CSET - History

Five Pillars of Islamic Faith

1. There is no god worthy of worship except the one god, and Muhammed is the messenger of god (Called Shahada) 2. a muslim prays 5 times a day facing towards mecca (dawn, noon, afternoon, evening, night) 3. a muslim gives generously to charity. Personal responsibility to give to those who do not have. 4. A muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan (also certain other times in the year). 5. A muslim makes pilgrimage to Mecca ( Called the Hajj) - at least 1 time in their lifetime. These are the basis of their faith Sharia - Islamic Law. These cover every aspect of life. They west sees these as barbaric. It is complex system of justice. It becomes a political system as well. Most Important source of Sharia is the Qur'an. It's a collection of histories, teachings, and revelations. It was said to be revealed to Muhammed, who passed these on to other people. Orally passed - Qur'an was written down by Abbu Bakr.

Mongols Empire and Dynasty in China

13th C - Song Empire was weakened. Song was attacked by Mongol barbarians from the North. Under Genghis (pr. Chenchis) Khan the Song Dynasty was defeated. - Song made more and more mistakes and eventually was overthrown. - Confucius underestimated the role of the military in society. Chinas generals ended up as bureaucrats in society. -Scientists offered their technology to the Mongols for a high price. Mongol Army - used horse archers which were adept in saddle and able to move and fire at same time. Armies were small and relied and high levels of morale. Horsemanship was not the only advantage. They used experts from the newly conquered lands to give them advantages on the battlefield. Found innovative ways of defeating foes. They had a ruthless reputation. Mongol Empire spread from the Danube River/Euphrates River all the way through China. Split into 4: Yuan Dynasty - under Kublai Khan. *Used Bureaucrats but did not trust them, so used foreigners. Most Famous was Marco Polo. *Used paper money that kept the dynasty strong. *Distrust caused much instability among the Chinese. *They were not prepared for defense - they were mostly strong in attacking. The Yuan were eventually destroyed from within.

Shang & Zhou Dynasties

1600 BC Yellow River Valley Cheng Tang 1st Ruler of China overthrew Xia Dynasty. Shang Dynasty - 1600 - 1100 BC. In 500 years, 33 Kings ruled over 13.5 mill people. Extremely hierarchical and patriarchal dynasty. Warriors, priests lived in cities. The merchants lived outside the city. The farmers were Bronze Work - Bronze Age Military technology - fought with bronze spears, horse drawn chariots. Writing - still used today Calandar - 12 months 30 days and recognized sun and moon cycles. Religion - they worshipped one God (Cheng De) and priests were interested in predicting the future. They used oracle shells and bones to record their history. Last King of Shang Dynasty was Shang Zhou. Focused on lavish lifestyle and killed his own son. People overthrow him under King Wen. Mandate of heaven - Zhou Dynasty - reigned for 1000 years. Zhou Dynasty 1100 BC to 221 BC 770 BC Dong or Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Qin overthrew the dynasty in 221 BBC. Under Zhou Dynasty, technology advanced with Iron tools/weapons, irrigation projects, and chopsticks. Built canals and communications systems. Writing technology advanced Golden Age of Philosophy: *Confucius lived at this time. Ideals of duty to society, individual virtue, and tradition. *Taoism was founded - advocated passivity and social inaction as a way toward peace. *Legalism claimed that state was more imp than idiv and they should conform completely to the decree of supreme rulers. *Mohism - equality for all people and merit based power. *100 + schools of thought

Islamic Civilization & Society

683 CE - Muhammed Dies - Economy built on agriculture and trade. Medina was a farming community. This grew from date farms, to sugar, cotton, and oranges. New techniques like crop rotation and better mills made larger cities possible. Baghdad was built around the library called the House of Wisdom. The marketplaces were the end point of routes of trade and brought egalitarianism. Abbasids brought egalitarianism in response to the Umayyads' stark opposition to egalitarianism. Rashidun (1st Caliphate) was elected by an assembly of adult, muslim men. The Umayyads had come to power through manipulation and politicking. They used a hereditary system of successorship and preserved the role of Arabs as a ruling class above other Muslims. The Qur'an stressed equality, but the Umayyads went against this. The Abbasids restored the egalitarian nature of Islam, they chose hereditary succession. Any non-Muslims had to pay a tax and accept a secondary class place. Women could rarely choose a husband, testimony counted only as half as a man, and had little recourse in divorce. However, prior to Islam, women in the Arab world had it even worse. Unwanted female babies could be killed and buried in the desert, girls could be married as children, and there was no recourse to protect women whose husbands divorced them.

The 3rd Caliphate of Islam- 644-656 BCE

After death of Muhammed. Leadership crisis ensued - who would take over as Caliph from Muhammed. Ali was a cousin of Muhammed and thought to be his personal choice to take over. Others thought that Abu Bakr had a stronger claim. Abu Bakr won and subdued and converted the entire Arabian Peninsula. Understood these as important: - Securing borders against foreign armies and faiths - Preventing internal dissent. Looked to conquer other kingdoms. 1. Sassanid Empire - Iraq modern-day. They were zoroastrian 2. Byzantium (Contantinople) - these were Christians and controlled by Romans. Wanted to conquer Palestine, Israel, Syria, and Egypt. Abu Bakr declared Jihad on both kingdoms as a way to protect the faith.

Birth of Islam & Mohammed

Arabian peninsula were nomadic people descended from Shem (Noah's son). Arab tribes were caught in a struggle between the Byzantine Empire (inheritors of the Roman empire_ and the Persons (Zoroastrianism (single god)). Most Arabs were polytheistic. Mecca was the center of worship (Kabba) - over 300 statues. Place of religious pilgrimage. They believed it was the center between heaven and earth. There was a meteorite at the center of Kabba. Historians believe it was a place of peace and no warfare, no weapons used. Mohammed (Islam's Prophet) was born into polytheistic world of Mecca in 570 CE. Orphaned by 6 yrs old. At 12 he entered caravan trade to outside world (Syria) where he had contact with Jews, Christians, and anyone who was trader. At 25 he married Kadija, who was in the caravan trade. She introduced him to the Hanefites - a group who rejected polytheism in favor of monotheism. They were influenced by Judaism and Christianity. They were looking for a path to the one true God. As he served his own desire to seek God, he had a vision in a cave while mediating. He believed this was from Allah - the one true God. He became a prophet and was called the last of the prophets dating back from Noah. Mohammed persisted and ministered to the population. In 621 CE Arab tribes fro Medina also recognized him as a prophet and joined him. He was rejected in Mecca by polytheists and fled to Medina where he became a prophet and political leader. He enriched his followers by raiding the polytheists until they submitted to Allah - then the raids would stop. Muslims defeated the army of the polytheists. He changed location of Muslim prayers from Jerusalem to Mecca because: - The Jews and Christians rejected his claim as a prophet. - The Kabba was the center of Arab devotion. It was in Mecca where God made himself known. - The war between Arabs and Muslims continued due to reasons of profit, to stop the attacks on their caravans, and to stop their teaching against their gods. War - all victory was due to the power and favor of Allah and any defeat was blamed on the lack of piousness of the Muslims. Victory and defeat strengthened its hold on the Treaty signed and Muslims were allowed to return once a

Diaspora in Ancient War

Babylonian Exile - they remained faithful to their religion despite being conquered. This was mainly due to the portability of their religion and focus on writings of the Talmud and Torah. Return from exile - they remembered their slavery for generations. Writing of the Mishnah - Oral tradition of the Torah was written down in case they were ever taken into captivity again. Move from oral tradition to written. Having a written Mishna meant that people could read the scriptures. However, who would they go to if they had questions? There might not necessarily be Rabbis and scholars to interpret their meaning in person. So, a series of commentaries could be read - the Talmud. Two were written - in Babylon and Jerusalem. Roman empire was the next to conquer the Jews. Roman requirement that they call the emperor their God violated the 10 commandments, so they were punished by the Romans. Some revolts occurred and were put down. Temple was destroyed and Jews were exiled. They spread throughout the world. They were forbidden from settling in Jerusalem. The Diaspora was able to split into many groups but still thrive independently due to the written Torah/Mishna and Talmud.

Judaism: Origins & Significance

Began as the Israelites who had begun in Egypt under Joseph's protection. New Pharaoh enslaved the people & it wasn't until Moses that the people would become free. Wandered through Sinai Desert for 40 years. - Received the laws through Moses 10 commandments and received the promise of a new land flowing with milk & honey. Jews are best defined by their laws and their protection by God. Their temple in Jerusalem destroyed twice and relegated to the Diaspora. Rules seem as followed to separate them from everyone else - and they were always physically separated from everyone else. Jews have not been able to live close to each other in large, safe communities. Education is important in Jewish culture due to its focus on the writing of scripture. Its greatest influence it has had on history, but the sway it has on Christianity and Islam. Islam constantly compares it to Judaism and recognizes its prophets as also prophets if Islam.

Indian Religions

Buddism - It never became popular in India, where it was founded by Siddhartha Gautama. He found meaning in being an ascetic wanderer. *Looking for truth, but failed to find meaning of life thru begging. *Suffering is thru unfulfilled desires. The way to avoid suffering was to moderate your desires. *Minority religion until Ashoka, who spread the religion to Asia. He commissioned the building of many stupas (shrines that contained relics). Two view points: *Theravada Buddism - focused on staying true to original Buddhist teachings. The most popular in SE Asia. *Mahayana Buddism - worshipping the Buddha instead of focus on teachings. Known as Zen Buddism - very popular in Japan. Hinduism - Difficult to know about early period. It crystalized with the Vedas (Aryan people). *Very individualized religious tradition *Trimurti - triad of cosmic powers. Brahma = God of Creation. Vishnu = God of Maintenance. Shiva = God of destruction. *Personalization within the faith means that text continue to be produced. - the panichades. - Kalidasa - plays about the past. Science: *Mathematics - inventing Zero and 0-9 system. Called Arabic numbers which reached the West through merchants from India. Medecine - Aryuvedic medicine. *Vaccinations, Set broken bones, plastic surgery. *Drugs could treat many maladies. Hinduism spread to some of parts of Asia, but primarily Buddism is the religion that spread most rapidly Central, East, and SE Asia. Dale Llama is most known and revered religious leaders. Silk Road - A major way that religion spread to other parts of the world.

Early Asian Civilizations

China: Land between Yangtze River and Huang-He (Yellow River) was a giant swamp land. As the climate changed, the land became very fertile. Much like the Nile, the river floods were seen as an asset. People settled along the rivers and grew rice and wheat in small villages, produced pottery, and specialized jobs. Great Kings - not a lot of written material - before 3,000 BC. Rulers right to rule became a common theme in society. Heaven needed to approve of rulers - having the "Mandate of Heaven" and was important. Early Kings are legendary - not a lot of writing proof. Seems more like legend, Xia (Shia) Dynasty there is some archeological evidence. Kings encouraged to skip sons who would not be good kings - based on character. Jie is an example of one who was cruel and not a good King. Shang Tang led a revolt against Xia - saying he had lost the mandate of heaven. Shang Tang established the Shang Dynasty. They worked to keep the mandate of heaven and passed r 1st with written records on pottery and turtle shell. We can see that they made mistakes similar to Xia. Powerful Dukes were corrupt and would not accept Shang's recommendation to have a lowly farmer rule. The people thought that the rulers had lost the mandate of heaven. 1046 BC - Shang Dynasty fell to ??

Kush - Cush - Meroe

Civilization to the South along the nile River. Where the Nile splits into the White Nile and Blue Nile (E Africa). Currently modern-day Sudan. Rapids made it hard to navigate. The highland region gave more rain, so they could grow crops that Egypts could not. Ostrich feathers, Metals were developed there - Blast Furnace. Iron was well - reputed. Also, gold smiths, etc. Ruins look almost Egyptians with same gods, and have pyramids. They competed for control over river with Egyptians. 25th Dynasty ruled Egypt. Meroe was a new capital and had new way of life so that it would be away from Egypt. Cush was able to maintain independence for another 1,000 years, whereas Persia conquered Egypt. Hunters encouraged to hunt as much as possible.

Greek Mythology

Decentralized - no texts Polytheistic - Iliad/Odyssey are the closest they have to a Bible. These myths and rituals show facets of Greek culture and life. Most Greek people would agree on the main characteristics, but diverge in many details. Athenian Boule - Congress was also considered a religious group. Two Reasons for religious division: 1. Lay claim to a God or Hero (Half dozen islands think they are the birthplace of Zeus). 2. Explain or legitimize customs. (Athena gave custom of trial whereas Spartans had no such trial system). Homer (hymns) & Hesiod - Writers that provide written documents of these myths. Home - hymns 800 BCE - Hesiod's Theogony gives a basic coherent creation story. Greek Gods - Anthropomorphic: Hesiod - chaos at beginning and the universe was created, then earth, Mt, rivers, etc. -Sex was the beginning of the gods. -Titans (2nd generation of gods). Forces of motion and change within the natural world. (Chronos moved time, Promethius - fire). -Olympians - 3rd generation of Gods (live on Olympus). They are the gods OF things - god of the ocean. -They overthrew the Titans. Zeus - king of gods and sky, poseidon was god of sea and earthquakes, hades is lord of underworld. He is most cruel - wife is persephone. Three sisters: Hera, Demeter, Hestia, Aphrodite (eros - son).

Silk Road

During Han Dynasty & Roman Empire - Han Dynasty valued Roman metal working & glass - Chinese Silk were a prized possession in Roman households. - Trade Routes went through the Himalayas to China - Obstacles for merchants: Distance between 2 empires (5k miles) Alexandria - desert, then Persian Empire (hated Romans), grasslands and raiding barbarians, then Gobi desert (very cold) Multiple Routes: India through the Himalayas was treacherous By ship to Chinese ports, but pirates around Indonesia to raid ships. Disease was a risk or if people back home would want to purchase your goods. Merchant town sprang up along the trade route for those that only wanted to go part-way (Samarkand & Bukhara & Kabul). Made these places rich, but targets for robbers. Religion & Technology - These ideas moved along the trade routes and were shared. Christians arrived in China from Rome - Nestorian Communities of China are the earliest Christian cities. Buddism spread from India to East & Central Asia and mixed with ideas of Alexander the Great. - NOT EXCHANGED - the ability to make silk. China made it illegal to share the technology to make silk.

Mesopotamia: The First Civilization

Early Cities: Fertile lands between Zagros Mts to the East and the Arabian Desert to the West. Water flooded seasonally and regularly. 10,000 BC - 8,000 BC Agriculture began Domesticated animals and plants - they harvested seeds and cross-bred them. Communities sprang up in the North and then migrated southward. South was less amenable to agriculture, so they developed irrigation systems to water fields. They produced more food than they could eat. They build granaries and created time for cultural pursuits (artisans, theology, creation stories). 4th Millennium BC - Centers grew into city-states. They were run by temples with a specific God. Several centuries later, these gave way to Kingships.

Muslim Learning: Scientific, Artistic, Medical, and Literary Accomplishments

Golden Age of Islam 750 CE to 1258 CE. Empire spanned from Spain to China. Mongols invaded in 1258 CE Golden Age of Islam: While Europe was groping along through the dark ages, diverse scholars gathered or were summoned to Baghdad's House of Wisdom. 610 CE - Islam began 100 years later, Muslims controlled and empire stretching from Spain to China. Abbasid caliphate gained control in 750 CE and moved the capitol from Damascus to Baghdad. All the cultures and discoveries of the vast empire were available to the Muslim world. Art & Literature: Religion discovered depictions of human figures in art, so many decorative elements were perfected. Glass blowing, mini paintings adorned glass, silver, brass, and ivory objects. Islamic Buildings - domes borrowed from Byzantine Empire (ie Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem). Became a shrine and political statement. Adorned with gold leaf, interior decorated with mosaics and calligraphy. Literature: Muslims gathered writings and literature of conquered cultures and translated them into Arabic, which resulted in the preservation of classical works from China, India, and Greece (Aristotle, Plato). The story of the Arabian Knights, which had Aladdin and the Magic Lamp, Sinbad, and Ali-Baba. Libraries and bookstores common in Baghdad, which suggests high literacy rates among the public. Science & Medicine - Scholars studies the work of other cultures and expanded upon it: [ideas from Greece, Iran, Persia], [sun, moon, planets], ptolemy's model of the universe and built upon that knowledge. Accurately predicted the movements of sun, moon, and 5 known planets. Medical science advances in medicine and education, as well as pharmacology. They experimented with neurology and cardiology. The Canon of Medicine was compiled by Avicenna, which became the authoritative textbook in Europe for 500 years. Math: Most significant contribution was in math. 0-9 were established as Arabic Numerals (adapted from India). It was recognized as an improvement to the Roman numerical system. Modern Algebra was perfected by an Islamic scholar. Other mathematicians pursued geometry and trig and used the decimal system.

Ancient India

Home of Hinduism, one of the world's oldest religions. *Does not have a founder, a theological system, or even a moral code. *Origins: Harappa inhabited the banks of Indus River as early as 4,000 BCE. These are ancestors of modern India. Invaders brought religious beliefs and they took on those believe. *Vedism came from the Aryan people who invaded. Vedic Period - when Vedism meshed with the Harappa culture. This was the beginning of Hinduism. * Polytheistic * Moksha - release from cycle of life and death. Not very defined. *Very tolerant of other belief systems. *Hinduism is governed by rigid caste system.

Exodus

Identity as a Cultural Nation before a geographical nation Through Moses the Israelites became a Chosen People. Only have the Hebrew narrative of the Exodus. The Egyptians did not write about their failures. Torah - Jewish Written law revealed during wandering in the desert. Israel & Judah - two nations were defeated by Nebuchadnezzar and moved to Mesopotamia in the BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY. Freed under Cyrus - King of Persia and even paid to rebuild their temple in Jerusalem. Geographically wedged between the Egyptians, Hittites, and Babylonians. Captivity served as a reminder of what could happen. Since they were kept together in a society in Babylon, they were able to continue teaching the oral tradition of the Torah to their children. The only way to survive was to spread out so as not to be conquered. They wrote down the Torah (Mishna) so that it would be portable. Roman Empire was the new threat - they sacked the Temple and exiled the Jews. They became scattered across the entire world - even India & China. Romans thought that the DIASPORA would break the spirit of the Jewish people would be broken. However, the portability of the teachings made it thrive. - Talmuds (commentaries on the Holy Text) began to circulate. These were mailed in the postal service. Hebrew became their main language so that they could all understand the text of the Talmud and the Torah no matter how far away they were.

Tribes to Kingdom

Jacob as the origins of Israel nation. Through Joseph all of the people move to Egypt to be saved from famine. Generations later, the new Pharaoh sees them as a threat as they thrived and multiplied. He forces them into slavery until Moses frees them (after plagues). Exodus out of Egypt - Moses part the Sea and they wander in the desert until the entire generation has dies. Israeli and Palestinians still fight today about these lands. 12 Tribes given a duty from 12 sons of Levites existed in Theocracy (no land) and they essentially ruled. Era of Judges arose out of the Levites. The sons of Samuel were wicked and evil and the people wanted a way out of being ruled by them. They yearned for a King - God chose to give them a King through Saul. He disobeys God to kill all the Amalekites whom they had been at war with. He lies about it and Samuel tells him he is not Godly and abandons him. David arises as shepherd King after killing Goliath. He becomes King. He expands the Kingdom and eventually he passes kingdom to Solomon. He is remembered for making the smartest request of any King. He desires wisdom instead of wealth. Cut baby in half story.

Zen Buddism

Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition. Explains the spiritual through direct experience. 6th C - Buddism made its way from India to Japan. Visiting Korean royalty and heralded the Dharma. Bodhidharma - founder of Japanese Buddism. 12C - Zen Buddism was dominant form. Emphasis on intuition and has helped to shape modern culture of Tea Ceremonies, Martial Arts, and Gardening. Zen Buddism broken into 3 Thoughts: Rinzai (enlightenment attained thru abrupt awakening). Marked by shouting and blows to shock one into enlightenment. RAPID Soto (emphasized gradual movement toward enlightenment) thru calmness, sitting, medication. SLOW Jodo - More following than Zen. Emphasis on compassion of Buddha himself and his role in path toward enlightenment. Shinto - people worship both Buddha and the spirits of their ancestors (knows as Dual Shinto). 20th C - Christian missionaries flooded Asia and wrote commentaries on Buddhist text. Rather than convince them to believe in Christian God, it renewed a sense of unity in Buddhism.

Historical Overview of Ancient Israel

Jewish Tradition: Kingdom begins in Mesopotamia in the city of Ur (Abram told by God to leave everything he know). -Promise to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. Joseph was the favorite brother. Moses: Exodus from Egypt and frees them by parting the Red Sea. Wander in the Desert for 40 years. Told to travel to Canaan where Joseph had come from so long ago. Two Historical Events: 1. Sea Peoples were raiding much of the world was moving. 2. Their strict legal code made them different from all the other nations. Behaving well made God happy and that was different from how other people acted. Every time the Israelites followed God, they ruled, every time they did not, they lost. Rule of the Judges: 12 Tribes of Israel: Levites Priests Historical Fact: Eastern Mediterranean was able to have some level of independent states b/c it was a no man's land between the empires of the Egyptians and the Hittites. 1000 BC: United into One Kingdom under Saul. Jealous of David (best friend Jonathan). Saul and Jonathan died in battle and David took over. Then Solomon took over and resulted Kingdom split after David's reign. Part being conquered by the Assyrians 8th C BC and the rest taken by the Babylonians in 5th C BC. Historical proof of house of David, but not given credit for all of the Psalms. Ethiopians wrote about Solomon's virtues.

Early Japanese State

Jomon people were first people living in what is now Japan 40,000 years ago, but they are only indirect ancestors. 2,000 Yrs ago *Linguistically similar to Koreans - the invaders were from E Siberia. *Anthropologists think that Japan was the place from where the E. Siberian people left and emigrated to what is now Korea. Japan is an archipelago if 4 Large Islands and hundreds of smaller islands. *Very mountainous - only 20% can be farmed. *Hokkaido = home islands. *Osaka to Tokyo (300 miles) is where much of history and drama played out. * Sea was important with such small land mass. *120 miles between Japan and the Korean peninsula served to insulate them from each other's foreign influence. *Straights between Japan and Korea have strong storms. *Fastest way to move people was through the islands. *Waters are rich in seafood and fish - easy food source. *Land owners became very powerful. *Shoen system = Numerous private estates. Owned by aristocratic and present in nobles courts. In this system, the ruling nobility had military power, but the land owners had economic power. *Fujiwara Family - originally served in the Emperor's court and used their influence to get more power for the land owners. The emperor soon became a figurehead. The will of the Fujiwara was the power that ruled the land. *Shirakawa - 11th C AD He was so frustrated by the Fujiwara that he resigned in favor of his son. - He acted as a power block agains them to help his son.

Kush Civilization & Egypt

Kush was able to maintain economic relations with Egypt. For hundreds of years, relationship was all around trade. Kush sold crops and Egyptians provided delicacies from the annual Nile flood. Egyptian papyrus and gold were valuable. Kush provided ivory, skins, and live animals. They both grew rich as they resold these good. Kush dependent on Nile River. They fought for years over control of the river. Ramses the Great - temple at Abbu Simbel to remind everyone that 760-656 BC. Kush ruled Egypt. The Egyptians call this the 25th Dynasty. The kushites were just like the Egyptians, so they were seen as similar. Egyptians rejected Kush items and culture. In the arts, this caused a rebirth of Egyptian culture as a counter to the Kushites. The Kushites build pyramids as copies of the Egyptians.

2nd Caliphate - 634 -644 CE 3rd Caliphate - Uthman 4th Caliphate - Ali

Led by Umar - another father-in-law to Muhammed. Capture of Damascus in 635 and capture of Jerasalem in 637 CE. Set up Islamic Gov't and allowed others to practice their faith if they paid a religious tax. 637 CE - Ctesiphon was captured by the Muslims. The people were not harmed, but palaces and libraries were burned and they lost history. This became a trend going forward - burning historical treasures in the name 642 - captured Egypt & Babylon. They were successful due to their internal unity and the division in their enemies. Uthman chosen as 3rd Caliphate. Conquered Cyprus in 649 and Peria in 653. Promoted Islam and Arabic culture, as well as a unified version of the Qur'an. Some felt he had become too powerful. When he was assassinated, civil war broke out. Ali was the 4th Caliph. Immediate opposition arose, but he Clan of the Umayyad - defeated and had major excesses. Abbasid Clan - younger nephew - hated the Umayyad as too secular and treated the Abbasid clan as 2nd class citizens. Went to war with Umayyad, with assistance from the Persians. Raids and finally war occurred. They overthrew the Umayyad and became the Islamic Golden Age under the Abbasid Dynasty. Many science, ancient knowledge, and culture was protected were translated from Greek to Arabic. They spared the scientific revolution much later. It was a vast Empire. Umayyads went across Iberian Peninsular 756 CE and set up shop in Spain. Breaking away of Shia Sect - had followed Ali but did not like Abbasid Dynasty. Mid 13th Century - they were defeated by the Monguls in 1258 CE under Hulagu Khan (Grandson of Genghis Khan). Abbasid Dynasty was fragmented until is was reunited in 16th C under the Ottoman Empire.

The Fertile Crescent: Cradle of Civilization

Middle East Long-Term Permanent Societies = The Cradle of Civilization Along the Easter Edge of Mediterranean Sea They first developed agriculture between the Tigris/Euphrates Rivers Mesopotamia - "Land Between the Rivers" Took seeds from wild plants and breed them and cross them and grow crops year round. 10,000 BCE people have lived here, but They had reliable access to water through canals, which allowed them to grow food across vast areas. Went from nomadic people to sedentary society through more with food supply. However, they no longer needed to move and became permanent societies. Nomads - everyone works to make food. Mesopotamia created a food surplus so that the society could focus on other things than making food. Merchants, house builders, etc. Population exploded: more specialist workers. Invented: Wheel, currency, writing, etc. Rise of Social Hierarchy - some more powerful than others and wealthier. Most complex society since the beginning.

American Enlightenment Thinkers

Originated with the Enlightenment trend away from reliance on religion dictating views of the world and shift toward observation and science to discover answers to major questions. Age of Reason - instead of asking how God had influenced everything in the world, the question was how can man influence the world. *Increase in scientific discovery *Increase in education *Questioning the institutions in authority (Church/King). Had been taught that God had put the monarchy in charge - who are you to challenge it. If God didn't give authority to the monarchy, then his/her authority can be overthrown or disregarded. Upheaval in the Monarchy England 1603 Death of Queen Elizabeth 1642 - 1651 Civil War 1649 The Commonwealth of England formed 1653 The Protectorate of England 1659 The 2nd Commonwealth of England 1660 Restoration of the Monarchy 1688 Glorious Revolution John Locke - 1689 published 2 treatises of gov't. * No monarchy has divine right * Gov't should only exist by the consent of the governed (more influential in America) *He never acknowledged he had written them Baron de Montesquieu - Separation of Powers John Jacques Rousseau - direct democracy. These ideas circulated in the port cities of America. ***Ben Franklin most influential thinker in America. He printed Poor Richard's Almanac 1739. Americans were willing to question rule of the King and Church Rational Christianity - God gave humans the ability to reason. Religious tolerance widespread. Deism - God is a watch maker. God created the world and set natural laws in place and it's up to man to keep it running. Thomas Jefferson was Deist Religion was reconciled with science and philosophy and led to the idea of Human Rights. Gov't should protect these rights. Republicanism - Opposite of Divine Right. Teaches that leader gets authority from below and citizens get their rights from God. Thomas Paine - Common Sense which helped colonists understand natural law and ideas of other philosophers. Blueprint for modern democratic society - all citizens participate equally. Declaration of Independence & Constitution were based on these ideas of human rights and natural law. Principles that necessary for cooperative citizens

China During the Ming & Qing Dynasties (1368-1911)

Reunited China under Chinese Dynasty (getting it back from the Mongols) was Hongwu Emperor/Ming Dynasty. *Was distrustful of the eunuchs and distanced himself from the Confucius ruling class. His successors were not as successful because they did not welcome new ideas - it crushed innovation and thought. This weakened China. Ming are remembered for merchant fleet that explored the waters around China. Zheng Ha (Greatest Admiral) traveled throughout SE Asia, Persian Gulf, and Indian Ocean. He was a Muslim, which made him welcome in the Middle East. *Ability to feed the people is the indicator of greatness for Chinese leader. Much of early achievement was focused on feeding people: Grand Canal to move food, Great Wall to protect crops from raiders. It succeeded in better agricultural practices - Hills terraced to grow food, Seeds were crossed with other varieties. Pop grew from 35 mill to 170 mill. Qing (Ching) - Founded by manchus from N China. They had more trade in Asia than europe did. Kangzi - was obsessed with agriculture efficiency and safety of borders. He underestimated Europeans and they came with trade goods that were not good for China. They came with opium and went to war with Europe over the right to sell it in China. British wanted to have a right to sell opium to the masses. The Boxer Revolt - The Qin encouraged a rebellion against the Europeans that were in China controlling them. Revolt was put down by US, UK, Japan, Germany. By 1911 they were hanging on and Chinese warlords and Western commercial interests were ready to take over where they could.

Geography of Early Indian Civilization

Same size as W Europe. *Land of Extremes: North Ind-gangetic plain. * Indus River & Ganges Rivers: These were most important cities and rivers. Harappa had indoor plumbing with pipes. Water and the River played an important role. When river became less predictable, so they moved to the Ganges River. Ganges River - helped define the religious cities and practices of India. Source of the water is the great mountain chains from Northern India in the Himalayas. Boundary Mountains: Karakorum, Himalaya, Hindu Kush - they separate India from Asia. Aryan, Greek, Persian, succeeded in conquering India across the mountains. The Thar Desert - on the West and was a barrier for invaders. Deccan Plateau - area between the lower West & East triangle of India. Agricultural centers were primarily in the North. Distinct societies in the North and South that still exists today.

Japanes Military Society & Samurais 12C

Samurai were noble, intellectual masters of martial arts. 12C - Japan dependent on military power. Sei-i-Shogun appears in Heigin Period. Shogun was appointed by the emperor to eliminate those who resisted the gov't. The eventually controlled the political power of Japan and Emperor served them or was limited in power. 1192-1332 CE Minimoto family ruled from city of Kamakura. 1192 Was officially the Shogun of Japan. - He developed a system of rewarding those faithful to him with property and they developed their own wealth. Militaristic society of the sumaruai were fighting each other. They fought for the Lords who owned land. Became a powerful social class because they were an integral part of the land owners as they protected the land and served the land owner. Eventually, they shifted from a military role to one of nobility and they changed into intellectual martial artists who studied art, literature, and politics. Bushido - The "Way of the Warrior." It was their code of honor. Upper class warrior culture with very strict rules about behavior on and off battle field. Shogunate: Era where Japan was controlled by a Shogun instead of the Emperor. Emperor was without any real power. Shogun adhered to the principles of frugality, loyalty, honor unto death, and balanced this with the wisdom and peace of a monk.

Southern Africa, Great Zimbabwe & Gold Trade

Southern Africa (S of Sahara) Zimbabwe - Greatest Civ during the Iron Age Mapunguvwe 1075 was the first known city in southern Africa with a structured society (low-level farmers, middle-class administrators, high class nobility) Advances stonework 13th C. They moved to Zimbabwe Plateau - 150 cities as tributaries that paid taxes. Zimbabwe dominated trade (East Coast of Africa) since they were trade routes connected to the other continents. Gold & Ivory were primary trading items from internal Africa & became very wealthy. 1430 AD - Nyatsimba Mutapa - started the Kingdom of Mutapa. Powerful due to copper trade routes and became the dominant political empire and overshadowed Zimbabwe. Great Zimbabwe 13th C. was the capital of Mutopa Advanced stone masonry in this capital. The great enclosure had 36 foot walls and impressive structures without mortar. They were precisely cut and shaped and fit together. Powerful economic center and housed 18K people. It ruled the trade of ivory and gold. Taken over by Mutapa

Ancient Greece Geography

Southern most tip of the Balkan Peninsula. Influence from foreign cultures and powers around it was great, so they had to develop a society that was more powerful than others. Natural seafaring people and move past Aegean Sea. Extra mountainous, which required it to be reliant on fishing and trade. Hills were fertile for olives and vineyards. Easily exported throughout the world. Mountains inhibited communications between the city-states (Athens & Sparta were best known). City-States would rule areas and war with each other. City-states that could establish control of the seas could control much of the other city-states - like Athens did. Largest battles would be sea battles and land battles would be fought on foot - horses were too hard to raise. Climate: No major river systems, so much rely on rainwater. Warm sea breezes made life tolerable. They settled close to the seas. Those who settled inland were seen as gluttons for punishment (Spartans & Macedonians). Greece's colonies would thus go to places with similar coastal life - like Sicily.

Laws, Prerequisites, and Implications: Hammurabi's Code

The need for laws: A set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life. Role of Judge was the first authority. These led to priesthood, and further gov'ts. Kings and Emperors can't bother with this, so they delegate authority to subordinates to determine what is right. Sentencing is reserved for the highest authority. Kings - how do they make their will known? Laws allow Kings to pass sentence without being there. Laws make the justice system more fair. Code of Ur Nammu - 2100 BCE - written by King of Ur Sumerian Empire (56 laws) 1790 BCE Babylonian King Hammurabi Code: 282 laws We see laws for commerce, pricing, liability, inheritance, emancipation of slaves. Justice Settes Disputes Avoids Bloodshed Standards for proof Creates stability, which allows for better trade. Political - Kings establish laws because as long as their King establishes laws for justice, they will do what their king wants them to do.

Egyptian Achievements

Unification, Pyramids, Hieroglyphics & Calendar. King Menes Unified Egypt - Lower Egypt at the North -Upper Egypt was in the south - Always fighting 3,100 - 2900 BCE King Menes combined into both kingdoms by conquering lower Egypt. Memphis became new capital. Pharaoh - Was the first dynasty of King Menes. Elaborate Tombs - Monuments - in remembrance of their deeds and greatness. Pyramids - 2630 to 2611 BCE the age of the pyramid began under Pharaoh Josher Step Pyramid to smooth pyramid. Great Pyramid in Giza by Pharaoh Kufu. 2551 to 2528 by 1,000's of paid laborers. Covers 13 acres and peak rose to 481 ft high. 100 pyramids still standing as well as obelisks, which are pointed stone pillars to commemorate the great deeds, worship the sun-god Ra, and provide magical protection. Worship the sun god Ra Covered with picture writing heiroglyphics 3300 -3200 BCE The oldest system of writing. 700 - 800 picture symbols. Chiseled on stone, Easier writing was developed for every-day writing for business, etc. Hieratic or demotic writing. Pierre Buchard discovered Rosetta Stone in 1799 AD. It contained Greek and hieroglyphics and demotic script. Scholars were able to read ancient Egyptian words. Astronomy and math - developed a calendar with 12 months 365 days. It is only 6 hours off of our current calendar.

Japan 600 - 1400 BCE

Unique History that is all its own. Classical Period *Pre Feudal Japan - 6th C CE imported ideas from other parts of the world. - Prince Shotoku created first legal constitution (mandated adoption of Confucian thought and Buddism as the major religion of Japan). - Taika Reforms - enforced Confucian ideals upon the Japanese Gov't. - carried out by the emperor Kotoku. - centralized power of the emperor over the various clans and ruling class. - Standardized taxes, laws, penal code, esp land ownership - China sent aristocrats to Japan to study them. Shintoism went away - rituals at shrines to god or ancestors. Shintos criticized the confucian ideals. Fujiwara Clan - sponsors of arts and culture (Tale of Genghi), poetry was produced at a fast rate. Fijiwara waned - emperorship lost power as clans developed more military power. Many civil wars. Feudal Period: 1185 CE Kamakura Gov't began the Feudal Era of Japan. - marked by lack of central imperial authority. - emperor had little power. - power was bands of warriors that swore allegiance to ruling families (Daimyo - military ruling family leader) - Period marked by many battles between clans. - Daimyos only showed allegiance to the Shogun (supreme military commander of the Kamakura Gov't.) Samurai - complex rituals that gave service to one's lord without question and laying down ones life. Period of lots of warfare within Japan.

Three Pillars of Indian Society

Village - share meals and find identity through positions. *mainly based on agriculture - 1,000's of villages. *Given more autonomy than cities. *Rajahs would leave a village alone as long as they paid taxes. *Governed by kin groups. Caste - determined by birth and lifelong and permanent. *Stratification from the laws of Manu. *Brahmin - Priestly Caste and only ones allowed to teach text of hinduism. *Kshatriya - Kings or rulers of society. Their job was to protect the other members of culture. *Vaishya - engaged in money making activities (merchants). *Shudra - Servants or skilled workers. *Outcasts - products of a mixed marriage or holding a job that was called forbidden. They weren't considered part of the caste system. Family - Joint family where all the sons in a family live with the son's parents and collectively rear family. When dad dies, the oldest son becomes head of the clan. *Women are without rights, prohibited from taking part in religious activity. Some argue this is better for women as they have more of a safety net instead of relying on only one man. *Joint Family is the first layer of glue in keeping Indian society in tact.

Early African Civilization (Norther Africa)

World's Longest River & widest desert. Earliest evidence of humans fossils dating back 200K years. Different societies: 1. Huter/Gatherers - even after civilizations formed they remained this way due to land not good for farming. Egalitarian Society 2. Stateless Society - settled society with little or no government. - dealt democratically but without gov't. - highly egalitarian 3. City State - urban center with own independent gov't. - strong local identities - NE Coast where grew fastest - markets with India & China. - Social stratification: set some above others, but was more structured. 4. Kingdom - Highly stratified societies controlled by a king or central gov't. - Maintained large armies - Controlled distrib. of resources. - low degrees of egalitarianism (women no equal & slaves at bottom). Main Kingdoms were in the North centered around the Nile and Mediterranean Sea. Ptolemaic Egypt - example of this. Rules by Pharaoh Polytheistic - actual gods that could intervene in daily life. In Northern Africa, the Pharaoh was considered a god also. - Believed in an afterlife and the spirit would survive after death. Rituals and objects could help in the next life. (Mummification) 1st C AD - Christianity entered through N and E Africa through missionaries and merchants (Axum was first Kingdom to accept) Islam entered Africa through North By 8th C AD Islam controls most of N Africa and forced out the Christian Byzantine Empire. Islam is most prominent religions in Africa today.