CSD 230 EXAM 1
The amplitude of a sound wave can be expressed as
1. Peak amplitude 2. Peak to Peak amplitude 3. Root-Mean-Sqaure (RMS) Amplitude
Negative consequences of living with hearing loss include:
1. lags in education 2. reduced quality of life 3. economic burdens
A 100 dB sound is _________ more intense than a 70 dB sound.
1000X
A 100 dB sounds is _______ more intense than an 80 dB sound.
100X
if the period is .05 (T) then find the frequency
20 Hz
The percentage of adults who need hearing aids and actually purchase one is only
20%
if the sixth harmonic is 1200 Hz, what is the fund freq?
200 Hz.
If the fund. Freq is 500Hz, what is the 4th harmonic?
2000 Hz.
What did Robert West feel was important to help the individual to
"Hear what he ought to hear"
The prevalence of hearing loss among adults (over the age of 18) is _________ adults in the USA.
35 million
by 2 years
40 word expressive vocal, 50 word receptive, 2 word phrases
the average reading level is at the ______ grade level
4th grade
How many words should a child know by ages 5-7
50-100 to have an opportunity to subsequently develop typical speech and language skills, Applies to signs in ASL
. In Audiology thresholds are usually obtained at the octaves 250 Hz, ____ Hz, 1000 Hz, _____ Hz, 4000 Hz, ______ Hz.
500, 2000, 8000
the sound level of normal conversational speech is
60 dB SPL
If the fourth harmonic is 800 Hz, what is the Fundamental Frequency?
800/4= 200
Which frequency is an octave above 4000Hz?
8000 Hz.
the average graduate of high school from a state school for the deaf has an equivalent of an __________ education
8th grade
For about _______ of Deaf children born in the US, both parents have normal hearing
90% their communication is auditory oral
AAA
American Academy of Audiology
What is considered to be the first true "home" of Audiology.
American Academy of Audiology
The newest professional doctorate,
Au.D. came into existence in 1993.
Aperiodic acoustic signals
Noise and white noise
Who coined the term Audiology
Norton Canfield(an otologist) and Raymond Carhart (a speech pathologist)
Currently most audiologists are employed in
Private Practice
The fastest growing work setting for Audiologists is
Private Practice
"Father of Audiology"
Raymond Carhart
Calculate Frequency give the Period
T= 1/f or f=1/T
The field of Audiology evolved during
WWII
Robert West
a prominent speech pathologist who wanted the field to help cover those who could not hear speech.
The two requirements for a soundwave are
a source of vibration and a medium
Some speech sounds in English are aperiodic noises
air forced through the vocal cords
Rarefaction
air molecules are moved farther apart by the travelling sound wave; reduction of a medium's density; opposite of compression (condensation).
Compression (Condensation)
air molecules are packed more closely together by the travelling sound wave; increasing of the medium's density; opposite of rarefaction
Propagation
any of the ways waves travel through a medium.
Harmonics
are integer multiples of the Fundamental Frequency
Communication between sender and receiver may make use of the
auditory oral means or visual stimuli
ASL
been demonstrated to be a rich language capable of supporting the highest levels of abstract mind-to-mind communication.
Intensity is measured in Frequency is measure in
dB Hz (1 cycle per second)
Critical Period
development of a child's first period language.
The ______ the loss is diagnosed, the ______ are the costs over a lifetime.
earlier higher ($1,000,000 when diagnosed between birth and age 2).
Admittance and impedance are alternative but _________ ways of describing the flow of _______ through a system.
equivalent energy
By 4 years
expressive vocal of 200 words, receptive vocab of 400 words, uses grammatically correct sentences, 95% of speech is adult like and understood by others
All vibrations can be described in terms of
frequency,phase, and amplitude.
syntax
grammar: which contains the rules by which words are sequenced in a language to form meaningful phrases and sentences
Doubling the distance from the sound source results in
halving the sound pressure (which results in the acoustic intensity)
How do wavelength and frequency affect each other? Shorter wavelength= _______ Longer wavelength= ___________
higher frequency lower frequency
The prevalence rate of hearing loss __________ with increasing age.
increases
Aperiodic are _________ sounds
irregular; they do not occur every T seconds
Amplitude Spectrum
is a plot of amplitude as a function of frequency
The Fundemental Frequency
is the component of a complex sound wave with the lowest frequency
Fundamental
is the harmonic component of a complex sound wave that has the lowest frequency and commonly the greatest amplitude.
IMPEDANCE
is the net opposition to vibration resulting from the mass, elasticity, and resistance of the system
Elasticity
is the property of air molecules that opposes the displacement of the air molecules; think of the spring in the mass-spring system.
ADMITTANCE
is the reciprocal of impedance and indicates how easily energy is "admitted" through a system rather than "impeded" by it.
Waveform
looks at amplitude variations over time
Octave
means a doubling of the frequency
Lexicon
mental dictionary: which matches sound sequences to objects or actions
The unit of sound pressure is the
pascal (Pa)
The subspecialties of Audiology
pediatric, medical, rehabilitative, industrial and educational
the fundamental frequency of a speech sound correlates with the _______ of the speaker's voice.
pitch
Norton Canfield and Raymond Carhart
planned and implemented programs in specialized aural rehabilitation hospitals established for military personnel during WWII.
In terms of dB SPL, this halving results in ________ the sound reaching the receiver by about _____ dB SPL
reducing 6db (-6 dB SPL)
Periodic sounds occur _______ every T seconds
regularly
Doctoral degrees include
research oriented Ph.D. and the clinically oriented Au.D.
The default intervention
restoration of hearing and reliance on auditory oral communication rather than reliance on manual communication
By 1 year
should have produced "first word"
The frequency of a sine wave =
the number of vibrations completed in 1 second measured in Hz
What is required for such communication
the send and recover must both be fluent in the language
Phase
the starting position of the pendulum or mass; or the phase relationship between two pendulums or masses
Period
the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration (T); the time it takes the pendulum to move from one point and return to the same point.
A speech spectrogram looks at amplitude variations in the _____ and _________ domains simultaneously
time and frequency
The term Audiology
to designate the science of hearing
Two key components of language are
Lexicon and Syntax