one event or in very quick succession. b) It involves killing several victims over a period of time. c) It is the unintentional killing of another person without malice. d) It was treated as a misdemeanor under English Common Law.
b
Which of the following statements is true about shoplifting? a) It is considered a combination of robbery and confidence game. b) It is a low-risk offense, with a low detection rate. c) It is the largest property crime in the United States. d) It constitutes about 90 percent of all larcenies
b
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between age and crime? a) Gang membership is ordinarily confined to individuals under age 14 b) People age 65 and over account for less than one percent of all arrests c) Juveniles account for over 40 percent of arrests for Index crimes d) In any given year, approximately half of all arrests are of individuals above age 30
b
Which one of the seven ingredients of crime requires that only conduct that has been made criminal by law before an act is committed can be a crime? a) the act requirement b) the legality requirement c) the harm requirement d) the causation requirement
b
Which one of the seven ingredients of crime requires that the criminal act must be accompanied by an equally criminal mind? a) the punishment requirement b) the concurrence requirement c) the causation requirement d) the guilty mind requirement
b
____ is a sentencing option where a defendant is sentenced to complete a period of community supervision with special limitations. a) Fine b) Probation c) Incarceration d) Restitution
b
_________ crime is a criminal act committed by one or more employees of a corporation that is attributed to the corporation itself. a) Employee b) Corporate c) Organizational d) Institutional
b
_____________ is a killing committed intentionally but without malice. a) Murder b) Voluntary Manslaughter c) Involuntary Manslaughter d) Negligent Manslaughter
b
urder rates are higher in ___________ and ___________ states. a) northeastern; Midwestern b) southern; western c) western; northern d) southern; eastern
b
A _________ is a person who buys stolen property for resale on a regular basis. a) pawn b) hack c) fence d) middle-man
c
A crime is designated _____________ when a person has caused the death of another unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk that endangered another person's life. a) Voluntary Manslaughter b) Justifiable Homicide c) Involuntary Homicide d) Murder
c
A(n) ______________ is an analysis of all pertinent aspects of one unit of study, such as an individual, an institution, a group, or a community. a) survey b) participant observation c) case study d) experiment
c
According to Emile Durkheim, an act can be considered criminal if it violates or offends the: a) Natural law b) Criminal law c) Collective conscience d) Civil law
c
An artificial person created by state charter is known as a a) Mock Person b) Prosthetic business c) Corporation d) Dummy
c
Any scam designed to take advantage of loopholes in the bankruptcy laws is known as: a) insider trading b) financial fraud. c) bankruptcy fraud. d) churning
c
In the 1980s _________ constituted the United States' major drug problem. a) cocaine b) morphine c) marijuana d) heroin
c
Municipal courts, justice of the peace courts, and magistrate's courts are examples of what level of courts of law? a) none of these b) courts of general jurisdiction c) courts of limited or special jurisdiction d) courts of appellate jurisdiction
c
Of the world's major industrialized nations, only the United States, Japan, and __________ retain the death penalty. a) Germany b) France c) South Africa d) Canada
c
Psychologists have studied the influence of personal prejudice and expectations on the validity of eyewitness accounts. These studies have found all but which of the following? a) Both whites and blacks are better at identifying suspects of their own race. b) Experience in recalling details of events witnessed does not necessarily improve recall. c) Older witnesses seem to have more accurate recall in most situations. d) The credibility of a witness is increased significantly with a display of confidence.
c
The Supreme Court has made exceptions to the constitutional exclusionary rule by creating the __________ rule. a) Miranda exception b) accidental discovery c) inevitable discovery d) fruit of the poisonous tree
c
The consensus model of law assumes that: a) the criminal justice system is a means of controlling the classes that have no power. b) the appropriate object of criminological investigation is conflict within society. c) members of society by and large agree on what is right. d) the criminal law expresses the values of the ruling class in a society.
c
The philosophy of an "eye for an eye" is an example of what philosophy of punishment? a) Rehabilitation b) Deterrence c) Retribution d) Incapacitation
c
The police subculture is all the following except: a) Serious marital problems, alcoholism, drug abuse, physical ailments and problems among their children b) The tendency of police to avoid other police officers when off duty c) The tendency of police to isolate themselves, only interacting with other police officers and their families. d) Similarity in values based on job-related stress, citizen expectations and behavioral norms
c
The practice of trading a client's shares of stock frequently in order to generate large commissions is known as a) stock manipulation. b) insider trading. c) churning. d) burning.
c
Which of the following is not a category in the typology of rape? a) Stranger rape b) Predatory rape c) Incest rape d) Date rape
c
Which of the following is true of criminal acts? a) Most crimes are committed in small cities and suburbs. b) Juveniles commit most of their crimes in the morning. c) Nationwide crime rates vary by season. d) The majority of violent crimes involving strangers occurs during the day.
c
Which of the following statements is true about parole? a) All states have abolished the use of parole system to release inmates. b) Parole is a legal device used by plaintiffs to ensure that defendants are severely punished for their crimes. c) Parole is an early release of an inmate from prison based on the decision of a parole board. d) Parole typically occurs during the adjudication phase of the criminal justice process.
c
Which of the following statements is true about plea bargaining (as describe in your textbook)? a) It guarantees the plaintiff that the defendant will be given a tougher sentence than what was warranted by the original charge. b) It increases the cost of a trial to the state. c) It allows for adjustment of inadequately developed legal rules regarding defenses, such as mistake or insanity. d) ) It is an ineffective legal device as it causes courts to get hopelessly clogged with too many criminal cases.
c
Which of the following statements is true about sociopaths? a) They lack any desire to dominate others. b) They remain unaffected by the social environment with which they interact. c) They disregard common values. d) They have high internal controls
c
Which of the following statements is true about the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)? a) It cannot take action against private industry or municipal governments. b) It was created by the Clean Water Act in 2014. c) It monitors plant discharges all over the United States. d) It cannot enforce federal statutes relating to the protection of the environment.
c
A crime is designated as _____________ when a person has caused the death of another unintentionally but recklessly by consciously disregarding a substantial and unjustifiable risk that endangered another person's life. a) voluntary manslaughter b) murder c) justifiable homicide d) involuntary manslaughter
d
A major criminal concern about alcohol is the relationship between it and: a) Adultery b) Health c) Prostitution d) Violence
d
A prima facie case exists where there seems to be __________ to convict the defendant. a) insufficient evidence b) reasonable suspicion c) reasonable doubt d) sufficient evidence
d
A study by Felson and Messner found that victim precipitation is more often seen in cases where a) men kill their friends. b) women kill their friends. c) men kill their wives. d) women kill their husbands.
d
According to Ferguson (Rise of Big Data Policing) blue data is: a) Data technologies that involve race, transparency, and constitutional law and focus on revealing hidden problems and patterns b) Data gaps for people in society who are too poor to be in the system or they have purposely avoided inclusion. c) Data technologies that involve race, transparency, and constitutional law d) Data technologies that focus on police effectiveness, reducing police violence, and strengthening training and accountability
d
An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send to it the records of a case is exercised by a a) writ of prosecution. b) writ of appeal. c) writ of habeas corpus. d) writ of certiorari.
d
Civilian Review Boards main job is to: a) To investigate criminal behavior in a police department b) To handle complaints from police officers against police administrators c) Represent the police when a member of the public makes a complaint against an officer d) To handle citizen complaints against police
d
For something to be a crime, the person must achieve the result through his or her own effort. This is which requirement for something to be a crime? a) Mens Rea b) The harm requirement c) The act requirement d) The causation requirement
d
Historically, the substance (other than alcohol) most frequently abused in the United States has been a) Heroin b) Cocaine c) Morphine d) Marijuana
d
In the context of sexual morality offenses, _____ is the illegal sexual activity between two people when it would otherwise be legal if not for their age. a) confidence game b) orgasm c) bootlegging d) statutory rape
d
In the context of the criminal justice process, _____ is a preview of the trial in court before a judge, in which the prosecution must produce enough evidence to convince the judge that the case should proceed to trial or to the grand jury. a) plea bargaining b) revocation c) correction d) preliminary hearing
d
In the criminal justice process, a trial begins with the _____. a) correction b) revocation c) probation d) arraignment
d
One way in which police can enhance community relations is through police work with citizens to identify and respond to community problems and all of the following are examples of this EXCEPT: a) Team Policing b) Foot patrols c) Problem-oriented policing d) Order maintenance
d
Plea Bargaining is used to do all of the following EXCEPT: a) To make the criminal justice system work more efficiently b) To save the government the cost of a trial c) To secure a more lenient sentence than if the accused was convicted. d) To make sure that justice is served
d
The Criminal Forfeiture Act states that: a) the police can seize suspected drug dealers b) drug dealers forfeit their right to a trial c) drug dealers forfeit their right to an attorney d) the police can seize assets related to drug dealing
d
The Supreme Court ruled that citizens have certain rights under the 14th amendment that include all the following EXCEPT: a) Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures b) The right to counsel c) Protection against self-incrimination d) Protection of free speech
d
The _________, passed by Congress in 1890, authorized the prosecution of corporations engaged in monopolistic practices. a) Sarbanes-Oxley Act b) Congressional Antitrust Act c) Clayton Antitrust Act d) Sherman Antitrust Act
d
The classical school of criminology is based on the assumption that: a) criminals are distinguishable from noncriminals by atavistic stigmata. b) body build is related to various mental disorders. c) criminals are born, not made. d) individuals choose to commit crimes after weighing the consequences of their actions.
d
The life-course perspective argues that: a) the decrease in crime rates after adolescence implies that the number of crimes committed by all individual offenders declines. b) the factors that influence people's entrance into criminal activity and the factors that induce them to give up criminal activity are the same. c) all offenders commit fewer crimes as they grow older because they have less strength, less mobility, and so on. d) the frequency of criminal involvement depends on such social factors as economic situation, peer pressure, and lifestyle.
d
The most important of Emile Durkheim's numerous contributions to contemporary sociology is his concept of: a) utilitarianism b) the laws of imitation c) moral insanity d) anomie
d
The term in loco parentis means: a) Location of the parents b) In the home of the parents c) Crazy parent d) In the place of the parents
d
What are some of the limitations of self-report surveys? a) The information they yield applies to individuals of many age ranges b) The samples are never biased. c) They represent a wide range of criminal acts. d) Respondents may not tell the truth
d
Which model for criminal justice is oriented more to the rights of defendants? a) the reasonable doubt model b) the defendants' rights model c) the crime control model d) the due process model
d
Which of the following is a feature of militia groups? a) They tend to have a favorable view of U.S. politics and the federal government. b) They refrain from participating in any paramilitary maneuvers. c) They are primarily made up of black, Christian, high-class Americans. d) They believe that their constitutional right to bear arms is threatened
d
Which of the following is not a category of police functions? a) Law enforcement b) Order maintenance c) Community service d) Community policing
d
Which of the following is not a model of corporate culpability? a) corporate policy b) reactive corporate fault c) proactive corporate fault d) expedient reporting
d
Which of the following statements best defines bootlegging? a) It refers to the illegal trafficking of children. b) It is the process by which inferior products are sold at a higher price. c) It is the process by which crack and heroin are mixed to produce crank. d) It refers to the unlawful sale of alcohol.
d
Which of the following statements is true about alcohol? a) Sale and purchase of alcohol are illegal in most jurisdictions of the United States b) Sale and purchase of alcohol are illegal in most jurisdictions of the United States. c) The rate of alcohol use has rapidly declined since 1994. d) Alcohol escalates aggression by reducing awareness of consequences.
d
Which of the following statements is true about switch-and-bait advertising? a) It is the most common form of telemarketing fraud. b) It enables a consumer to buy products at a price below their original selling price. c) It is a type of fraud that is carried out by amateur thieves who embezzle huge sums of money from their customers. d) It involves offering a consumer an inferior product at a higher price as a substitute for a product that is out of stock.
d
_____ occurs when a victim has had little or no prior contact with an offender. a) Marital rape b) Predatory rape c) Date rape d) Stranger rape
d
_____________ is/are a resort to violence or a threat of violence on the part of a group seeking to accomplish a purpose against the opposition of constituted authority. a) Threats b) Terrorism c) Battery d) Assault
d
