Critical Thinking 1.5

Consider the following argument form and substitution key. Using the terms from the substitution key, provide a substitution instance of the argument form by entering the resulting argument into the boxes provided. Argument Form P1: No G are F. P2: Some G are D. C: Therefore, no D are F. Substitution Key G good role models F government officials D honest persons

No good role models are government officials. Some good role models are honest persons. Therefore, no honest persons are government officials.

Counterexample Method

An argument with the same structure, but with actually true premises and an actually false conclusion.

Consider the following pairs of arguments. For each pair, determine whether the two arguments are substitution instances of the same argument form. (Note: Not all of the argument following forms are valid argument forms.) Explain. Argument A P1: Some philanthropists are virtuous citizens. P2: Some virtuous citizens are senior citizens. C: Some philanthropists are senior citizens. Argument B P1: Some Yorkshire Terriers are vicious animals. P2: Some Standard Poodles are vicious animals. C: Some Yorkshire Terriers are Standard Poodles.

Argument A and Argument B are not substitution instances of the same argument form. Explanation: These two arguments are not substitution instances of the same argument form. This is because there is no categorical argument form into which you could make uniform substitutions to generate both arguments.

Consider the following pairs of arguments. For each pair, determine whether the two arguments are substitution instances of the same argument form. (Note: Not all of the argument following forms are valid argument forms.) Explain. Argument C P1: If Barack Obama is a Democrat, then Barack Obama is not a Republican. P2: Barack Obama is a Democrat. C: Barack Obama is not a Republican. Argument D P1: If snow flurries are expected in the northeast, then airplanes will not be able to take off. P2: Snow flurries are expected in the northeast. C: Airplanes will not be able to take off.

Argument C and Argument D are substitution instances of the same argument form. Explanation: These two arguments are both substitution instances of the following argument form: P1: If P, then not Q. P2: P. C: Not Q. If you take the argument form, let P = "Barack Obama is a Democrat," and let Q = "Barack Obama is a Republican," then you will end up with the argument on the left. And if you take the argument form, let P = "Snow flurries are expected in the northeast," and let Q = "Airplanes will be able to take off," then you will end up with the argument on the right.

Consider the following pairs of arguments. For each pair, determine whether the two arguments are substitution instances of the same argument form. (Note: Not all of the argument following forms are valid argument forms.) Explain. Argument E P1: If Wednesday is the day after Monday, then Friday is the day after Wednesday. P2: Friday is not the day after Wednesday. C: Wednesday is not the day after Monday. Argument F P1: If snow is a form of precipitation, then snow is made of frozen water. P2:Snow is not made of frozen water. C: Snow is not a form of precipitation.

Argument E and Argument F are substitution instances of the same argument form. Explain: These two arguments are both substitution instances of the following argument form: P1: If P, then Q. P2: Not Q. C: Not P. If you take the argument form, let P = "Wednesday is the day after Monday," and let Q = "Friday is the day after Wednesday," then you will end up with the argument on the left. And if you take the argument form, let P = "Snow is a form of precipitation," and let Q = "Snow is made of frozen water," then you will end up with the argument on the right.

Consider the following pairs of arguments. For each pair, determine whether the two arguments are substitution instances of the same argument form. (Note: Not all of the argument following forms are valid argument forms.) Explain. Argument G P1: Either World War II was the war to end all wars, or World War I was the war to end all wars. P2: World War II was not the war to end all wars. C: World War I was the war to end all wars. Argument H P1: Either the universe will end with a bang, or the universe will end with a whimper. P2: The universe will end with a bang. C: So the universe will not end with a whimper.

Argument G and Argument Hare not substitution instances of the same argument form. Explanation: These two arguments are not substitution instances of the same argument form. This is because there is no disjunctive argument form into which you could make uniform substitutions to generate both arguments.

All thieves are dishonest people. Some thieves are not clever people. Some dishonest people are not clever people. T thieves C clever people D dishonest people Q1: What type of deductive argument is this? Q2: In the argument form for this argument type, the capital letters represent (statements/noun terms? Q3: Use the given substitutions to form your argument.

Q1: Categorical Syllogism Q2: noun terms Q3: All T are D. Some T are not C. Some D are not C.

Either Paramount Pictures will make a new Star Trek film, or George Lucas will make a new Star Wars film. George Lucas will not make a new Star Wars film. Paramount Pictures will make a new Star Trek film. T Paramount Pictures will make a new Star Trek film. W George Lucas will make a new Star Wars film. Q1: What type of deductive argument is this? Q2: In the argument form for this argument type, the capital letters represent (statements/noun terms? Q3: Use the given substitutions to form your argument.

Q1: Disjunctive Syllogism Q2: Statements Q3: Either T or W. Not W. T.

Consider the following given argument, which is a substitution instance of more than one argument form. Determine whether the given argument is a substitution instance of each argument form shown next. For each argument form, indicate whether the given argument is a substitution instance of that form. Argument: Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed. It is false that the ground is not exposed. Therefore, if it is raining, then the ground is wet. Argument Form A P1: P. P2: Q. C: R.

The given argument is a substitution instance of Argument Form A. Explain: The given argument is a substitution instance of this form. You obtain the argument given when you substitute the following statements in place of the capital letters in this argument form: P = "Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed." Q = "It is false that the ground is not exposed." R = "If it is raining, then the ground is wet."

Consider the following given argument, which is a substitution instance of more than one argument form. Determine whether the given argument is a substitution instance of each argument form shown next. For each argument form, indicate whether the given argument is a substitution instance of that form. Argument: Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed. It is false that the ground is not exposed. Therefore, if it is raining, then the ground is wet. Argument Form B P1: Either it is the case that if A then B, or not C. P2: Not not C. C: If A, then B.

The given argument is a substitution instance of Argument Form B. The given argument is a substitution instance of this form. You obtain the argument given when you substitute the following statements in place of the capital letters in this argument form: A = "It is raining." B = "The ground is wet." C = "The ground is exposed."

Consider the following given argument, which is a substitution instance of more than one argument form. Determine whether the given argument is a substitution instance of each argument form shown next. For each argument form, indicate whether the given argument is a substitution instance of that form. Argument: Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed. It is false that the ground is not exposed. Therefore, if it is raining, then the ground is wet. Argument Form D P1: Either P or Q. P2: Not Q. C: P.

The given argument is a substitution instance of Argument Form D. Explain: The given argument is a substitution instance of this form. You obtain the argument given when you substitute the following statements in place of the capital letters in this argument form: P = "It is the case that if it is raining, then the ground is wet." Q = "The ground is not exposed."

Consider the following given argument, which is a substitution instance of more than one argument form. Determine whether the given argument is a substitution instance of each argument form shown next. For each argument form, indicate whether the given argument is a substitution instance of that form. Argument: Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed. It is false that the ground is not exposed. Therefore, if it is raining, then the ground is wet. Argument Form E P1: Either it is the case that if P then Q, or R. P2: Not R. C: If P, then Q.

The given argument is a substitution instance of Argument Form E. Explain: The given argument is a substitution instance of this form. You obtain the argument given when you substitute the following statements in place of the capital letters in this argument form: P = "It is raining." Q = "The ground is wet." R = "The ground is not exposed."

Consider the following given argument, which is a substitution instance of more than one argument form. Determine whether the given argument is a substitution instance of each argument form shown next. For each argument form, indicate whether the given argument is a substitution instance of that form. Argument: Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed. It is false that the ground is not exposed. Therefore, if it is raining, then the ground is wet. Argument Form C P1: Either it is the case that if A then B, or not C. P2: Not C. C: If not A, then not B.

The given argument is not a substitution instance of Argument Form C. Explain: The given argument is not a substitution instance of this argument form. This is because there are no statements or terms that you could substitute for the capital letters in this form to yield the argument.

Consider the following given argument, which is a substitution instance of more than one argument form. Determine whether the given argument is a substitution instance of each argument form shown next. For each argument form, indicate whether the given argument is a substitution instance of that form. Argument: Either it is the case that if it is raining then the ground is wet, or the ground is not exposed. It is false that the ground is not exposed. Therefore, if it is raining, then the ground is wet. Argument Form F P1: Either A implies B, or not C. P2: Not not B. C: If A, then C.

The given argument is not a substitution instance of Argument Form F. Explain: The given argument is not a substitution instance of this argument form. This is because there are no statements or terms that you could substitute for the capital letters in this form to yield the argument.