CSET Social Science

Roman Law

Civil law. Law of the Peoples. Natural law. Twelve tables written around 450 BCE.

oldest surviving code

Ur Nammu. Near the end of the Sumerian empire.

Ahura Mazda

Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu.

Roman Classes

Patricians, Equites, Plebeians, Slaves

Red Power

The Black Power movement of the 1960s tends to receive the most attention from historians because it was a major aspect of the larger civil-rights struggle. However, in discussing civil rights, one must look beyond the plight of African Americans. For instance, Native Americans within the nation struggled mightily; their troubles extended as far back as early colonial settlement! Unfortunately, the Native American, or Red Power, movement of the 1960s is overshadowed in history books. Red Power signified the unity of Native American tribes in attempting to secure social and economic equality. The National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), founded by ten university students in 1961, was the first attempt at bringing national recognition to the Native American struggle. The group encouraged Red Nationalism, which was a renewed pride in the Indian heritage. They also organized a movement of hundreds of Indian representatives to attend the Chicago Indian Conference in 1961. At this meeting, Native American's challenged the Congressional policy of Termination, which was the federal government's attempt to assimilate Indians into main stream society while eliminating all funding and treaties once guaranteed to each representative tribe. The NIYC represented the conservative wing of the Red Power movement. More radical Indian activism formed during the latter part of the 1960s. In 1968, Dennis Banks and George Mitchell formed the American Indian Movement, or AIM. The AIM acted as security within major cities, protecting Native Americans from police as well as from relocation efforts by the government. On November 9, 1969, several activists from AIM commandeered Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. These individuals attempted to barter with the United States. The activists offered to pay the government for the land to be turned over to Native Americans. The occupation failed, since on June 11, 1971, the Indian activists were forcefully removed. AIM protests grew in intensity from 1969 to 1973. For example, on July 4, 1971, Native Americans staged a protest on the top of Mount Rushmore in defiance of the celebration of American independence. In November of 1972, activists staged the Trail of Broken Treaties protest in Washington, D.C. to call national attention to the plight of Native Americans. The most vicious clash between AIM members and the United States began on February 23, 1973. A group of Native Americans converged on Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in order to highlight the memory of those lost during the 1890 massacre of their brethren. Activists blockaded themselves within a local trading post for roughly 71 days while fighting off federal troops who attempted to remove the Native Americans. The confrontation led to two Native Americans being killed. The Indian struggle for social and economic equality continues today. Brown Power Similar to the Black and Red Power movements, Mexican Americans formed the Brown Power, or Chicano, movement. The campaign called for Mexican Americans to reject assimilation into American society and celebrate their Chicano heritage. Activists encouraged the federal government to increase educational opportunities for Mexican Americans and end discrimination against the culture. A leading organization within the movement was the Crusade for Justice. Founded in 1966, the group encouraged civil rights for Mexican Americans and a preservation of Mexican culture. Again, similar to the other groups, the Brown Power movement contained a militant arm known as the Brown Berets. These individuals served to protect Mexican Americans while protesting issues such as police brutality and Mexican inclusion in the Vietnam War. An extremely important and very recognizable figure in the Brown Power movement was Cesar Chavez. Chavez founded the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) in 1962, and was chartered in 1966 by the American Federation of Labor, in an attempt to protect the basic rights of migrant Mexican laborers. The organization provided healthcare, financial services, clothing, and food to its members. In 1968, the National Farm Workers Association gained national attention by boycotting California table grapes that did not have the NFWA label on the product due to the unfair financial conditions Mexican laborers faced. Eventually, in 1970, many grape growers conceded to the demands of the National Farm Workers Association. Other Notable Crusades Civil rights played a major role in race relations throughout the 1960s, but they also had a profound effect on sexual preference. On June 17, 1969, New York City police raided the Stonewall Inn after the establishment allegedly broke a state law limiting the number of gay patrons in a bar at a time. Gay men and women resisted the police raid and immediately staged a protest over civil rights. In time, gay men and women formed the Gay Liberation Front (GLF), which called for an end to discrimination against homosexuality. The organization arranged for the first ever Gay Pride Week in the United States, as well as initiated the gay liberation movement. This campaign encouraged the acceptance of homosexuality throughout the nation and encouraged the nation to accept social change. The environment was another important issue of the 1960s and 1970s. Many attribute the beginning of the modern environmental movement to Rachel Carson, a marine biologist who published the book Silent Spring in 1962, which focused on chemical pollution, more specifically, pesticides in the nation's water sources. The movement exploded afterward as activists looked to conserve the earth's most valuable resources and maintain the natural beauty of the planet. The movement was rather successful, as it generated federal legislation, such as the Wilderness Act of 1964, which preserved portions of the nation, the Clean Air (1970) and Water (1972) Acts, and the Environmental Protection Act of 1972. Members of the environmental movement also staged the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970 to call for national recognition on looming environmental issues. The event managed to garner the support of 20 million Americans!

Sangha

The Buddhist community of monks and nuns; one of the Three Jewels of Buddhism.

Achaemenid Dynasty

The Royal line that began with Cyrus the Great and ends with Darius II. They fought the Greeks in the Greco-Person War. Achaemenidian kings created majestic royal cities with monumental palaces.

Sargonid Dynasty

The Sargonid dynasty would rule the Assyrian empire until its fall nearly a century later. Each successive generation added new lands to the empire, even conquering Egypt in 675 BCE. At its height, the Assyrian Empire spanned two continents and covered about 550,000 square miles.

Difference with Gilgamesh

The cultures of the near east were centripetal. Whoever was strongest always attempted to centralize power. The Greek culture, by contrast, was centrifugal. Driven by a fierce sense of independence and freedom, and emboldened by the protection of mountainous terrain, Greek city-states were always trying to pull away from centralized power and maintain their autonomy and individual freedom. (Agammenon and dreams)

capitalism

an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.

Napolean Bonaparte

island of Corsica in 1769, son of a poor, Corsican nobleman attended French military school in Paris and was considered a smart student who was also a bit of a loner. However, he also had an insatiable energy and a gift for organization and planning. entered the French forces as a second lieutenant, in command of an artillery detachment. found himself as commander of the French republican forces at the Siege of Toulon in 1793. The city was held jointly by Royalist and British forces within the city. reclaimed the strategic port for France. promoted to the rank of brigadier general, and then Commander of the Army of the Interior in October of 1795. When a Parisian mob threatened to overthrow the fledgling Directory, Napoleon jumped to action after being implored by Paul Barras to protect the government. He fired a round of small arms artillery into the crowd, dispersing it. Napoleon led an underfunded, undersupplied, and underfed force to victory after victory against the Austrians. Austrians sued for peace. Napoleon resolved to attack British interests elsewhere, invading Egypt. However, Lord Nelson's British fleet smashed Napoleon's French warships in the Battle of the Nile in 1798. Once back in France, Napoleon overthrew the existing government. Afterward, Napoleon was named one of the three Consuls. Napoleon himself was named First Consul. Napoleon defeated the Austrians in Italy. temporary peace treaty with the British. sold the Louisiana Purchase to the United States. enacted several popular reforms. offering amnesty and free return to France to all French citizens who had fled abroad during the turmoil. publicly embraced Catholicism, though maintained tolerance of all religions. enacted a new Civil Code which granted numerous individual freedoms and allowed women the right to divorce. elected Emperor. still dispute whether results were legitimate, since some estimate nearly half of the French population did not vote. had to shelve plans to invade Britain after series of naval defeats. Crushed austrian forces on land. Forms confederation of Rhine. Prussia, alarmed, attacks but is repulsed and Napolean goes for Berlin. Smashes Russian forces and creates puppet in Polish territory. "Can't trade with Britain anymore." Hurts Britain but strains French as well. All of this spurs nationalism (e.g. peninsular war). Russia's fateful decision to break the Continental System and resume trade with Great Britain, because Russia was in desperate need of British grain exports. In response, Napoleon spent the entire next year planning and preparing an invasion of Alexander I's Russia. (goes badly -- food, casualties, etc.) At the Battle of Leipzig in October of 1813, the allies dealt Napoleon's army a severe defeat, and by the end of the month, Napoleon's armies were retreating all across Europe. By December, nearly all of the French territorial gains of the previous decade had been erased.

Zoraster

persian prophet the gave hope for the afterlife, life is a battle of good v. evil. had visions of Ahura Mazda. Probably lived around 600s BCE when Persia invaded by Muslims.

Supplication against the Ordinaries

treatise criticizing church abuses

Barriers to black voting after 15th Amendment

white primaries grandfather clauses

Freedom Riders

Activists from the North who road buses through the South to push for desegregation

Henry II

English king who came from a French ruling family in Anjou, added French lands to English holdings by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine. Controlled not only England but huge parts of France, including Normandy. Sons always fighting over their rights. Even angling against their father

William Harvey

English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood

Xenia

Greek code of hospitality; guest friendship

Cuban Missile Crisis

Kennedy ordered the United States Navy to envelop the island to prevent any additional missiles from entering. The standoff between the United States and Soviet Union over Cuba was as close as both nations came to nuclear war. Fortunately, Khrushchev complied and returned the missiles to the Soviet Union.

Henry VII (cont)

King Henry VII gave England a stable royal house (by marrying a York), an improved infrastructure and the beginning of the English Renaissance. Loved knowledge. Sent scholars to Italy to learn classics.

Midieval food production

Warm period. Mediterranean basin less productive. Northern Europe more. Viking raids decreased Untamed wood of northern Europe could be cleared peacefully and prosperously Heavy plow, harrow, hoe, horse collar, three crop rotation.

Military Reconstruction Act

1867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions; or else they would lose their representation in Congress. The 14th Amendment was ratified within a year.

Empedocles

440 B.C. - Greek who stated that all matter was composed of 4 elements: earth, air, fire, & water

GI Bill

A law passed in 1944 that provided educational and other benefits for people who had served in the armed forces in World War II. Benefits are still available to persons honorably discharged from the armed forces.

domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596)

Battle of Crecy

First major battle of the Hundred Years War. •Showed that England had established a worthy army •Showed a decline in the use of the cavalry (because of the longbow)

Pentagon Papers

Government documents that showed the public had been lied to about the status of the war in Vietnam. Nixon ordered it looked into and discredited.

Mastaba

an ancient Egyptian mudbrick tomb with a rectangular base and sloping sides and flat roof

Agricultural Revolution

seed press, enclosure laws, new types of crops in England, utilizing barren soil with nitrogen rich crops and grazing crops for livestock -- meat and fertilizer.

advent of horses

steppe and assyrians embraced. but not widespread until advent of the stirrup. plus, early horses not great for a lot of things.

effect of steel

stone working (finally diverge from Sumerians), large armories, no need to trade to get weapons

industrial ecology

study of industrial systems aimed at identifying and implementing strategies that reduce their environmental impact. Industries, such as manufacturing and energy plants, extract raw materials and natural resources from the earth and transform them into products and services that meet the demands of the population.

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) created by Eisenhower.

Mesopotamia

which means 'land between the rivers.'

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Trail of Tears

The largest and most 'advanced' of tribes east of the Mississippi, the Cherokee once dominated territories in the Great Smokey Mountains. At the time Jackson was president, their lands had shrunk, but still they remained in control of sizable swaths of land in northern Georgia, Tennessee, and North Carolina, lands the white settlers wanted for growing cotton. It didn't help their cause that gold was discovered in Dahlonega, Georgia, also an area the Cherokee claimed. The first gold rush of the United States simply added to the insistence that the Cherokee move out so the white man could move in. General Winfield Scott forced resistant Cherokees into concentration camps General Winfield Scott With mounting pressure from all sides, the Cherokee tried to appeal their case to the United States Supreme Court in 1831 but were denied a hearing. In another court case, Worcester v. Georgia (1832), the Supreme Court held that the Cherokee were entitled to legal protection from encroachments by the state of Georgia on their lands. The problem was the Supreme Court gave opinions with no power to back them up. When it came time to enforce the ruling, Georgia and President Jackson simply ignored it and continued preparations for the removal of the Cherokee. With the support of the president, Georgia moved forward and held a lottery for the sale of Cherokee land, even though the Cherokee still lived on the land. Those who bought the lands pressured further for the state or the federal government to quicken Cherokee removal by force, if necessary. A small group of Cherokee within the tribe saw a fight with the United States as a lose-lose situation. Nothing, they believed, would stop their removal. Jackson's administration reached out to this malleable lot and brokered the Treaty of New Echota. The treaty, signed in 1835, caused a rift in the tribe. Many felt betrayed by the treaty and urged the Senate not to ratify it, but it was in vain. The Senate ratified the treaty in 1836, and the clock was ticking on the Cherokee nation. Jackson's successor in the White House was Vice President Martin Van Buren, who ordered General Winfield Scott to round up the recalcitrant Cherokees into concentration camps and prepare them to be force-marched west. Scott carried out his duties without delay. Those who resisted the round-up had their homes burned, property destroyed, and some even lost their lives. In the end, the Cherokee were resigned to their fate and began the thousand-mile walk westward. Many thousands would die along the way, die of exposure to the cold winter, die of disease, die of old age and fatigue, but the Cherokee marched on. They had no choice. It caused some soldiers involved in the event even to question their own humanity. One soldier, looking back at his role in the Cherokee removal, compared it to other atrocities and violence he had witnessed during the Civil War a few decades later. He said, 'I fought through the War Between the States and I have seen many men shot, but the Cherokee Removal was the cruelest work I ever knew.' But those were his orders, and they were carried out.

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.

Macrinus

AD 217-218 - Prefect of Praetorian Guard, killed Caracalla. Assassinated within a year.

Society of United Irishmen

An organized underground movement formed in 1791 to fight for Ireland's independence from England. Spurred by the ideals of the French Revolution, a group of men in Belfast set up the Society of United Irishmen in 1791 aiming to reform the Irish Parliament. After being suppressed in 1794, the Society roused the area around Dublin into open rebellion in 1798. Despite early successes, the rebels were decisively defeated at Vinegar Hill in June.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Ottoman Empire

Started as one of many competing states in the Anatolian region. Founded by Osman. Accummulated enough power to form a centralized authority. No early records. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe. The state came to loosely ruled from Istanbul, with local leaders in the Balkans being allowed to rule their possessions unencumbered from central authority, so long as they pledged fealty to the Ottoman Empire and promised military aid in any wars. Expansion checked by weak leaders and military losses in early 1600s, but then regrouped and tried to go at Austria -- lose and slowly decline throughout history.

rivers essential ________ but _______

for moving supplies___but ultimately you're going to need roads if you want to expand into other territories

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration

Aviles

started a colonoy on atlantic coast in florida called st augustine. first north american settlement.

threshing

the separation of grain or seeds from the husks and straw

Urbanization during Industrialization

Massive amounts of capital poured into new manufacturing plants, accompanied by swarms of blue- and white-collar workers, and new businesses, banks and rail yards served the needs of a nation that was rapidly turning away from its agrarian roots. Ironically, the same technological achievements that allowed industry to flourish had made agriculture so efficient that many thousands of farmers found themselves obsolete. If your choices were life in a European slum with no hope for improvement or life in an American city with at least the promise of work and an education for your children, which would you choose. There were museums and theaters, amusement parks, sporting events, zoos, indoor plumbing, electric lighting and telephones. Even the poor could marvel at skyscrapers, walk in a park or gawk at miles of sprawling, ostentatious mansions to inspire their dreams. [Thomas Jefferson agrarian paradise wrong] Second Industrial Revolution also needed thousands of engineers, supervisors, clerks, accountants and other white-collar employees, resulting in a BOOMING MIDDLE CLASS. This literate and curious urban workforce had more money and more time to enjoy all that the cities had to offer: new technology, experiences and opportunities. Elevators, electric light, movies, sports, railcars, publications, telephone -- middle class could lead an active, interesting life on their own terms. Opportunities for higher education. Opportunities for employment led women to lead more independent lives. Later on the car would send things to a whole new level. The next phase of this social revolution would take place after WWI in the Roaring 20s. Flappers. Movies. Consumerism. Homosexuality. (which in turn had a polarizing effect on the rest of America). It was a source of tension for many Americans. It often divided the young from the old, the modernists from the traditionalists, the progressives from the conservatives. Ultimately, we have to understand the 1920s as a fractured time: urban culture was undoubtedly popular, even as it revealed sharp differences of opinion among Americans.

Act of Annates

Officially authorized King Henry VIII to withhold payment of taxes to Rome at his discretion

Jamestown

On May 14, 1607, 104 English men and boys --Jamestown, in honor of English king, James I. funded by the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company, public/private partnership. Investors pooled their money to pay all up-front expenses. government gave the company a charter with boundaries and a time limit, and in return, was granted a share of stock. far enough up river to avoid the Spanish, on a peninsula with a deep water port and there were no Indians. tide carried in seawater they couldn't drink. The swampy peninsula was filled with mosquitoes carrying malaria. Also, many colonists suffered from dysentery and typhoid because the rivers were contaminated by their own body waste. attack by Virginia Indians that were part of the Powhatan Confederacy. Governor John Smith was allegedly kidnapped, and about to be executed when the chief's 12-year old daughter saved his life. colonists abandoned everything they were doing to build a triangular shaped fort. For years, the colonists fought with local tribes, suffering (and inflicting) murders, kidnapping, fires, thefts and more. A few men attempted to grow crops the summer they arrived, but they were totally unsuccessful because of an unusual drought that year. Within eight months, only 35 of the original 104 colonists were alive. relief ships didn't bring enough supplies. in the winter of 1608, a fire destroyed a lot of their remaining supplies. Pocahontas intervened on their behalf several times. daughter of a tribal chief named Powhatan. Powhatan offered Jamestown some protection and food in trade. reminded them of his power by attacking periodically. After Smith left, Powhatan lost interest in good relations. 80% of the settlers who came to Jamestown were dead by the winter of 1609. The desperate survivors of this starving time decided to abandon the colony. They were sailing up the James River when they were met by a ship carrying their new governor. turned back. Between 1607 and 1622, the Virginia Company sent 10,000 people to Jamestown, only 2,000 survived. A third relief mission driven aground on the uninhabited island of Bermuda. All of the people onboard survived. built two smaller boats from the remains of their ship and sailed for Jamestown. this was the turning point. Rolfe's mystery seeds. Virginia's climate perfect for tobacco. A year later when Rolfe he became a wealthy man. Sweet Spanish tobacco was in great demand. Married Pocahontas. An investor could sponsor a worker to go to Virginia and in return would get 50 acres of land. often 7 years - in exchange for passage to Jamestown, room and board, and a piece of land when their service was complete. In fact, the first Africans in Jamestown were indentured servants. system helped Jamestown meet demand for labor despite staggering death rate. Virginia House of Burgesses, first elected government in America. an attack by the Powhatan Indians killed a quarter of the population. King James revoked the company's charter and declared Jamestown to be the royal colony of Virginia.

Amendment III

No quartering without consent

Thermopylae

a famous battle in 480 BC, where the Persians attacked the Spartans, battle held in a mountain pass. Greeks held a long time. Then Persians marched on Athens. Burned Athens, but then got clobbered at Salamis.

Peace of Hubertusburg

ended the Seven Years' War and recognized Prussian control of Silesia

Salutary Neglect

an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty.

horse people could compete in fertile areas

because of archery, pastoral food supplies, maneuverable horses (no need for roads)

The most common form of hierarchy is

an aristocracy. In this system, status is based on one's lineage

Thales

"Father of Western Philosophy". Greek philosopher who taught that the universe had originated from water. Looking for constants. So that everything can always be something.

Decline of Feudalism

peasants moved to cities and looked to the monarch, not their lord, for protection. Basically, other options available to them -- cities and military.

Malthus

said human population cannot continue to increase..consequences will be war, famine & disease

William Booth

founded the Salvation Army

The earliest surviving code of law is

the code of Ur-Nammu, written by the king of Ur near the end of the Sumerian empire, around 2100 BCE

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Economic Liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

Third Samnite War

298-290 BC. Rome crushes a united front.

Charles Townshend

4-crop rotation

shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world but for a valid purpose. Blue headed.

18th century culture

Chapter 21, Lesson 2

mother goddess worship

oldest sculptures. reach peak in Minoan. bull as constrained male force?

Kepler's Second Law

As a planet moves around its orbit, it sweeps out equal areas in equal times

Augustus

He amassed all the titles he could while trying to create the illusion of a republic.

chain mail

a flexible medieval armor made of interlinked metal rings

epic

A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds

Public Health Act

1848

Valley Forge

77-78. Valley Forge, PA. shelters for 12,000 men with only one axe available. Four thousand of the men were declared unfit for duty as a result of malnutrition, exposure and disease. civilian friends and relatives, who brought food, supplies and comfort to the troops. quarter of his army did not survive. von Steuben effective in systematically training the American soldiers based on the Prussian military system. France had drawn off British ships and soldiers from North America so that they could fight France in the Caribbean.

NSC-68

A National Security Council document, approved by President Truman in 1950, developed in response to the Soviet Union's growing influence and nuclear capability; it called for an increase in the US conventional and nuclear forces to carry out the policy of containment

Syllogism

A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

Silent Spring by Rachel Carson

Alerted the public of the dangers of pesticide poisoning and environmental pollution in this book.

Phillis Wheatley

American poet (born in Africa) who was the first recognized Black writer in America (1753-1784). Originally from Gambia.

Mencius

Confucius's greatest disciple; he has been called the second sage; wrote Analects. Stressed that humans were essentially good. Spread philosophy much further than Confucius was able to.

Ancus Marcius

Fourth king of Rome. More conquering. Founds Ostia.

Edmund Genet

French diplomat, hoped to persuade Americans to honor their 1778 military alliance with France. Bad behavior. Washington's decision was easy.

Year of the Four Emperors

Galba (murdered), Otho (suicide), Vitellius (murder), Vespasian (victor -- died of natural causes)

Peace of Prague

German Protestant states, led by Saxony, reached a compromise with Ferdinand with this treaty. restricted german states from conspiring but gave amnesty. Kind of like the end of the US Civil War --- Habsburgs and german state armies combined.

Titus

Had conquered Jerusalem. Volcano and plague.

Article VI

Supremacy Clause

Helot

In the society of ancient Sparta, a peasant bound to the land

Berlin Airlift

Joint effort by the US and Britian to fly food and supplies into W Berlin after the Soviet blocked off all ground routes into the city

First Triumvirate

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus. Engratiated themselves to plebs by redistributing land to veterans and citizens.

WWII

Know generally, but: The Axis had occupied North Africa early in the war, but Britain managed to defend Egypt in the Battle of El Alamein. This kept the Suez Canal and oil fields out of Nazi hands. Lend-Lease

French Revolution

National Assembly tried to enact several reforms .passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man. This document, made up of 17 clauses, mimicked in many ways the Bill of Rights of the U.S. and the 1689 Declaration of Right made in England. Called for free elections. Subsequently, mobs attacked the Tuileries Palace in Paris and arrested the king in August. The Legislative Assembly suspended his powers in September.

Act of Uniformity

This act mandated a revised version of the second "Book of Common Prayer" for every English parish. Everyone had to essentially go Protestant.

Holy League

Papacy tries to get Milan from France by rallying everyone to its cause. Unsuccessful. Blow to papacy.

Mycenae collapse

Part of bronze age collapse. Dorians (iron weapons) by land. Sea peoples by water.

Allegory of the Cave

Plato's description of individuals who live their lives in accordance with the shadows of reality provided by sensory experience instead of in accordance with the true reality beyond sensory experience.

Popular Art in Early 20th

Realism. Sargent.

Treaty of Cassius

Rome forced to accept, provided a common Latin defense against outside threats, 493 BCE

Jim Crow Laws

State laws in the South that legalized segregation. Challenged by Plessy, which would legalize separate but equal.

Greek Titans

The Titans aren't so much gods of things as the things themselves with a name.

council of trent

The embodiment of the counter-reformation. The council determined that the Church's interpretation of the Bible was the final word but that the Bible had equal authority with the Church. Rituals like indulgences, pilgrimages, and veneration of saints were upheld. Although the structure of the Church saw little change, a greater emphasis was placed on discipline and education in the clergy. (by 1567 indulgences were outlawed) Inspired a movement of reform and revival.

Kepler's First Law

The orbit of each planet around the Sun is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution

This gave the president authority to take "all neccessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States." Blank check given after Maddox allegedly fired upon in Gulf of Tonkin. Decided on air attack.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Roman Assembly

A group that protected the rights of the plebeians [lower class].

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local landscapes. nationalism, romanticism, Manifest Destiny, optimism, grandeur and so much more. Even most of the music, literature, and entertainment of this time drew from these themes. Thomas Cole founded

George Whitefield

Christian preacher whose tour of the English colonies attracted big crowds and sparked the First Great Awakening. Both taught that people needed to have changed, repentant hearts. His admonition that listeners think about how a sermon applies only to themselves was a jab at the Puritan tendency to watch each other for signs of evil.

Sea Beggars

Dutch pirates who were part of the resistance movement against Spain; their job was to fight the Spanish navy and disrupt trade

80 Years War

It began as a revolt of the 17 Dutch providences against Philip II of Spain. (How did Spain come to have Netherlands?) William of Orange helped win the war, also called the Dutch War of Independence. Coincided with Spanish Armada attack against

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Primarily a voting rights bill, was the first civil rights legislation enacted by Republicans in the United States since Reconstruction. established the Commission on Civil Rights, which investigated voter violations and recommended remedies to the federal government.

National Security Act

1947 *Created the Central Intelligence Agency *Created the National Security Council Created the Air Force *Reorganized the military under one Department of Defense head

Brown vs. the Board of Education

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Little Rock Nine

1957 - Governor Faubus sent the Arkansas National Guard to prevent nine Black students from entering Little Rock Central High School. Eisenhower sent in U.S. paratroopers to ensure the students could attend class.

Second Punic War

218 B.C. - 202 B.C., Rome looking for a fight. Expanding Carthage in Iberian peninsula a good target. Rome has a navy. Carthage has built an army. Hannibal decides to attack Rome, Sneaks through Gaul with 60,000 troops and 60 Elephants, Wreaks havoc in Rome for 15 years, Rome's other armies off elsewhere. Fortunately for Rome, Hannibal has no siege equipment. Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage making Hannibal come back to Carthage

Armistice of Compiegne

The Armistice was signed between Germany and the Allies. It would go into effect on November 11th, 1918. on the eleventh hour Paris Time.

James Meredith

United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)

Russo-Japanese War

Western powers stripped Port Arthur rights and gave it to Japan. A 1904-1905 conflict between Russia and Japan, sparked by the two countries' efforts to dominate Manchuria and Korea

obelisk

a tall, pointed, four-sided pillar in ancient Egypt

18th Amendment

banned the manufacture and sale of all alcoholic beverages in the United States. This amendment was highly controversial and difficult to enforce. The Eighteenth Amendment would be repealed, or canceled, by the Twenty-First Amendment, making it the only constitutional amendment to be repealed.

WWI weapons

mechanized warfare. Calvary previously played a critical role, and men lined up in formations to fight in open spaces. trench warfare, in which opposing armies would dig sophisticated trenches into the earth in order to provide themselves with cover. The open space between the opposing trench systems was commonly referred to as 'no man's land' Cold weather, rain, mud, food shortages, rats, and disease were just a few of the difficulties they had to bear. Each side would rain down heavy artillery shells across 'no man's land' hoping to weaken enemy positions. Those who stuck their heads above the trench risked being hit by a sniper's bullet. The constant noise of artillery barrages day and night caused some men to suffer mental instability. machine gun. British 'Vickers' machine gun and the German Maschinengewehr 08, or MG-08. The roughly 240 mm Paris gun, manufactured by Krupp and used to bombard Paris from the remarkable distance of 75 miles, was the largest gun of World War I. It could fire shells into the stratosphere. tank first saw action in September 1916 in the Battle of the Somme. male, with heavier guns, and female, with lighter guns. Recognizing the value of this new invention, the Germans developed their own tank, the A7V, which entered service in early 1918. poison gas. Mustard gas and chlorine gas were among the most commonly used poison gases. it was not until World War I that submarines saw widespread use. 'undersea boat' in German. In May 1915, U-20 torpedoed the RMS Lusitania, resulting in its sinking and the loss of nearly 1200 lives. powerful battleships roamed the seas. Naval blockades became a common tactic as nations attempted to starve one another into submission by preventing imported goods from coming in. Observation balloons were primarily designed for reconnaissance. As the war progressed, 'fighter' and 'bomber' aircraft became realized. machine guns were mounted on airplanes and became synchronized so that they could fire through the plane's propellers. Manfred von Richthofen. The Red Baron achieved 80 combat victories before being shot down and killed in April 1918. German Zeppelin airships, named after Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. had tremendous psychological effects on the people of London and other Allied cities, although their military effectiveness is a matter of debate.

Motivation of Exploration

mercantilism (lost city). religious freedom. northwest passage.

Subversive Activities Control Board

officially allowed authorities to investigate suspected communist-controlled organizations. J. Edgar Hoover

Carolingian Renaissance

period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. Had help from literate princes of the church. Charlemagne's building projects mostly concerned cathedrals and monasteries. Many of these buildings also served as schools, as Charlemagne wanted to establish a larger base of literate subjects to help him run his empire.

early use of dogs

probably first for sheep, then other animals

one of the black basin farmers ends up in mesopotamia. what periods? what result?

ubaid. uruk. division of skills. population surplus. creation of networks to feed central.

Diocletian

Roman emperor of 284 C.E. Attempted to deal with fall of Roman Empire by splitting the empire into two regions run by co-emperors (tetrarchy). Also brought armies back under imperial control (where there had been warring generals in the vacuum left after Severan dynasty), and attempted to deal with the economic problems by strengthening the imperial currency, forcing a budget on the government, and capping prices to deal with inflation. Civil war and rebellion, which had been raging when he took over, erupted again upon his retirement.

Pyrrhic War

Rome found excuse to attack Tarentum. This war was against the Greek Colonies and King Pyrrhus of Eprius who sent 20,000 Greeks across the Adriatic to defeat the Romans twice, only to be defeated later in 267 BC.

james watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

bas-relief

Sculpture whose ornament or figures are somewhat raised above the background

Freedman's Bureau, 1865

Set up to help freedmen and white refugees after Civil War. Provided food, clothing, medical care, and education. First to establish schools for blacks to learn to read as thousands of teachers from the north came south to help. Lasted from 1865-72. Attacked by KKK and other southerners as "carpetbaggers" Encouraged former plantation owners to rebuild their plantations, urged freed Blacks to gain employment, kept an eye on contracts between labor and management, etc

Jericho

Site of an important early agricultural settlement of perhaps 2,000 people in present-day Israel.

Why blacks as slaves

Slavery had earlier taken hold in the Caribbean. It only took 2-6 weeks to get to the colonies from the Caribbean. Experience - they had previous experience and knowledge working in sugar and rice production. Immunity from diseases - they were less likely to get sick due to prolonged contact over centuries. Low escape possibilities - they did not know the land, had no allies, and were highly visible because of skin color.

Marco Polo

(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. At the same time, he raised up cititzens to positions of responsibility and embraced the merchant class.

Hernan Cortes

1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico

Third Punic War

149- 146 B.C. Indemnity paid. No reason to keep Carthage around. carthage totally destroyed, sold population to slavery, salted fields, burned city

Bacon's rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. Leads to changes in voting rights along color lines and to slavery.

Carnegie

A Scottish immigrant who made a fortune in steel and donated most of his profits.

June Days

A revolt during the month of June as a result of the abolishment of national workshops. People turned to someone they thought was a strong leader. Napolean Bonaparte III

environmentalism

A social movement dedicated to protecting the earth's life support systems for us and other species.

Fall of Rome 476 AD

Corrupt leadership, a declining economy, and attacks by Germanic Tribes, weakened the Roman Empire

John Cabot

English explorer who claimed Newfoundland for England while looking for Northwest Passage

Slave class structure

Field hand.... Task.... House.... Skilled

With revolutionary spirit of mid 1800s, also

Improved healthcare, sanitation, safety, understanding of mental illness, mass education

Amendment VII

In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

Persepolis Palace

Largest palace in Persepolis; Persian empires ancient capital; audience hall.

Need to study more

Louis of the 18th century

Port Huron Statement

Manifesto of the Students for a Democratic Society, which criticized the federal government for racial inequality, poverty, and also the Cold War and international peace.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk chief who led many Iroquois to fight with Britain against American revolutionaries

Taoism

Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events. We as humans should try our best to return to this state of unfettered existence

Watergate

Plumbers. Caught. Turn. Dean. Tapes. Cox. Smoking Gun. Supreme Court/executive privilege

Federal Judiciary Act of 1789

The act that created a court system and divided authority between the state and federal courts

Mussolini

The fragmented nature of its beginnings caused vast differences in terms of wealth, education, and infrastructure. Rich north. Poor south. reflected in its government, and very little was actually accomplished by the Italian Parliament. Italy had not been given the same favorable settlement as the other allied powers Mussolini was born in Predappio in 1883, the son of a blacksmith. Originally a socialist who had fled to Switzerland to avoid draft. returned to Italy in 1904 and in 1919 he formed Italy's Fascist Party. As unemployment soared, won 35 seats in the 1921 elections. rivaling communists, Fascist followers and party foot soldiers, nicknamed the 'Black Shirts,' and staged a march on Rome. Once there, King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government and restore order to the countryside. Over the next three years, Mussolini dismantled the democracy Cavour had painstakingly cobbled together, and in 1925, he declared himself dictator of Italy. He took the title Il Duce - literally, 'The Leader.' Italy under Fascism Fascist Italy heavily centralized. used fascist state to marginally improve Italy - social welfare programs instituted, railroads and public transportation systems were built or improved upon, and the Italian economy stabilized. all other political parties were outlawed and strict press censorship was instituted. Rumors abounded that socialist leaders, were being arrested and beaten to death. Workers stripped of the ability to strike, and although wages rose initially under the Mussolini regime, by 1929 average pay had fallen below that of 1922. force feeding them propaganda. Artwork that did not represent the glory of Italy or Rome was outlawed. Mussolini invaded Abyssinia (modern-day Ethiopia) in 1935, making it a province of his new Italian Empire. xenophobia rampant. Jews were barred from being government officials or serving in the military. immigration of any further Jews into Italy was prohibited. In 1939, Mussolini and Hitler signed The Pact of Steel. Italian forces were ill-prepared. successes Italian troops had, such as in France in 1940, were often in partnership with Nazi German forces. driven from Africa entirely by 1943. In July of 1943, allied troops invaded Sicily. Before the end of the month, Mussolini's fascist government was overthrown, and Il Duce, himself, was imprisoned. Germans rescued the imprisoned dictator only two months after he lost power. discovered by a group of communist leaders. The following day, April 25, 1945, Mussolini, his mistress, and his entire entourage were summarily executed

Nez Pierce Indians

The tribe, led by Chief Joseph that was forced from its traditional lands in Oregon (broken treaty when gold discovered) and was hunted down as it tried to escape to Canada. a new chief, Joseph the Younger, struggled to hold the so-called 'non-treaty' band together. As he resigned himself and his people to the reservation, three frustrated warriors took revenge on white civilians. Rather than fight a losing war or dishonor his father's wishes, Chief Joseph the Younger decided on a third option: he and about 800 followers took flight in 1877, hoping to join the Sioux Chief Sitting Bull who was hiding in Canada. The U.S. army was hot on their heels.

Athenian blunders

They switched commanders on a dime, yet held onto disastrous strategies When the first expedition to Sicily failed, they sent another, and then another, until nearly the entire Athenian fleet had been destroyed They raised new armies and built new ships. genius of their commanders. executed their greatest naval commanders after the battle of Arginusae.

Federal Reserve Act

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 distinct reserves to be controlled by the banks in each district; in addition, a Federal Reserve board was established to regulate the entire structure; improved public confidence in the banking system.

Factory System

This new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories. Interchangeable parts Francis Lowell memorized the workings of the English power loom. He recreated the technology, made some improvements. Powered by water mills, the Boston Manufacturing Company was America's first manufacturing plant - converting raw cotton into cloth under one roof. The factory system also trickled down to the craftsman level. Now, a cobbler no longer produced every part of a shoe from start to finish. He might assemble a pair of shoes after first buying the soles and heels from one source, leather from another and so on. Americans did see the economic value in specialization. Farmers started thinking more like businessmen, calculating the cost-benefit analysis of transporting crops to a more distant market that paid better prices. They liked buying more things with the extra money they were bringing in. It did mean a decline in cottage industry, and a lot of skilled laborers were replaced with unskilled workers who could operate machinery.

Second Intermediate Period

Time when Hyksos overthrew Middle Kingdom and introduced horses and chariots to Egypt. Ultimately Hyksos thrown off by Ahmose and establishment of New Kingdom.

Bartering in a Commodity Economy

Tom can give Jill an otherwise worthless lump of iron in exchange for a shirt. Jill can then take that iron to Ted the blacksmith. Ted can use some of the iron to make Jill's needles and keep the rest of the iron in exchange for his work. This system is called a commodity economy

Foreign help in Revolutionary WAr

When France sailed for America in 1778, British General Howe decided to abandon his occupation of Philadelphia. French action in the West Indies drew off manpower and it interrupted the cash flow , as well as the flow of supplies into the colonies. Spain laid siege to Gibraltar, and captured Florida, which England had occupied since the French and Indian War. In 1782, they captured the British naval base in the Bahamas. The Dutch Navy started interfering with trade routes in the North Sea, further distracting the British from their main task of controlling the rebellious colonies. In the Battle of the Chesapeake, one French fleet forced the British navy to retreat to New York, while a smaller force slipped into the Chesapeake Bay to effectively blockade the British Army. The British surrendered at Yorktown on October 19, 1781.

Mexican-American War

[See above... never recognized Texas independence] Mexico insisted the border was at the Nueces River, while Texas insisted it was the Rio Grande. The army occupied the disputed land southwest of the Nueces, angering not only the Mexican government but many American citizens as well. accused the President of provoking an unjust war against a weaker neighbor - a concept that contradicted the romantic ideals of Manifest Destiny in which democracy would spread because of its own virtue. Abraham Lincoln doubted the provocation and demanded to know the exact spot where American soldiers had been killed. (bullies, Thoreau, glorification..) Senator John C. Calhoun (rejects Wilmot Provis) of South Carolina said 'We have never dreamt of incorporating into our Union any but the Caucasian race - the free white race...' Then, there was Congressman David Wilmot. He proposed banning all African-Americans - slave or free - from any territory that might be gained at the end of the war President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. Mexico had overestimated its manpower and weaponry, steadily losing ground to General Taylor and American officers like Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, William T. Sherman and others who would later direct the Civil War on both sides. In early 1847, the navy pounded Vera Cruz and marines captured the city. From there, they could move towards Mexico City. The President's political opponents continued to question why America was pushing deeper into Mexico if our goal had been to defend our border. So when marines captured the 'Halls of Montezuma' (Mexico City) in September of 1847, Polk knew it was time to quit. At first, the Mexicans had believed Slidell was there to discuss the Texas situation. When they found out what he was really up to, Slidell was sent packing. President Polk responded by sending U.S. troops into disputed territory between Texas and Mexico in 1846. [Polk didn't really want war with Mexico and Great Britain at the same time, so he diplomatically secured the modern U.S./Canadian border at the 49th parallel in 1846. It wasn't 'all Oregon,' but he didn't have to fight for it or pay for it.]

Federal Civil Defense Administration

a federal agency established by Congress in 1951 to plan for civil defense during the arms race by preparing Americans to survive a nuclear attack. Duck and Cover, bomb shelters, etc.

The Five Fs:

feuding, factions, funding, foreigners, and a freaky disease. Fortunately for the Empire, a man named Diocletian would step in to save the day.

At core of human hierarchies for most of history

kinship (knights, kings, city states, emperors)

Trade shifts

prior to the discovery of the Americas, the main focus was the Mediterranean because Genoa, Venice were gateway to the Far East. western hemisphere became more profitable and enriched its main actors at the expense of the states of southern Europe. By 1800, this slow transformation of the last few hundred years was complete, with Great Britain owning the largest navy and economic capital of Europe arguably in Holland rather than in Italy. Spurred by classical liberalism (Enlightenment) e free markets allowed for movement of people, goods, and wealth throughout period, those with capital loaned at interest, fostering large business ventures and increasing the aggregate wealth of successful companies. framework in Adam Smith's landmark work, The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776 in England. technological innovation. spinning jenny. steam. locomotive.

environmental science

study of the interactions of the physical, chemical, and biological components of the environment and also the relationships and effects of these components with the organisms in the environment.

divine right of kings

the belief that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God

Shia

the branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Council of Constance

the council in 1414-1418 that succeeded in ending the Great Schism in the Roman Catholic Church

cursus honorum

the path of honor, to move up a level in the political sense; sequence of magistracies(high to low): censor, consul, praetor, quaestor(aedile and tribune are optional)

Severan Dynasty

was a Roman imperial dynasty, which ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235. The dynasty was founded by the Roman general Septimius Severus (huge expense on military, got rid of praetorian guard in favor of huge standing army)

3 goals of environmental science

learn how the natural world works to understand how we as humans interact with the environment to determine how we affect the environment and finding ways to deal with these effects on the environment.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Page Act

1875 legislation that prohibited the immigration of Asian contract laborers, Asian prostitutes, and convicted felons.

Cash and Carry Policy

1939. Law passed by Congress which allowed a nation at war to purchase goods and arms in US as long as they paid cash and carried merchandise on their own ships. Got around neutrality.

Charles Fourier

(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Crittenden Compromise

1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

Euripides

A playwright who wrote about 90 tragedies and included strong female characters and smart slaves. Forbids Dionysus worship. He attempts to capture the god. In his pride, he spies on the rites of Dionysus. And for his pride, Pentheus dies horribly, torn limb from limb by his own mother, who plays catch with balls of his flesh. Don't be like Pentheus. Don't deny new gods, and don't become so civilized that you forget you're an animal.

Bayeux Tapestry

A tapestry that recounts the battle of hastings, A piece of linen about 1 Ft.8 in. Wide by 213 ft.long covered with embroidery representing the incidents of Willam the conqueror's expedition to England.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period)

Two Roman camps

After Caesar's assassination, Rome divided into two camps: the Senatorial camp, who supported the aristocracy and strove to restore the Republic, and the Caesarian camp, who supported Caesar and his many reforms. Cicero became the foremost representative of the Republic and the Senate, while Caesar's right hand man, Mark Antony, led the Caesarian camp.

Battle of Hastings

After Edward the Confessor died without an heir, the decisive battle in which William the Conqueror (duke of Normandy) defeated the Saxons under Harold II (1066) and thus left England open for the Norman Conquest. Harold was tired having just defeated King of Norway who was also vying for the throne. William was a relative of Edward

Pythagorians

Also looking for constants (e.g. ratios)

Article II

Article II of the Constitution establishes the executive branch of the government four year term natural born U.S. citizen or the individual must be born to at least one parent who was born on U.S. soil, and the individual had to be born within a possession of the United States. at least 35 years old, and must have been residing in the U.S. for a period 14 years. Commander in Chief of the military, make treaties (with the consent of the Senate), has the power to pardon, and appoint ambassadors, judges, and other officials, but these appointments must be approved by Congress.

Education Movement

Begins in Massachusetts; Horace Mann "Father of American Education" is the leader of this movement; he discouraged corporal punishment; textbooks were printed, some even used religious stories to teach. By 1840, there were more than 70 institutions of higher education, offering both theological and more practical training. Oberlin College in Ohio was the first coeducational college in America, opening its doors to women in 1833.

Lao Tzu

Chinese philosopher; taught about Daoism (following the way of nature) and yin/yang. Might just be an ideal person. The Way.

Sumerians defeated -- power struggle

First co-opted by Akkadians. Then conquered by the Guti. Neo-Sumerian empire finally done in Elamites. Then Amorites made a play at conquering. Babylon slowly emerges from various powerful city states and tries to make an Empire under Hammurabi (Code of Laws. Largely imitates Sumerian structure)

Five Good Emperors

Five consecutive Roman emperors (Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius) distinguished by their benevolence and moderation. Nerva began custom of adoption to the throne.

Aristarchus

Greek scientist who first stated that the Earth revolved around the Sun, and rotated on its axis. Note idea of parallax

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his stoic beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Tea Pot Dome Scandal

Oil-rich lands in Wyoming were leased to companies in return for personal loans to members of his administration. In 1923, rumors of this corruption began to surface. Harding and his wife took a trip to Alaska to speak to people and hopefully save his reputation. On his way back, he became sick with what he thought to be food poisoning. His train rushed to California, but his condition got worse.

Sulla

Rival of Marius, He marches on rome and takes control of the senate, he kills all who oppose him. Eliminates power of tribune and assembly. Tries to reestablish senate as roman body of control. Is friends with pompey. Anti-pleb. Pro-aristrocrat.

David Graham Phillips

The Treason of the Senate,A muckraker novel, it publicized corruption in the Senate after doing research on government leaders.

Amendment V

The right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double Jeopardy.

Amendment VI

The rights of those accused of a crime, such as the right to a speedy and public trial and the right to have an attorney.

Treaty of San Lorenzo

This 1795 treaty with Spain is also known as Pinckney's Treaty. It gave the US unrestricted access to the Mississippi River and established the border between the US and Spanish Florida. The agreement allowed American settlers the right to deposit their exports in New Orleans and to engage in commerce in the city.

Redstockings

This radical feminist organization viewed men as oppressors and formed separate female collectives to affirm their identities as women. Ellen Willis and Shulamith Firestone

Coercive Acts

This series of laws were very harsh laws that intended to make Massachusetts pay for its resistance. It also closed down the Boston Harbor until the Massachusetts colonists paid for the ruined tea. Also forced Bostonians to shelter soilders in their own homes.

Kingdom of Israel

United under Saul. David carves out Jerusalem as capital. Solomon, David's son, builds temple to hold the Ark of the covenant. Short-lived. 10 tribes split from the other 2. Israel vs. Judah. Assyrians, masters of steel, re-emerge. Under Tiglath, the Assyrians conspire with some tribes to wipe Israel off the map. Israelites defiant in defeat. Ultimately general Sargon completely wipes out Israel 10 tribes (first Diaspora)

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

While it did secure Maria Theresa on the Austrian throne, the Prussian occupation of Silesia would provide the impetus for Austria's military buildup and Prussia's preemptive invasion in 1756.

Election of 1912

Woodrow Wilson wins! When Theodore Roosevelt broke from the Republicans to form the Bull Moose (AKA "Progressive") Party, he hoped to win back the presidency. His presence split the Republican vote resulting in a win for the Democrat, Wilson. The Progressive Party is the only party to advocate women's suffrage, or the right to vote, at the national level. Debs also runs, but Wilson co-opts many of his ideas on labor. It was the high point of the progressive movement in terms of progressive ideals and rhetoric at the national level.

classical pragmatism

philosophical tools, such as reason, logic, and ethics, should be used not to prove or disprove abstract concepts, such as the soul or self, but to be put to use to better society and the well-being of people.

Sumerian Religion

polytheistic; anthropomorphic; creator gods (Marduk); gods were unpredictable and angry like the rivers (Gilgamesh). Priests powerful agents who could appeal for good weather -- essentially a ruling official. Priests and kings were separate later. Probably a source of tricky tension. One of the most well-known kings was Sargon who united several cities under one rule. He used religion to display his power. Sargon's successors ruled much of Mesopotamia until Babylonian rise. Hammurabi claimed that his religious authority was dictated to him by Marduk, his home city's patron god.

civilizations (with agriculture) create surpluses, divisions of labor, modern advancements (e.g. bronze) in exchange for a lack of sustainability but

restricted to areas with lots of water and good climate. Competing systems went to less hospitable areas.

Economic Research and Action Project

revitalize the area and find meaningful work for those who were impoverished. Unfortunately, the campaign failed, not because it didn't have the support of students, but because the task was too large for a grassroots organization to handle.

New Kingdom Architecture

rock-cut tombs. temples rather than tomb pyramids. After-life open to all. Handbook written. Avoid looting.

Old Kingdom

the period from about 2700 to 2200 BC in Egyptian history that began shortly after Egypt was unified. Pharoah considered a god. Fabulous tombs in pyramids and sphinx.

Ptolemy

Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD). Represented round earth on flat surface. Retrograde and epicycles.

Roman monarchy almost absolute.

All three branches. Senate only picks next one.

Trimurti

"Three forms" of the divine; the three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva.

Mahayana

"the Great Vehicle" - The largest of Buddhism's three divisions, prevalent in China, Japan and Korea, encompasses a variety of forms, including those that emphasize devotion and prayer to the Buddhas and bodhisattvas. Popular form that says nirvana available to all.

SNCC

(Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)-a group established in 1960 to promote and use non-violent means to protest racial discrimination; they were the ones primarily responsible for creating the sit-in movement

indo european diaspora

8000 years ago. proto-indo-european from black sea basin. scatter. common language roots. (ma). spreads civilization and farming around the world

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Sunni

A branch of Islam whose members acknowledge the first four caliphs as the rightful successors of Muhammad

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Exodusters

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Nine-Power Treaty

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door Policy in China. The Five-Power Naval Treaty on ship ratios and the Four-Power Treaty to preserve the status quo in the Pacific also came out of the conference.

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Unitarians

Believe in a unitary deity, reject the divinity of Christ, and emphasize the inherent goodness of mankind. Unitarianism, inspired in part by Deism, first caught on in New England at the end of the eighteenth century.

Alexander the Great

Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Son of Phillip. Student of Aristotle.

Burr Conspiracy

Burr planned to take Mexico from Spain and establish a new nation in the West. Burr, a fugitive in politics after Alexander Hamilton's death, was arrested in Natchez and tried for treason. Under John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Burr was acquitted Marshall determined that the charge of treason required more than just proof of conspiracy to commit treason; this helped narrow the legal definition of treason

Four Years' War

Charles V (Spain & Habsburg) is chosen to be HRE. France attacks. England sides with Spain and Papacy France flips the pope and England.

Compromise of 1877

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South--> ended Reconstruction

Atlantic Charter

Declaration of goals issued by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in August 1941

Madison Economic Policy

Democratic-Republicans had totally opposed the Bank of the United States. Madison allowed the Bank's 20-year charter to expire. believed that a national bank was unconstitutional and that it threatened to concentrate financial power with the elite at the expense of yeoman farmers. Madison realized just how difficult it was to finance a war without a national bank, so he finally signed a bill chartering the Second Bank of the United States, which helped stabilize the economy.

Middle Kingdom art

Division and reunification. The political turbulence of this period had left doubt as to the pharaohs divine power, and the style was less imposing. Sesostris lll considered himself to be the shepherd of the people. Sculptures were more naturalist, and less imposing. Their bodies were more rounded, and their faces were more expressive. Block statutes.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. control of corporations, consumer protection and conservation. Lots of anti-trust lawsuits. Department of Commerce and Labor in 1903 to regulate business and enforce federal regulations, particularly those involving interstate commerce. Hepburn Act. The Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act both passed with his help in 1906. National Parks. National Governors' Conference

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. encourage the purchase of domestic goods and was only approved for three years. The internal improvements were roads and canals that Madison said would 'bind more closely together the various parts of our extended confederacy.' Americans back then thought this was a massive overreach of power, and internal improvements became one of the most divisive political issues of the 19th century. But for the time being, things seemed pretty good for Americans - as long as they were white.

Sir Francis Drake

English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596). Queen Elizabeth had sent Drake on a mission to raid Spanish ports on the western coast of the new world. burying it as far north as San Francisco. knew his tiny fleet would certainly be destroyed if he tried to retrace his steps back home. option was to head west across the Pacific and hope for the best. arrived back in England in 1580. one surviving ship and a third of his men, was still twice the Queen's income for a year. Queen Elizabeth to consider establishing a permanent New World colony of her own, as a base for launching even more raids.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. eg. Nicaraguan rebels

Panic of 1873

Four year economic depression caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands, and worsened by Grant's poor fiscal response (refusing to coin silver shrinking the monetary base to avoid spending)

Tiberius Gracchus

Grandson of General Scipio, Elected tribune in 133BC, Proposed law to take land back from Senators and give it to the landless, Very popular with the masses, Opponents organized a riot where he was killed

Post WWII

Great Britain had been the world's largest creditor became its largest debtor! many countries resorted to simply printing more money. many European currencies, like the French franc, became virtually worthless. In 1949, the American, British, and French zones merged to become the Federal Republic of Germany, what commonly became called West Germany. West Germany was immediately admitted to the newly formed United Nations, and in 1955, became part of the Western military alliance, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, or NATO

Karnak

Great temple of Amen at Thebes, the largest complex of religious buildings in the World.

Babylonians deposed by

Hittites. Warriors not settlers. Remained in Anatolia. Big fans of chariots. Excellent metal workers. bit-hilani, a sort of pillared front porch, and the double gateway with corbeled arch - the best surviving example of which is the Lion Gate at Hattusa,

Temple at Uruk

Honoring goddess Innanna. Leave barley. Make something. Give back to the people.

Dharma

In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties. A moral force that orders the universe.

Pilgrims

In September 1620, the Mayflower bound for the northern edge of Virginia. a little less than half of its 102 passengers could, truly, be called pilgrims. separatist congregation fled for their lives to Holland. decided to go to America. fleeing religious persecution. believed led by God to start a religious government. permission from the London Company to colony north of Jamestown. They would call their settlement Plymouth. They got funding from a separate investment company to whom they were indebted. probably just 41 Pilgrims ended up on the Mayflower; the rest were their hired men, homeless or illegitimate children, indentured servants, and strangers who bought the empty space on board. The Mayflower first landed off of Cape Cod, not Plymouth Rock Mayflower Cape Cod dropped anchor at Cape Cod, which was outside the chartered land of the London Company, to whom some of the passengers were indentured. had to live on board the Mayflower while they scouted a permanent site. some people have said the Mayflower got blown off course, it's entirely possible that the Pilgrims went farther north on purpose. some of the former indentured servants became unruly and threatened to settle out on their own. laws for the common good of the colony. Known today as the Mayflower Compact, modeled a new concept called the consent of the governed. Every man on board signed the Mayflower Compact, which functioned as the colony's government for more than 70 years. But success didn't come easy, and nearly half the passengers and crew died of hunger, disease and exposure before the winter was out. One of the colony's early casualties was their governor, so the settlers elected William Bradford. Bradford's diary is our main credible source for information about the colony. abandoned Indian village as the site for Plymouth, they settled in the empty huts. he directed that each family plant their own seeds and provide their own food. struggled to get their European crops to grow in New England, and they survived only by raiding food stores the Indians had left behind. The Wampanoag had lived in the Northeast. Sailors sporadically came. One of their most important legacies was smallpox, which killed 90% of the coastal population. The weakened tribes were then attacked by stronger inland tribes, and most of the coastal villages were just abandoned. By the time the Pilgrims showed up, the Wampanoag were gone from the coast. 'Welcome, Englishmen!' His name was Samoset, and he had picked up some English from the many sailors and explorers near his home in present-day Maine. After learning a little of their situation, Samoset went back to the village where he was staying and told another man, named Squanto, that he'd found a group of English settlers on the verge of certain death. Years earlier, Squanto had been kidnapped by a ship captain and sold as a slave in Spain. Squanto was redeemed by a priest who taught him to speak both Spanish and English, converted him to Christianity, and set him free. Squanto had made his way back home to America by serving as a translator onboard an explorer's ship, only to find his village - the exact one where the Pilgrims later settled - to be abandoned. He was the sole survivor and had taken shelter with another band of Wampanoag. Tradition says that when Squanto learned of the Pilgrims' situation, he believed that God had prepared him to be their helper. A more secular explanation says that Squanto was commanded by Massasoit - the Chief of his adopted tribe - to secure a mutual defense alliance with the English and their powerful weapons to help the Wampanoag fight against their enemies. Whatever his motive, Squanto went to live in Plymouth, teaching them what crops thrived in the area, how to plant them, and everything else the Pilgrims needed to know to survive in America. His help, undoubtedly, saved their lives and assured the success of the colony. Relations with the Indians So, this is why the colonists at Plymouth invited their new friends for a three-day feast and celebration of Thanksgiving after their first successful harvest. The settlers and the Wampanoag played games and ate deer, fowl, seafood, and vegetables. The tradition was repeated individually by some communities for years. The pilgrims hosted a Thanksgiving feast after their first successful harvest First Thanksgiving Feast But the love didn't last between the Indians and Plymouth Colony. Miles Standish, a British soldier accompanying the Pilgrims, led a pre-emptive strike against one of the Wampanoag's enemies. Many of the local Indians fled, allowing the English to dominate the region temporarily. But Plymouth grew, and when they were overwhelmed by the migration of 20,000 Puritan settlers a few years later, open war between the settlers and neighboring tribes ensued.

British resentment

In many respects, Americans were better off than Englishmen. They lived longer, healthier lives, owned more land, had more jobs and paid far less taxes. In the era just before the War for Independence, the average Briton paid 26 shillings in tax each year. The average American only paid one shilling a year even though they were technically British citizens.

Spanish Flu

It has been cited as the most devastating epidemic in recorded world history. More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351. Known as "Spanish Flu" or "La Grippe" the influenza of 1918-1919 was a global disaster.

reform bill of rights

It redistributed the districts to reflect population changes. It changed voting qualifications, which gained many middle-class men voting rights

1689 Bill of Rights

It stated that no law could be suspended by the king. It also stated that no taxes could be raised or army maintained without parliamentary consent. Thirdly it said that no subject (however poor) could be arrested and detained without legal process.

canopic jars

Jars in which the ancient Egyptians preserved the internal organs of a deceased person usually for burial with the mummy. Stone, wood, bronze, gold.

King John

King of England who signed the Magna Carta. Lost most of England's French holdings - including all of Normandy - to the French King Philip II.

Dutch Economy

Largest fleet in the world, dedicated to trade. Replaced Italians as the "bankers of Europe" -- created a commodities market, set up important trading outposts. fostered the growth of internal industries, such as textiles, sugar refining and glass blowing. Most importantly, however, the Dutch were accomplished shipwrights and traders. Their traditional boats, called 'fluyts,' could carry more cargo than the average 17th century trading vessel while also requiring a smaller crew.

Factory Act

Limited children's and adolescents work week in textile factories in England (1833)

2 factors in US entry into WWI

Lusitania and Zimmerman

Newton's publication

Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy published in 1687. This forever changed science and showed that the universe was governed by natural, quantifiable laws. From Newton's laws the philosophers understood that the universe was rational, comprehensible and ordered. These were ideas that fit well into deism - that is, the belief that God created the universe but does not take an active hand in its events.

Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain.

Quran

Muslims believe the Qur'an was revealed to Mohammed over the course of his life starting at the age of 40 in the year 610 CE. He then passed on these revelations to others around him via sermons, poems and other methods, teaching what he believed was the will of Allah to those who would listen. There is dispute on when the Qur'an's final version took shape, but most likely it was during the time of the first Caliph, and the man given credit was Abu Bakr.

Walter Rauschenbusch

New York clergyman who preached the social gospel, worked to alleviate poverty, and worked to make peace between employers and labor unions.

Zoroastrianism

One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.

Committees of Correspondence

Organization founded by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies

The earliest invaders we have a name for are the Scythians, later

Parthians (Rome), Huns, who finding themselves locked out of their normal targets in China by a great wall, turned west and descended on Europe in force and terror. Medieval Europeans would struggle against Magyars, Mongols, Seljuks, Slavs, and Tartars, to name a few. Cossacks in Russia.

Indian Removal Act

Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West. Promised to pay their way and give them iron clad rights.

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25. So many hardships that 60% quit.

National Defense Education Act of 1958

Passed in response to Sputnik, that was designed to improve the teaching of science and languages through student loans

Madison Grant

Passing of the Great Race, was known primarily for his work as a eugenicist and conservationist; Scientific racist

Vajrayana

Practiced in places like the Himalayan nations of Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal, and also Mongolia, Vajrayana Buddhism is closely linked to Tantric Buddhism. This rather esoteric, and often controversial, form of Buddhist practice uses techniques such as sexual yoga to manifest enlightenment and universal power.

Heraclitus

Pre-Socratic philosopher who taught that change is the essence of the universe -- constant is not matter but how matter behaves Things are held together by natural laws.

Anaxagoras

Pre-Socratic philosopher who theorized that science can explain phenomena attributed to myths. There are an infinite number of particles to work with

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited voting restrictions based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude (slavery)

11th Amendment

Prohibits citizens of one state or foreign country from suing another state.

William Lloyd Garrison

Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Thought that freedom should be instant and total.

Opposition to New Deal

Senator Huey Long believed in redistributing wealth from the top. Father Charles Coughlin wanted it in hands of the people because he thought it was being run by crooked financiers. Then there was Francis Townsend, every senior citizen to be granted $200 a month. Needless to say, most Americans rejected the ideas espoused by these three individuals. Labor opposed failure to force employers to comply with terms of the New Deal. This ultimately led to the rise of radical labor political parties and the election of radical politicians to assume positions in Congress during 1934.

Marathon

Site of the famous battle fought between the armies of Persia and the outnumbered Athenians. But it was an enclosed space. No choice but to got at phalanx. Athens was victorious and a messenger was sent to run the 26 miles back to the city with the news. Phalanx supremacy. Darius defeated. 490 BC

Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France). Calvin agreed with Zwingli that nearly everything Catholic had to be purged from the church. There would be no Mass, no images, no saints, no purgatory, no indulgences, no clerical celibacy, and no monasteries. Worship would consist of sermons and psalms. The Lord's Supper, Calvin believed, did contain a certain presence of Christ, but only a spiritual one. Centers ultimately in Geneva. (Protestants who were inspired by Calvinism in France were known as Huguenots.)

Numa Pompilius

The 2nd king of Rome started ruling at around 700 BC. He was a smart and religious man who invented the Roman calendar and other things

Tullus Hostilius

The 3rd king of Rome, he was a fierce ruler who kept waging war but built the first senate-house

Rush-Bagot Treaty

The Treaty demilitarized the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain, where many British naval armaments and forts still remained, and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and British North America. Shared territory to the Pacific.

Britain after the Revolution

The activist government, which finally did form in 1783 under William Pitt the Younger, passed reforms taking control of India from the East India Company and making further parliamentary reforms which marginalized the king's power - a far cry from the crown-friendly North administration of the war. Trade and reputation take a short-term hit. Britain was so worried that Ireland might follow the American example that Parliament relaxed a series of regulations that had been placed on Ireland in the eighteenth century. These included removing restrictions on Irish trade and allowing Irish Catholics to hold political office.

Science

a process of asking questions, making observations, and developing experiments to investigate and learn more about a specific topic.

Fletcher v. Peck

The decision stems from the Yazoo land cases, 1803. They said the state of Georgia had illegally seized their property and violated their contracts - which are protected under federal law. The Marshall Court agreed, determining that any state legislation which violates federal law must be thrown out. In doing so, Fletcher v. Peck asserted the authority of federal law over state law.

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans Parliament hastily retracted all but one of the Townshend Acts - the tax on tea. Everyone steps back from the brink. New Tea Tax is meant to appease but doesn't.

Southern Manifesto

The manifesto was a document written by legislators opposed to integration. Most of the signatures came from Southern Democrats, showing that they would stand in the way of integration, leading to another split/shift in the Democratic Party.

and Shekels

The original shekel was probably a bag of grain of set weight, which people used to trade. Over the years, the sacks of barley came to be replaced with ingots of metal, considered to be worth as much as a shekel of barley, and the name shekel transferred from the barley to the lump of metal.

dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. the independent variable is the amount of pesticide sprayed on the grass, because this is what you are altering. The dependent variable is the color of the grass, because this is the factor you are measuring.

Cavour

The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification. Worked in cooperation with Sardinian King, Victor Emanuel II. Strategically entered Crimean war on side of allies (as he knew he needed to make powerful friends to confront Austria). It works. Sardinia invades quickly and Austria gives in. Other states around Italy rebel against their leaders. Old Garibaldi invades southern Italy despite Nice and Savoy going to France. Later get Venice by siding with Prussia against Austria. Later get France when French troops have to leave the city due to French/Prussian conflict.

Succession of English Royalty after Anne and the Act of Union

The same Act of Union further secured a smooth transition of the throne from Queen Anne, who had no heirs, to the Electress Sophia of Hanover. Her son, George I, took the English throne in 1714, ending the tumultuous Stuart Dynasty of England and beginning the Hanoverian Dynasty, which would last until Queen Victoria's death in 1901.

Disaster at New York

The well-trained, well-equipped British fighting machine overwhelmed Washington's ragtag band of militia in the biggest battle of the war. They captured 3,000 American prisoners of war and set them adrift in a rudderless ship in New York harbor, commencing the use of deadly prison ships, where more Patriots died than in combat. On September 11, 1776, the British commander offered peace and an end to the war. Britain moved into New Jersey, capturing more territory, a fort and supplies that Washington badly needed.

Inquisition

There were two main actions of the Inquisition. The first was to publish a list of books that were considered heretical, which Christians were forbidden to read. The second was to prosecute people who they believed were guilty of heresy.

Corn Laws

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain. Ultimately allowed import with base price. Then finally repealed.

despot

They are despots (or absolutists) because they continuously worked to centralize all the power within their nation in the monarchy at the expense of provincial nobles and national or provincial assemblies.

Asoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism, brought it to its height in India, spread it to eastern Asia and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (Legend says caused by the carnage at the battle of Kalinga)

leopold i

Took a firm hand all along Austria's borders with smaller states like Bohemia and Hungary. Pounded down protestants in the former. Brokered a peace that gave part of the latter back to Austria from Ottomans. Protestant Hungarian nobility resented his heavy control Revolts were always a threat. Ultimately had to lighten up to keep solid buffer with Ottomans.

Potsdam Declaration

Ultimatum from the Potsdam Conference that was issued by the United States, Great Britain and China to Japan offering that country the choice between unconditional surrender and total annihilation.

Jonathan Gibbs

Was a Presbyterian minister and a prominent African-American officeholder during Reconstruction. Mainly concerned with public education. He served as first black Secretary of State and Superintendent of Public Instruction of Florida, was among the most powerful black officeholders in the state during Reconstruction.

Parmenides

a pre-socratic Greek philosopher born in Italy. Denied the existence of time, plurality, and motion. NO Change. Founder of Metaphysics (ideas above observation)

Roman Senate

a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders. they did not however choose the consul.

pottage

a thick soup or stew of vegetables with or without meat

tribune

an official in ancient Rome chosen by the plebeians to protect their interests. Could veto senate legislation.

satyr play

ancient Greek form of tragicomedy, They always featured a chorus of satyrs and were based in Greek mythology and contained themes of, among other things, drinking, overt sexuality (often including large phallic props), pranks and general merriment

King Cotton

cotton gin. tobacco, indigo and rice declining from competition, and these demanding crops had leached all of the nutrients out of the now-sterile soil. For a time, it seemed that slavery was disappearing with the Chesapeake tobacco plantations. cotton grew well in poor soil but its seeds were too difficult to remove, making it an impractical cash crop. Two people could process 50 pounds of cotton a day! Cotton was already in high demand in England's textile mills, and American farmers were all too happy to meet the need. Land was abundant and cheap, and the demand for slaves to work in the fields skyrocketed. By 1860, the South provided 2/3 of the world's cotton.

roads of various empires connected by

darius

Amendment VIII

freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments

Amendment IV

freedom from unreasonable searches and seizure

FDR

he promised to use the power of the federal government in ways that Hoover would not, such as providing direct relief for farmers and more stringent regulations on businesses and financial markets. huge electorate shift from Rep. to Dem.

Verapaz Experiment

he was given permission to send a group of missionaries to the region of what is today Guatemala. In this experiment, Las Casas worked to peacefully integrate with the native populations, and surprise, surprise...it worked! The region was peacefully brought under Spanish control without violence and bloodshed.

fundamental question for the time

how reconcile classical thinking with Christian beliefs? With the increasing literacy rates and growing accessibility to various types of texts, people were no longer left to be completely reliant on the church for answers. The pope would have felt immense pressure while he encouraged military campaigns for the Crusades and saw his power decline as knowledge spread throughout all social classes in Europe. camps formed: heretics, weavers and Catholic church

Nietzsche

influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values (1844-1900)

global economy

integration of trade in goods, services, and money worldwide

Townshend Acts

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea. tax evaders would be tried in the admiralty courts in Canada and the customs agents were granted writs of assistance to search for contraband. To avoid the problem of bribery, Townshend tied the agents' salaries to the money they collected. boycott. letters. confiscation. harassment. The British government shut down the Massachusetts assembly and warned other colonies. several colonies defiantly endorsed the letter and the actions taken in Massachusetts. Not only were they denied representation in Parliament, now they no longer had any recourse through their own elected congresses.

Ingots

lumps of metal called ingots are the first form of currency. Instead of trading in finished goods, like knives, which not everyone might want, people begin trading in the metal itself.

New Left

new political movement of the late 1960s that called for radical changes to fight poverty and racism

Iron vs. Bronze

not as well understood. iron not much harder. harder to extract. iron requires specialized furnace. but when trade networks collapsed at the end of the bronze age, people started focusing more on iron.

Both pluralists believed

outside forces (love, strife, mind, etc.) made matter behave the way it does

Salian Franks

one of two Frankish tribes the Merovingian kings responsible for the conquest of Gaul were of the Salian stock , First Germanic tribe that settled permanently on Roman Land

bronze uses

outdoors, metal on metal, less friction, resonant

American Imperialism and Japan

prejudice against Japanese in San Francisco. They even began to insist that the Japanese be educated in segregated schools. Japan would not issue any new passports to those wishing to work in the U.S., and the U.S. would tolerate the Japanese already in the U.S. They would allow the wives and children of Japanese immigrants to join their families, and they would stop the discrimination against Japanese children in California schools. The agreement was never passed in Congress, so it ended 1924. It allowed the issue to be handled in a way that Japan could hold its position on the world stage, but the U.S. did effectively curb immigration.

ice age and species

primacy of mammals vs. cold blood vs. plants limiting competition, requiring migration

Second, writing

reduces the corruption of ideas by oral transmission - oral cultures must depend on what are called mnemonic devices

Nixon and Vietnam

proposes Vietnamization, invasion of Cambodia, and tries to end Vietnam war through all-out air attack. Congress implemented initiatives of its own in order to keep the United States from remaining and/or re-entering in the war. With the United States officially out of the Vietnam War, the North Vietnamese prepared for a massive invasion of South Vietnam. By 1975, the North Vietnamese moved into South Vietnam, and the depleted South Vietnamese Army (and its American advisers) was no match for its enemy counterpart. The North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong captured Saigon on April 30, 1975.

empiricism

the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Westworks

the western ends of certain churchs, having an entrance hall, upperlevel chapel, and towers

Noah story

told for thousands of years. probably stems from prior cultures. influence of actual flood? lake in north america?

Elizabethan economy

wool trade flourishes. cities boom.

Free Speech Movement

(Berzerkley 1964) Mario Salvo. Students protested against limits on passing out of literature ---> questioned university & society that created it and this signaled the beginning of numerous campus protests: People's Park protest (Berzerkly 1969) was the longest campus protest

Greek Pottery

-Geometric Period, ca. 900-700 B.C.E. -Orientalizing -black-figure pottery -red-figure technique -Trojan War

Ypres

3 battles. heavy but indecisive fighting as the Allies and the Germans both tried to break through the lines of the others. bogged down. Ypres is a city in the Flanders region of Western Belgium, not too far from the Atlantic coast.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes. Makes apparent the need for a standing army.

Anabaptists

A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Relativity

A scientific theory associated with Albert Einstein. Relativity holds that time and space do not exist separately. Instead, they are a combined continuum whose measurement depends as much on the observer as on the entities being measured.

New Netherland

In 1609, the Dutch West India Company sent an Englishman named Henry Hudson looking for a Northwest Passage. searched around the bay and the river that bear his name today. didn't like the original site where they had intended to build the capital city and port. So, on May 24, 1626, Minuit Manhattan for $24 worth of glass beads from the Lenape Indians - New Amsterdam. joint-stock established for the purpose of shipping raw materials back to the investors on a regular basis; majority of settlers in New Netherland weren't even Dutch! Dutch West India Company couldn't get enough discontented Dutch so recruited patroons -- stockholders who could transport 50 families and were granted large tracts of land in return. A patroon ruled his land like a medieval lord, but system was soon deregulated. Settlers in New Netherland could practice whatever religion they wanted as long as they did so privately. There was even a Jewish congregation - which would have been unthinkable in other colonies. With this diverse, peaceful, well-fed population, the rulers turned their attention to developing urban areas. Before long, New Amsterdam was the most important port on the east coast. And so it seemed for many years that the thriving colony of New Netherland was permanent. But England believed that John Cabot's exploration in the 15th century gave them a right to the land. English had already been moving in. So in defense, they built a 12-foot high wall around the city. In 1664, the brother of England's King Charles II sent a small fleet to capture the colony. The company was unable to defend it, and the Dutch king merely protested. Many colonists were sold into slavery in Virginia, and others were murdered. Then, nine years later, the Europeans were at war again, and Holland sent a large fleet back to the New World to reclaim the land as their royal colony. The king succeeded, but since he'd been at war with France, England and a number of bishops for so many years, the tiny nation was bankrupt. All of New Netherland ceded for good, in 1674. Then, in 1685, English surveyors removed the wall that had separated New Amsterdam from the English settlements. They laid out a wide street where the wall had been. New Amsterdam, now called New York, was already a busy center of international trade. Running from shore to shore, the brand-new Wall Street became the most important place of business in the colony. Today, it may be the most important financial district in the world. Even though there were no more Dutch colonies in America, they gained a firm control over trade in Africa, and that meant slaves here, shaping our nation's future for nearly 200 years.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

In the book, images of the evil slave owner Simon Legree and the innocent slave Eliza, as she attempted to escape over an ice-filled river, made slavery real to an entire generation of Americans. It is said that Abraham Lincoln actually greeted Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1862 with the words, 'So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War!'

France in Netherlands

Louis XIV takes on the Spanish in the Netherlands -- use local heir rights . Others stand together in hopes of preventing France from gaining too much. Ultimately a treaty gives France part of Flanders. Then France tries to crush Dutch Republic, but others rise up to join them. Tit for tat. France walks away with a couple new territories.

lamassu

One example of detailed Assyrian carvings is the lamassu. The lamassu was a winged lion or bull with the head of a human. Lamassu were carved into the entrance of the palace. They were intended to ward off evil, looming over foreign ambassadors and allies. Minute detail, true to Assyrian form, can be seen in the curls of the beard of the human head, muscles and veins in the legs, and feathers in the wings.

Platonism

Philosophy of Plato that posits preexistent Ideal Forms of which all earthly things are imperfect models. But we come from the Realm of Forms at birth, and we return to it when we die. When we enter the material world and take on a material form, our senses deceive us by showing us a world of change and decay. Knowledge is logically consistent and universally true, but not necessarily apparent to our senses.

Series of Acts leading to Revolution

Proclamation of 1763. This set a border line for the western edge of the colonies to keep the settlers and Native Americans apart. Pontiac's Conspiracy. With encouragement from French inhabitants, Native Americans united under an Ottawa leader, named Pontiac, in an attempt to win sparsely populated (due to Proclamation) territory and give it back to France. Pontiac's Conspiracy fell apart, but it still frightened the British government, who responded by sending 10,000 troops to guard the proclamation line. It was a military expense they couldn't afford. The Sugar Act, in 1764, increased existing taxes on sugar products and some other imported goods, such as wine, coffee, textiles and indigo. But even more important to the colonists was the punishment for dodging the tax. Violators would be tried at a new court in Canada, depriving colonists of their right to a trial by a jury of their peers. Currency Act in 1764, forbidding the colonies from issuing any paper currency. This destabilized the economy of several colonies. Quartering Act, requiring colonists to provide food and shelter to the soldiers they hated without being reimbursed for their expenses. Stamp Act. all printed materials, including legal documents, newspapers and leisure materials, such as playing cards or almanacs. It was the first time that Americans had been required to pay a tax directly to England instead of going through their colonial legislatures first. customs officers take advantage of British writs of assistance to counter smuggling. affected some of the most influential members of colonial society: publishers, merchants and lawyers. Patrick Henry called for unified opposition. fiery young member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. Only the Virginia assembly could tax Virginians since they were not represented in Parliament. James Otis published a pamphlet convincing colonists that 'Taxation without representation is tyranny.' Samuel Adams, organized a secret society called the Sons of Liberty. At first, they just stirred the pot with protests and publications and spread the word about the upcoming boycott. Soon, though, individual chapters of the Sons of Liberty emerged in towns throughout the colonies. Many of them began harassing people who had contracted to become stamp agents, forcing them to resign. Later, the Sons of Liberty terrorized anyone who cooperated with the British laws. By October, James Otis had called for a Stamp Act Congress to be held in New York City. Representatives of nine colonies attended. Though King George III ignored their letter, it was an important step toward unified opposition to the king, and many of the emerging leaders colonies met each other for the first time. On November 1, 1765, the Stamp Act went into effect. business ground to a halt as a result of the organized boycott. Riots broke out in a few cities. Imports decreased so much that British merchants even began asking Parliament to repeal the Act. Meanwhile, the king generated almost no revenue from the Act, while paying out a lot of money for the agents and officers who were there to collect the taxes. King George III fired Prime Minister Grenville. After a heated debate, including an appearance by Benjamin Franklin, Parliament decided to repeal the Stamp Act in 1766 but asserted their authority to tax and legislate the colonies directly by passing the Declaratory Act. Americans thanked the king by expressing their loyalty and lifting the boycott on British imports. And they celebrated their own victory; they recognized that it was the first time this generation had successfully defied the king and won. It wouldn't be the last.

Caesar didn't really take power from the people

Rome's aristocrats had already taken political power away from the common people, who now hated the aristocracy with a passion. This meant that the majority of Romans had no stake in the government anyway and did not care if Caesar took power from abusive aristocrats.

Southern Attitude toward slavery

Southern statesman John C. Calhoun defended slavery as a 'positive good' to the U.S. Senate in 1837. He later summarized the speech, saying, 'Many in the South once believed that slavery was a moral and political evil; that folly and delusion are gone; we see it now in its true light, and regard it as the most safe and stable basis for free institutions in the world.' Additionally, many Southerners felt that their own paternalistic attitude towards slaves was more humane than the 'wage slavery' of industrial economies.

Hacienda

Spanish estates in the Americas that were often plantations. They often represent the gradual removal of land from peasant ownership and a type of feudalistic order where the owners of Haciendas would have agreements of loyalty to the capital but would retain control over the actual land. This continued even into the 20th century. The head of a hacienda was called the patrón. Peasants, or peones, worked land that belonged to the patrón. The campesinos worked small holdings, and owed a portion to the patrón.

Plains indians

The people of the Plains region are the most known. Their imagery has been used to incorrectly represent many other tribes in popular culture. From the feathered headdresses to teepees. Sioux, Pawnee, Blackfoot, Crow, Cheyenne, and Arapaho. the tribes today generally referred to as Sioux were the Dakota, Nakota, and Lakota people. Sioux was a name given to them by their enemies. The Plains tribes are greatly tied to horse culture and the hunting of the buffalo, but remember, this lifestyle was not possible until the horse was introduced to the Americas by Europeans. Earlier, many of these tribal groups were hunter-gatherers and farmers who lived in villages or at least semi-permanent settlements. Many groups later moved into the Plains region to partake in the new buffalo-hunting horse culture.

Chuang Tzu

The second foundational text of Taoism (along with the Tao Te Ching), containing teachings and anecdotes traditionally thought to have come from the sage Chuang Tzu, who lived in the fourth and third centuries BC. Chuang-tzu is full of imaginative allegories, parables, and stories all intended to convey Taoism's belief in the importance of living simply, in honesty, and in harmony with nature.

New Imperialism in china

Through several conflicts that the Chinese were ill-prepared to fight, Western powers carved out of China economic spheres of influence - regions that were still under nominal Chinese control, but whose economic profits were largely shaved off by foreign, Western European powers.

First, writing

increases social memory, allowing a society to retain the progress it has made

Rock Edicts

laws written by Asoka that incorporate Buddhist teachings. They were spread around India in order to remind Mauryan's to live generous and righteous lives. Evidence some say of his conversion.

Socrates

(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes. Only know of him through Plato. Socrates knows that he knows nothing, whereas everyone else is under the mistaken impression that they know something. Truth must be logically consistent. It should not contradict itself. For Athenians, these were deeply religious matters. Everything important in Athenian society drew its authority from some religious ground. Every tradition had an accompanying myth. Every public post was a sacred office. And now, here comes this annoying old man, asking all sorts of questions that no one can answer. He said all true knowledge must be logically consistent.

League of Cognac

Alliance, signed in 1527, between France, England, several Italian states and the Pope against Charles I/V ruler of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. This alliance reopened the Italian Wars but ended in another crushing defeat for France, at Landriano in 1529, which ended Francis' efforts to assert French interests in N. Italy. This alliance also led to the Sack of Rome in 1527 by Charles Imperial troops, and the souring of relations between Spain and England. This sack might have marked the end of the high Renaissance in Rome as artists fled.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Bay of Pigs

An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba in 1961, which was sponsored by the United States. Its purpose was to overthrow Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.

Pilgrimage of Grace

An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries (seizing monastery property), and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power.

Commodus

Ancient Roman Emperor who succeeded his father, Marcus Aurelius, and began the decline of the Roman Empire.

Urbanization problems

Common Sense Argument (dumbell tenements, disease, etc.) Jacob Riis was one such muckraker, and he increased awareness of the tenements through the publication of his book, How the Other Half Lives, in 1890. Urban planning. New knowledge about the spread of infectious diseases prompted cities to dig sewers, treat the water and pave the streets. They began to systematically remove animal waste and refuse from the streets and incinerate garbage. By 1920, these standards were applied throughout the United States, as were services, such as fire, police and health departments, and public schools.

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Communists who received international attention when they were executed having been found guilty of conspiracy to commit espionage in relation to passing information on the American atomic bomb to the Soviet Union

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. But this was a political change. Practices within the church largely remained the same. Including: Transubstantiation The right to deny wine to common people during communion The celibacy of priests The vows of chastity The right to hold private masses The sacrament of confession Main break was an English bible.

Time of Confucius

Decline of Chinese feudalism. Time of instability. Old order being torn down by warring tribes. Nobility facing ruin. Confucius saw that rulers needed to value peace over power.

Trust Busting

Frank Norris wrote The Octopus in 1901, a novel about the struggle between wheat farmers and the corrupt practices of railroad barons, which included intimidation, bribery, and vote tampering. The Supreme Court determined that manufacturing fell within the commerce clause of the Constitution. Because manufacturing was now considered interstate trade, it was therefore subject to federal antitrust laws. Standard Oil Company split into 34 separate companies. The Mann-Elkin Act (1910) authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate telegraph and telephone companies.

First Intermediate Period

From about 2200-2050 B.C.E., the pharaohs in Egypt failed to assert their power effectively, and in this way the nobles gained control of the government. The decentralization of power led to civil wars between the nobles, or "nomarchs," and to the lack of coordination in agriculture which resulted in widespread famine.

Greek's lacked a holy text

Greeks looked to the example of mythical heroes. These myths were not set in stone. Rather, each generation reinvented the old myths, telling the same old story from a new perspective or with a different emphasis

Whiskey Rebellion

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Eightfold Path

In Buddhism, the basic rules of behavior and belief leading to an end of suffering. Can't just be ascetic. Uses terms like right effort, right speech, and right action. When and only when you follow all these right things, will you be living the life of the Middle Way!

Abraham (Babylonian captivity) and son Isaac. Isaac two sons...

Jacob and Esau. Jacob has 12 sons. Slavery in Egypt. Then to the promised land and kingdoms. But Moses comes down the mountain to sinners so leads people into desert for 40 years. Moses divides up the 12 tribes, makes laws creates hierarchy, sets forms of worship, orders tent for ark of the covenant.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Iatrochemistry

Life is a chemical process; chemistry should be central to the understanding of human function and to medicine.

Darius

Like Cyrus, Darius showed amazing foresight. He rebuilt and reconnected the chaotic system of roads left by previous empires. He encouraged religious freedom, while incorporating himself into the religions of his subjects. He gave the kingdoms of the empire a certain degree of autonomy, and he came up with a fair system of imperial taxation. His new capital at Persepolis was one of the most magnificent cities ever built, full of beautiful palaces, glorious temples and beautiful artwork. Persepolis' position as the seat of a powerful empire can best be seen in the Gates of All Nations.

Veracity of Tanakh

No evidence jews were ever in Egypt. And multiple authors of Torah. History of jews in promised land more accurate and backed up by archaeological records.

Antitrinitarians

Persecuted radical Protestants who used commonsense, reason, and ethics to deal with religion; denied the existence & holiness of the trinity. They were defenders of religious toleration and opposed Calvinism's emphasis on original sin and predestination. Figures include Michael Servetus, and the founders of socianism, Lelio, and Faustus Sozzini.

Frederick William I

Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization. Left his son Frederick II (Frederick the Great) a huge standing army. He abolished serfdom, instituted sweeping educational reforms, including requiring every Prussian children to attend primary school, and repopulated areas of the Prussian countryside that had been devastated by the plague. He also instituted taxes to replace the old, medieval dues of military service, which helped finance his already stellar military.

Diderot

Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. Contained instructional information.

Muntzer

Radical who took Luther's ideas and believed we should challenge political authority as well. Supporter of the peasant rebellions, unlike Luther.

Long Telegram

The message written by George Kennan in 1946 to Truman advising him to contain Communist expansion. Told Truman that if the Soviets couldn't expand, their Communism would eventually fall apart, and that Communism could be beaten without going to war. In response the Soviet Union acquired satellite countries.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and California in exchange for $15 million

Buchanon

What his party couldn't see was his distance from these events made him particularly insensitive and perhaps a bit out of touch with the political realities within the country. To his credit, Buchanan used all of his political skill to keep the peace. He was forced to walk a tight rope on the slavery issue. He believed that it was a matter for individual states to decide for themselves, and this stance earned him Southern support. Too rigid. e.g. "Respect Dred Scott ruling whatever it is." He quickly shifted tactics when he realized the South had no interest in the olive branch, but were instead taking up the sword. In December of 1860, South Carolina seceded from the United States. After South Carolina's actions, Buchanan took a more stern approach and ordered the resupply of Ft. Sumter in Charleston, S.C. As the ship approached the fort, it was fired upon by South Carolina's militia on January 9, 1861. Buchanan retreated from active diplomacy and let the clock run out on his presidency.

Sweatt v. Painter, 1950

a U.S. Supreme Court case that successfully challenged the "separate but equal" doctrine of racial segregation established by the 1896 case Plessy v. Ferguson. The case involved a black man, Heman Marion Sweatt, who was refused admission to the University of Texas School of Law on the grounds that the Texas State Constitution prohibited integrated education. At the time, no law school in Texas would admit blacks., Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.

Bunker Hill

a battle that took place on the strategic point of Breed's Hill. British victory on account of the depletion of American supplies. the costly win did not help them break the siege, which lasted 11 months. George Washington arrived and took command on July 3, 1775. He realized that a siege of Boston could go on indefinitely since the peninsula was easily resupplied by the British navy. Washington sent for the guns from Ticonderoga

Praemunire

a parliamentary statute enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interference in the rights of the Crown to make appointments to Church office

Slave codes

could not: leave their home without a pass, carry a weapon, gather in groups, own property, legally marry, defend themselves against a white person, or speak in court. Punishments: whipping, branding, being sold, gagged, and just about any other way Slaves would run away. Refusal to reproduce - enslaved women would refuse to have children. Covert action - slaves would sometimes kill livestock, destroy crops, start fires, steal stuff, break tools, poison food, etc.

Tannenberg

most disastrous military defeat of the Russians where 100,000 Russian troops were captured. Samsonov commits suicide. Firstly, the Germans were able to intercept messages between Russian Generals Rennenkampf and Samsonov, and therefore anticipate their maneuvers. Secondly, the Germans excelled in transporting men and supplies via rail. The Battle of Tannenberg was thus an early indicator of the role rapid troop movements would play.

atman

in Hindu belief, a person's essential self that is reincarnated

Whigs

Mostly merchants

Seven Years War

(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. Everyone switched sides. Britain goes to Prussia. France goes to Austria. France and Austria would be joined in their alliance by Russia, Sweden, and Spain. Austria readied to make move for Silesia. Frederick II preemptively invaded Austria's ally, Saxony. While Austria was beating back a Prussian invasion, its allies were doing their part to pressure the Prussians into retreat. More than anything else, luck saved the Prussian war effort. The death of Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, in 1761 allowed Frederick to make a peace treaty with Russia and eventually Sweden.

Rhea Silvia

(Roman mythology) a vestal virgin who became the mother by Mars of the twins Romulus and Remus. Jailed so she wouldn't produce an heir. Suckled. Revenge. Set out to found city.

Balboa, Vasco de

(c. 1475-1519) First Spanish captain to begin settlement on the mainland of Mesoamerica in 1509; initial settlement eventually led to conquest of Aztec and Inca empires by other captains. First to cross Panama and dip his toes in the Pacific

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere

The Second German Reich

1871. Founded at Versailles. unification of Germany following the Franco-Prussian War (1870 - 1871) and crowning of Wilhelm I as German Emperor at the Palace of Versailles. Bismarck answered only to the Emperor though the Reichstag could limit legislation. Ended with Germany's defeat in WWI.

Newlands Reclamation Act

1902 act authorizing federal funds from public land sales to pay for irrigation and land development projects, mainly in the dry Western states

Phillip of Macedon

359-336 BCE Built military machine, overcame clans and became ruler. Had cavalry (aristocrats) and infantry (peasants) after 350 BCE moved into greece. Establishes League of Corinth despite fierce resistance. Planned to invade persia, but was assassinated by ex-boyfriend.

Clovis

5th century Frankish leader of a large kingdom who converted to Christianity. Clovis' Franks also began placing ornate stone coffins behind the altars of their churches, a practice still seen today. This styling was brand new, never before seen in the churches of Rome. Since Clovis had four sons, the lands he worked hard to unite were split four ways. As each generation passed, the monarchies became weaker and weaker. Merovingian Dynasty also faced enemies from outside its borders. Facing external attacks from the Slavs, Muslims, and Lombards, the Dynasty continued to weaken.

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I. When war broke out the small country of Serbia aligned itself with the Triple Entente.

Age of Enlightenment

A movement that attempted to apply scientific inquiry and an emphasis on reasoned discussion, mankind was finally able to think for itself rather than appealing to the authority of the Church, Greek philosophers, or other sources of supposedly revealed truths.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets. He is more like a watchmaker.

Zoroastrianism

A religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail. Incorporated notions of hell and heaven based on choices made, including different levels. Dualism and Monotheism both. Angels, demons and saviors. Avesta was the sacred text.

Greece emerges from the Dark Ages

Alphabet major benefit. Athens. Sparta. Thebes. Corinth.Miletus. Naxos. Samos. Colonization starts out of necessity. (Southern Italy = Magna Graecia)

Impact of WWI

Alsace-Lorraine back to France. Had been ceded to Germany following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. Parts of Germany were given to the newly independent country of Poland and to Denmark. Socialist revolution broke out in Germany. The German Revolution of 1918-1919 resulted in the creation of the left-leaning Weimar Republic. Austro-Hungarian Empire broke up. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Hungary, and Austria. (national self-determination, meaning the boundaries of Europe should be redrawn to accommodate ethnic groups and allow them to choose their own forms of government) The Ottoman Empire split apart. Portions placed under the control of France and Great Britain, such as Syria and Palestine, while the bulk of the empire emerged as the Republic of Turkey. In northeastern Europe, new states emerged that had formerly been a part of the Russian Empire (and weren't going to be given to the newly communist nation). Among them were Estonia, Finland, Latvia, and Lithuania. League of Nations mandated that the colony of German East Africa be partitioned to Belgium, France, and Portugal. Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires fractured into numerous independent nations. U.S. came out on top. America's factories and countrysides were unharmed, and performing better than ever. Germany was required to make monetary payments. Hyperinflation and unemployment. In the mid to late 1920s, the German economy stabilized somewhat, but after the American stock market crash. It was under these conditions that the Nazis were able to come to power. The Social Impact of World War I war brought an increase in progressive thinking. aristocracy sometimes found their power waning. general trend following the war was toward liberalization. disruption of social norms during the war aided the cause of feminism, which grew throughout the 1920s. mechanical progress, advances in communication and medicine all helped improve the quality of life for many around the world. World War I also sparked a vibrant literary movement. The beacon of democracy and liberalization appeared bright. Of course, this was not to last - roughly twenty years later Adolf Hitler brought upon the European continent a second, even more destructive war.

Henry Highland Garnet

An African American who advocated the most radical solution to the slavery question. He argued, that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. influenced by David Walker's Appeal, he broke ranks with the Society's non-violent stance. 'War to the Knife' to end slavery. Garnet said, 'You had far better all die - die immediately, than live as slaves.' Garnett was disowned by other abolitionists, like William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass,

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI. When war broke out in 1914, the Ottoman Empire aligned itself with the Triple Alliance.

Mass Leisure

An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; decreased time at work and offered opportunities for new forms of leisure time, such as vacation trips and team sports.

Young Italy

An association under the leadership of Mazzini that urged the unification of the country as a republic.

Abolitionist Movement

An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. The American Colonization Society advocated purchasing all existing slaves and then relocating them back to Africa; they even established the colony of Liberia in 1822.

causes of eutrophication

Aquaculture, which is the growing or farming of fish, shellfish and aquatic plants, is a growing source of eutrophication. Aquatic organisms can be 'farmed' in water pens that are partitioned by nets. If not properly managed, uneaten particles of food along with excrement from the fish can add to increased levels of nitrogen and phosphorus in surrounding water. Certain industries can produce wastewater, which contribute to eutrophication. Among the industries that contribute the most nutrient pollution are paper mills and food and agricultural processing plants. Humans also contribute to eutrophication by burning fossil fuels. Fossil fuels release nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere when they are burned for electricity generation; or factory or transportation purposes. These impurities combine with water vapor and fall to the earth as acid rain where the nitrogen can enter water bodies.

Tet Offensive

At the onset of 1968, the United States, South Vietnam and North Vietnam agreed to a temporary ceasefire to observe Tet, the Vietnamese Lunar New Year. On January 21, 1968, the North Vietnamese launched a major offensive against American Marines stationed at Khe Sanh. on January 31. The Tet Offensive. over 80,000 North Vietnamese soldiers invade South Vietnam from different points along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Cities such as Saigon, Pleiku and Hue became major battle sites. U.S. began looking for a way out.

Vishnu

Brahma may have set it in motion, but Vishnu keeps it humming. Whenever the precarious balance between good and evil is at stake, Vishnu returns to Earth to restore order. Being rather versatile, Vishnu can incarnate himself to fit the present need. One of the most famous of Vishnu's incarnations is the popular Krishna. This very valuable Vishnu appears with blue skin, a human body and four arms. His arms hold a conch, a discus, a lotus flower and a mace, which is a very heavy staff or club.

12th Amendment

Brought about by the Jefferson/Burr tie, stated that presidential and vice-presidential nominees would run on the same party ticket. Before that time, all of the candidates ran against each other, with the winner becoming president and second-place becoming vice-president.

Deer Park Sermon

Buddha's first sermon where he told his followers that there were two extremes to avoid: the path of pleasure and lust

Roman Government

Constituted of a mixed government including consuls, a senate (300 patricians), tribune (from the Assembly)

Railroads

Financed by selling common stock, the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company was chartered to open up traffic from the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River, ideally to provide an even faster route to the Midwest than the Erie Canal. Despite early resistance, railroads came to dominate by the Civil War. Much more land could now be developed since farmers had access to national markets. Reduced shipping costs encouraged regional specialization; however, overall, it helped forge a continental economy. Along the roads, canals and rails, towns sprang up. These new forms of mass transit meant the new towns and cities didn't have to be located on a river as nearly all early settlements had been

DeSoto

First Spanish explorer to set foot in Georgia/Florida

Louisiana Purchase

France nearly bankrupt in the middle of another war. Napoleon realized that he couldn't afford to defend the Louisiana Territory -- had been interested in buying it back from Spain. Napoleon offered to sell them all of his land on the continent for $15 million. Constitution didn't give Jefferson power to make such a purchase. he didn't consult with Congress over the deal, exactly the kind of expansion of presidential power that Jefferson said he opposed. It doubled the size of the U.S. overnight, opening up huge amounts of inexpensive farmland. It guaranteed access to the Mississippi River. But many others vigorously opposed the purchase. Some Northerners foresaw this as an expansion of slavery. Jefferson's opponents in the Northeast recognized that this would further reduce their political clout. Nonetheless, in 1803, the purchase was made and plans to explore it commenced.

Effect of Hundred Years' War

French monarchy much less fragmented. Charles VII had already established power separate from the church (Proclamation of Bourges). The Valois kings emerge from the war in control, beginning with Louis XI, the universal spider. Ruthless against aristocracy but modern. France well on its way to royal absolutism. tax system. standing armies.

Tocqueville

French writer who observed that Americans loved associations, committees, organizations, etc. Some Americans were better off than others, but it was de Tocqueville's opinion that the United States offered social mobility to all who were willing to work for it, or were endowed with the creativity and entrepreneurship to achieve it. Both races, de Tocqueville wrote, shared a common sadness. One lost in servitude, the other lost in its liberty. While not a comforting idea, he believed the conflict to be inevitable. Indeed, for many, including de Tocqueville, the natural state of Indians worked well for many tribes who had lived for centuries with little competition for resources, no government larger than the tribe, and a natural world that provided in abundance. But the times had changed. America had changed, and now the Indians had been introduced to a more advanced civilization bent on taking their land: white America. De Tocqueville observed that the Indians were woefully unprepared for the challenge. They could neither adapt nor adopt to change fast enough, and it did not help that the society pressuring them was, in de Tocqueville's words, oppressive and tyrannical. Much to praise. Middle Class

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

German responsibility - Reparations - blank check, allowing them to decide on an amount later on. Territory - Parts of German territory were transferred to France, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, and Denmark. Germany also lost control of its overseas colonies. Military restrictions - The German military was restricted to 100,000 soldiers. The Germans were not allowed to have tanks, armed aircraft, or poison gas. They could not import or export weapons. The German navy was also limited to 15,000 men and a few ships. Occupation of Rhineland - Rhineland, in southern Germany, would be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years. The League of Nations - The treaty created the League of Nations as an international organization to maintain world peace in the future by mediating disputes between nations. It would also tackle other global issues like drug trafficking, world health, and labor. The Allied Powers were tired of war, and they wanted to avoid it completely in the future. They hoped the League of Nations would be strong enough to help them do so.

Battle of Trenton

He crossed the Delaware River in the middle of a stormy night, taking the British army - comprised mostly of Hessian troops - completely off guard. In what's known as the Battle of Trenton, the Continental Army captured nearly 1,000 prisoners, supplies and equipment and successfully defended the city from the advancing British army.

Charles Gibson

He was a graphic artist and created the "Gibson girl". The picture of the independent beautiful ideal American woman. It was a new image.

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Nat Turner's Rebellion

In Virginia, Turner built support for his uprising in Southampton County. Sixty whites were killed. It was the largest uprising before the Civil War. At least 100 slaves and free African-Americans were killed, and after the revolt was put down, Nat Turner and 55 others accused of being a part of the revolt were executed. At least 200 more were killed by militias and white mobs in response to the uprising.

Native Americans after the Revolution

Iroquois Confederacy supported British and was decimated by patriots. Though the land west of the Appalachian Mountains had been closed to American settlement since the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the Treaty of Paris granted all of that land to the new United States. As whites poured into the territory, even the nations who had supported the Patriots found their rights trampled. A coalition of Indian nations, under the leadership of Mohawk leader and British officer Joseph Brant, formed the Western Confederacy to resist U.S. expansion.

Treaty of Versailles

Main product of the Paris peace conference in 1919. The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. (U.S. never actually accepted this treaty.)

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico.

India Revolution

Prior to World War I, British crown wrested power from the declining British East India Company. paternalist views. could educate and modernize Indians. exerted strong and at times violent control over India because profit India provided a market while simultaneously providing cheap goods. Indian National Congress in 1885. argued against the view that Indians were incapable of ruling themselves. gained widespread support. opinions as to how to best redress their grievances varied wildly. moderate vs. radical. Gandhi was born in India. law clerk and human rights activist in South Africa. became a vocal critic of the British government. encouraged peaceful uprisings. violent suppression, including a massacre in 1919. Gandhi was imprisoned in 1922. released from prison only two years later. work also concerned reconciling the Muslim and Hindu communities to one another. In 1930, he led a march to the sea in protest of salt tax. goal not be recognized until 1947. non-violent protest are often considered the greatest contributions to Indian independence.

Gaius Gracchus

Proposed using public funds to buy and sell grain to the poor at reduced prices (welfare program); Killed in a riot planned by his enemies. ; The Senate justified killings by claiming the Republic was in danger; Violence becomes "Law of the Land"

Uneasiness after WWI

Race riots Flu Economic slump Labor Strikes Red Scare REACTION... anti-labor, anti-progressive, pro-business.

Nixon Vietnam strategy

Secretly Invade Laos and Cambodia and install new governments, Increase Bombings Madman theory Secret Meeting Even considered nuclear war

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. By 1327, when England was under the rule of Edward III, England had lost control of most of their French lands. When the French king, Charles IV, died in 1328, he had no male heirs to the kingship. Charles' sister was Isabella, who was the mother of Edward III. Edward thought he should be king of France. However, Charles also had a cousin named Philip who thought he should be king. The lands owned by Edward in France came under attacks by the French. Edward decided to declare he had a right to the French throne because of his relation to Isabella. In England, inheritance could be gained through the mother or the father's bloodline, but in France, it could only be gained by the father's bloodline.

Elagabalus

Sexual deviant. Murdered by bodyguards.

Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer who landed on the coast of modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain

gift or debt economy

Stan gives the gift of food to his tribesmen in their time of need, and they return the favor. This gift economy is most likely the oldest form of economics and probably dates back to our time as hunter-gatherers.

Pizzaro

Taking advantage of the Incans trust, Pizarro captured the Incan ruler, Atahualpa, and held him for ransom. After the Incans coughed up the ransom, Pizarro executed, rather than returned, their ruler.

Triangular Diplomacy

Term for three-way diplomatic relations, as with the US, PRC, and USSR. Diplomacy between the US, USSR and China ... rapprochement with China>> détente

Antipope

Term used during the schism caused by French influence over the papacy in the late 1300s.

Imperator

The Romans had a name for a victorious general: Imperator. Octavian took this title and made it something more. He made it his name, and by doing so, he changed its meaning.

Battle of Castillon

The battle which ended with the French victory marked the end of the Hundred Years' War between France and England, although a peace treaty was never signed. French guns played a major role.

Important aspects of Greek society vs. others

The importance of these holy sites in uniting Greek culture cannot be overstated; they gave the Greeks places to meet and compete without bloodshed. Despite their isolation, the Greek city-states shared a common language, a common religion and common holy sites. constitutions (though only applied to citizens of that polis), colonialism (though Sparta locally) and competition (This open competition of ideals allowed rivals to respect and even admire one another instead of simply hating one another.)

Articles of Confederation

The purpose of the central government was diplomacy, printing money, (but no power to tax) When the states were asked to raise taxes to back the currency, most just refused and just began printing their own money, which then also succumbed to the same inflation. resolving controversies between the states and, most importantly, coordinating the war effort - this included creation and maintenance of the Continental Army. (and they could request states to send soldiers, but they couldn't demand or enforce the request. needed 9 of 13 states to enact a law, and in order to amend the articles themselves, they needed unanimous agreements from the states.

Simony

The selling of church offices.

Plato on politics

The unenlightened classes would do all the work, leaving the philosopher kings free from the mundane concerns of life.

Oceania Theory

This journey would have been later than either of the other theories we discussed. The best evidence of this is the finding of the Kennewick Man. The 9,500-year old Kennewick skeletal remains were found in Washington State in the nineties. The features of the remains are in line with the Ainu, a native people of Hokkaido, Japan. But seriously, this discovery is evidence of a tie to early Native American people from the Pacific Region.

Alger Hiss

U.S. government official accused of being a communist spy and convicted of perjury

Third Caliphate

Umayyad clan. Too powerful for some. Assassinations. Civil war. Umayyad come out on top until 750.

Edict of Worms

When Charles V exiled or outlawed Luther from The Holy Roman Empire or any of it's other lands. Uses safety at Warburg castle to great effect. Issued his own bible translation.

The system Jethro proposed was a theocracy,

a hierarchy based on religion

Analects of Confucius

a record of the words and acts of the central Chinese thinker and philosopher Confucius and his disciples, as well as the discussions they held.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

a second Northeast colony was chartered, about 400 strict, religious Puritans arrived. They were called Puritans because they felt it was their God-given duty to purify the church from the influences of Roman Catholicism. a new English king was aggressively persecuting them, leading to civil war. Within a decade, 20,000 Puritans immigrated to America. Massachusetts Bay Colony had arrived. the first wave of Puritans met up with survivors from an abandoned colony and renamed the little settlement Salem. Governor John Winthrop encouraged them to work hard -- 'He shall make us a praise and glory that men shall say of succeeding plantations, 'may the Lord make it like that of New England.' For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.' 'Puritan work ethic' meant that few of the original colonists had servants or slaves. In order to focus on pure, Christian living, they tried to eliminate worldly distractions, such as entertainment, decorations or holidays. For example, they made it illegal to celebrate Christmas because the Christian Bible does not mention that holiday. The colony was not a democracy, it was a theocracy - for the purpose of serving God and increasing His kingdom, not to let people live however they saw fit. Any person who challenged the strict practices of their faith was literally thrown out of the colony. This would have been a death sentence to individuals in the early years. Back in 1636, a preacher named Thomas Hooker led some Puritans out of Massachusetts because he disagreed with how the colony limited voting rights. Hooker and his followers founded the colony of Connecticut. The last of the New England colonies to be formed was New Hampshire. It was chartered by the King directly in 1679 simply because Massachusetts was growing too large. The expansive growth of the English settlers led to conflict with local tribes. The Pequot Indians and their allies fought to defend their land and resources. But a combined force from Massachusetts and Connecticut effectively destroyed the tribe. In 1638, the Pequot War crushed the only organized resistance against the New England colonies for 40 years.

cuneiform shortcomings

abstract ideas needed, bad artists, too many symbols

Hesiod's Theogony

account that contains the descriptions of the Greek Gods that closely reflects the views of the common Greek

Kennedy and Vietnam

advisers and Green Berets to South Vietnam, counterinsurgency the Strategic Hamlet Program, which forced the South Vietnamese into protective reservations MAAG was revamped and turned into the Military Assistance Command-Vietnam under the leadership of General Paul Harkins, American advisers were permitted to return fire in self-defense. Enlarging American involvement was under way.

Edwin Chadwick

advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act.

roads not feasible until

discovery of how to make bronze, which can be used to cut stone. (and weapons)

Trevithick

steam locomotive

imperialism in China (cont)

due to many unfair treaties, some parts of China saw Europeans immune from Chinese law. Therefore, they could not be tried in Chinese courts. This caused abuses to occur all over and frequently. they lost sovereignty in areas like Port Arthur, the Shantung Peninsula, Manchuria, and most famously, Hong Kong. Boxer Rebellion, in which Chinese nationalists murdered thousands of foreigners in an effort to rid their land of outside influence. Although many foreign lives were lost, the conflict saw the same end as the Opium Wars.

Bering Land Bridge Theory

early settlers crossed an ice bridge during the ice age to follow food sources. Paleo Indians crossed from Asia to America from this land bridge located near present day Alaska.

bronze + horse =

empire. defines success for next 1000 years. sumerians. hittites.

Greek columns

examples of Greek architecture - Doric (plain), Ionic (curls), Corinthian (leaves)

Minoan Art

focused on movement and expression, unique among the ancient world, fresco paintings- palace rituals and largest art form, sea motifs on vases, sculptures were small scale, lots of colors, geometric patterns. BULLS AND AXES. BULL JUMPING.

China after WWI

internal power struggle between the republican nationalists and the growing, Soviet-supported, Chinese Communist Party. After an attempted kidnapping of the nationalist leader, Chiang Kai-Shek, in 1926, Chiang imposed severe restrictions on communist activities, A librarian and devoted communist from Beijing, Mao Zedong, was slowly building soviet-style enclaves in rural China and recruiting a guerrilla force. Both sides formed a united front against warlords and Japanese, but both had such different ultimate aims that it was unsustainable. Chiang's constant campaigns toward rooting out Chinese communism forced Mao to lead his followers on the infamous Long March in 1934. The failures of the nationalist government in defending China against Japanese incursions led to the growth of the Chinese Communist Party, who had continued operating in rural China, outside the scope and reach of either the nationalists or the Japanese invaders. During WWII, party membership rose exponentially, rising to 1.2 million members in 1945.

End of Cattle Drives

lasted for 20 years. barbed-wire to protect farms; RR affected their habitat; drought, blizzard, long drives no longer necessary

Initiative

method in which voters can initiate or propose state laws. If enough people sign a petition, the proposed laws can be voted on by state legislatures or directly by the people through a popular vote.

Amendment II

militia and bear arms

Northwest Ordinance

process for admitting territories to the Union as states. Each territory was to be governed by Congress until it had 5,000 free, white males. Then settlers could vote whether to become a permanent state with all the rights of the other states in the Union. abolished slavery in the territories and granted freedom of religion and the right to trial by jury. The ordinance promised fair treatment to Native Americans. It did not, however, extend the same rights to them. The U.S. actually got a great deal of this land by fraud and violence against Native Americans.

Amendment IX

provides that people's rights are not restricted to those specified in the Bill of Rights

Benedictine Rule

rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work, and study

New Kingdom Egypt

the period 1550 BC-1050 BC where Egypt reached the height of its power and glory; King Ahmose key figure. Conquering to the east, incl Levant and Palestine. Clash with Hittites.

Sino Japanese during WWI

with Europe occupied elsewhere, presented China with the Twenty-One Demands. Japan gained protectorate status and effective rule over large areas of Northern China including Manchuria and Inner Mongolia, as well as economic interests in Chinese state-owned mining operations. As part of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Japan further gained the rights to Germany's sphere of influence in China's Shandong province.

Reform Acts of 1867 and 1884

1867 - expanded the British electorate; 1884 - all men paying rents or taxes given voting rights (under Gladstone)

Continentalism

19th century belief that the US would eventually encompass all of North America. Envisioned by John Quincy Adams. he intended that the United States would not just occupy the lands void of European settlers but encompass all of North America. President James Monroe worked to achieve these ends, securing America's border with Canada at the Rocky Mountains and with Mexico at the Pacific Ocean. He established the Rush-Bagot Treaty, he purchased Florida and he wrote the Monroe Doctrine.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)

Northern Renaissance

Christian humanists (e.g. Erasmus). Viewed classics through Christian lens. Began later than Italian renaissance. Emphasis on detail throughout oil paintings. cultural and intellectual movement of northern Europe; influenced by earlier Italian Renaissance; centered in France, Low Countries, England, and Germany; featured greater emphasis on religion than the Italian Renaissance.

California tips the scales

California tipped the Senate's balance of power, a fact the south could not live with permanently, and the north could not live with the Fugitive Slave Act for long.

William of Orange

Dutch prince invited to be king of England after The Glorious Revolution. James had all but abdicated by December 1688 when William's force arrived in London. As a result, William was appointed as provisional ruler, and a Parliament was immediately called in January 1689. In February, Parliament voted to exclude James and all his heirs from the English throne as he had left the seat of the throne and abdicated, de facto. Subsequently, William and Mary were made king and queen of England for life, with the succession being secured as English by placing Mary's sister, Anne, rather than any of William and Mary's presumably Dutch future children, as the direct heir to the throne.

William the Pious

Duke of Aquitaine, donated land to St. Berno to found a Benedictine monastery in Cluny. Took on the practice of simony by local lords. Congregational movement that rejected it.

Coronado

Discovered the Grand Canyon in search of the fabled Cities of Gold

Imhotep

Name of the architect who designed the Step Pyramid

Targets of Islam

Byzantium and Sassanid (Zoroastrian)

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Ami Perrin

Leader of the Libertines in Geneva. Didn't think Calvin and Protestants should have authority over all levels of society.

Second Caliphate

Major captures. Babylon. Damascus. Jerusalem. Jizya tax. Burning of knowledge. Alexandria.

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. Not repealed for decades.

Hamilton's Plan

-wanted the government to repay all of the federal and state debts -buy up all the bonds issued by national and state governments & issue new bonds -raise revenues (e.g. tarriffs, taxes) -create a national bank "necessary and proper"

Geronimo

Apache chieftain who raided the white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation (1829-1909).

American Romanticism

Appeal to emotion rather than reason, interest in nature (rural/good city/bad), interest in the picturesque and unusual, a spirit of nationalism

Punic Wars

Carthage was a city of traders. They were ruled by a council of merchant princes. They were highly civilized, literate and scientifically advanced, trade and wealth as much as through force. By contrast, Rome was a nation of soldiers and farmers. Their republic was run, in many respects, like an oversized military camp. what the Romans lacked in money and refinement, they made up for in manpower, strict organization and ferocity. Combining these attributes, the Romans had built their empire through conquest and bloodshed.

Settlement Houses

Community centers located in the slums and near tenements that gave aid to the poor, especially immigrants. Hull House. Jane Addams.

Balthasar Bekker

Devil had no power in the natural world whatsoever! This was an extremely antithetical view that contrasted the position held by many in the Early Modern period

Shliemann

Discovered Troy (messed it up) and Mycenae. Shaft tombs of Mycenae

Jewish steadfastness

Don't adapt to other religions. Comes from a writing. Don't marry outside faith.

First Italian War

French under Charles VIII against HRE and Spain and Papacy

Herophilus

Hellenistic scientist that studies the brain, eye, liver, and reproductive systems by examining cadavers and through vivisection.

These permanent societies, or sedentary cultures, were very different from the nomadic ones.

In a nomadic society, basically everyone worked to procure food. However, these sedentary farming societies of Mesopotamia produced so much food that they developed a surplus.

End of Reconstruction

In the 1874 mid-term elections, Republicans lost control of the House of Representatives for the first time in a quarter of a century, signaling the certain death for Reconstruction legislation. Then came the compromise of 1877.

Arhat

One who has become enlightened; the ideal type for Theravada Buddhism

treaty of london

In this secret treaty, the plan was to split up the Central Powers and weaken the eastern and western fronts. Originally Italy had an alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary under the Triple Alliance, but when war broke out, Italy basically wimped out and opted to remain neutral. Then, a year later, Italy flipped sides and joined the Allies.Britain offered Italy large lands near the Adriatic, and both France and Britain wanted Italy to join so that a new front could open up the south of the western. Italy later felt cheated.

Pachacuti Inca

Incan emperor who initiated the expansion of the Inca state from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.

Late Period Egypt

Invasions Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians. Non royal bronze statues.

Robert Boyle

Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691). "only believe what I learn through experimentation." Boyle's law

Sacco and Vanzetti

Italian radicals who became symbols of the Red Scare of the 1920s; arrested (1920), tried and executed (1927) for a robbery/murder, they were believed by many to have been innocent but convicted because of their immigrant status and radical political beliefs.

Election 1800

Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes in the Electoral College, so the House of Representatives had to decide the outcome. The House chose Jefferson as President and Burr as Vice President when Hamilton interceded against Burr. First, the 12th amendment to the Constitution changed the process for selecting the president and vice president. Never again would political rivals be placed in the executive office together.

Redeemers

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy. Sneaky black codes.

Second Italian War

Louis XII cooperates with Ferdinand of Spain to take Naples. Spain ended up with Naples. France only got Milan.

British North America Act

Made Canada a self-governing commonwealth; made them independent

Peace of Lodi

Made in 1454, this ended a war among Milan, Florence, and Venice. Cosimo de Medici made a lasting peace by having an alliance between Milan, Naples, and Florence on one side, and Venice and the Papal States on the other. Lasted for 40 years, and represents one of earliest appearances in European history of a diplomatic balance of power for maintaining peace.

Cinco de Mayo

Mexican holiday on may 5th that celebrates the victory the Mexican people over the French who invaded there country.

Pompey

Pleb family. Successful general. Elected consul (as was his father). Ostensibly on the side of the senate and the republic because he wanted to be considered part of the upper class. Gave the masses gifts and festivals while intimidating the Senate with his army (as Sulla had done and Caesar would do). Quarrelled with Caesar. Lost and Pharsalus and fled to Egypt where he was murdered (106-48 BC)

Brezhnev Doctrine

Policy proclaimed in 1968 and declaring that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any Socialist country whenever it determined there was a need. (e.g. Czechoslovakia)

George Wallace

Racist gov. of Alabama in 1962 ("segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever"); runs for pres. In 1968 on American Independent Party ticket of racism and law and order, loses to Nixon; runs in 1972 but gets shot

Pankhurst

Radical female suffragist; convinced that only aggressive tactics would bring victory--peaceful efforts didn't work; smashed and burned buildings to get the attention of the gov't, which supposedly only cared for property; founded the Women's Social and Political Union.

Phoenician Alphabet

Rather than having a character for each syllable (like Japanese Hiragana, Ka Ki Ku Ke Ko) the Phoenecians recognized the distinction between vowels and consonants. They noticed that the 'K' sound remains the same in all of these syllables. From there, they simply assigned a character to each consonant.

1920s art

Replacing elaborate styles associated with Victorianism, a new artistic movement called Art Deco flourished throughout the 1920s. bold geometric shapes, such as spheres and triangles, vibrant coloring and oversized lettering. it represented luxury, sophistication and hope in human progress. Throughout the 1920s, realist painters like George Luks of the Ashcan School innovative modernist art began to flourish. Painter Georgia O'Keeffe, who is still famous today for her depictions of abstract nature scenes, first became popular in the 1920s. MOMOs Photography was also coming into its own as a modern art form during this time, with photographers like Alfred Stieglitz and Paul Strand leading the way. A major movement called the Harlem Renaissance flourished throughout the 1920s. Centered in Harlem, New York, this artistic (and intellectual) movement expressed the uniqueness of African-American culture. Harlem Renaissance artists, like Palmer C. Hayden, Malvin Gray Johnson and Laura Wheeler Waring, created bold, colorful imagery that communicated African-American pride.

Domitian

Roman emperor from 81 to 96 C.E.; most scholars believe he was the emperor when the book of Revelation, and its attack on the Roman Empire, was composed. Domineering. Cruel. Extravagant. Assassinated.

Browder v. Gale

Rosa Parks case

Sacraments

Sacred rituals of the Roman Catholic Church. Seven in the Catholic church. Common belief that salvation can only come through the Church, so he always does what the Church tells him to do. Baptism. Confirmation. Eucharist. Reconciliation. Anointing of the sick. Matrimony. Holy Orders.

Morse Code

Samuel Morse needed a supplemental income, and after failing to reach his dying wife's bedside due to a lack of efficient communication, he invented the electric telegraph and Morse code in 1844. Within 16 years, telegraph wires crisscrossed the East Coast and reached as far west as the Mississippi River.

Vikings

Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s. Set up vast network of trading colonies too. Rus. Normandy. Longships.

Fall of Egypt

Sea peoples

Prince Henry the Navigator

Sent others to explore for him, made very first explorer school, first person to value exploring

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society-an antiestablishment New Left group, founded in 1960, this group charged that corporations and large government institutions had taken over America; they called for a restoration of "participatory democracy" and greater individual freedom

Power struggle after Mittani

The Assyrians to the northeast, the Hittites to the northwest and the Kassite Babylonians to the south.

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class. Shaped Japanese Confucianism to the extent that respect was due more to lord than anyone. Probably stems from feudal history.

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that the frontier experience helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy. Influential in its time. Argument supports period of Imperialism that followed.

Transept

The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.

Amendment X

The powers not given to the federal government by the Constitution are retained by the states.

Robert Owen

Welsh industrialist and social reformer who founded cooperative communities (1771-1858). New Harmony.

Benedict Arnold

When George Washington arranged to give Arnold command of the fort at West Point, New York - a vital link between north and south - Arnold, in turn, began bargaining with the British to surrender it to them for a price.

Tung Chung-shu

a high-ranking official in China's Han Dynasty. In this position of power, he was very instrumental in helping the Han Dynasty to unify China under one central authority.He was also a devout follower of Confucianism

Fawcett

moderate British feminist who led the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies

Populares and Optimates

two principal patrician political groups during the later Roman Republic from about 133 to 27 bc. The members of both groups belonged to the wealthier classes, though the populares were more supportive of the plebs.

Vernacular

the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region. Latin was spread throughout Europe by the Roman Empire. However, after Rome fell there was less of an interest in educating the masses. As a result, people in the Dark Ages (from 476 until 1066) began to speak in more vernacular languages, or languages that the masses spoke, that became increasingly different from Latin. Many of these are Romance languages, which are French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian, that are heavily influenced by Latin. However, as more and more people began to read in the vernacular with the invention of the printing press, more and more people began to abandon the study of Latin.

Spoils System

the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.

Theravada

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. It remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods. According to Theravada Buddhism, one must live ethically, meditate, and seek wisdom. These teachings come from the sacred texts of Buddhism, known as the Tripitaka, and according to Theravada Buddhism they are to be taken literally and followed in one's daily life. Only this way achieve nirvana.

Cause of WWII

'national honor', remilitarization. Rhineland was remilitarized, in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the Locarno treaties of 1925. Nazi Germany supported Spain. allowed German weaponry to be tested in battle. Germany trained pilots in secret. Germany also began rebuilding its U-boat fleet in secret. Toward the end of 1936, Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact. Italy joined the Anti-Comintern Pact in 1937. The Rome-Berlin Axis, or the alliance between Italy and Germany, was cemented under the Pact of Steel in May 1939. In September 1940, Germany, Italy, and Japan agreed to the Tripartite Pact of 1940, formally establishing the Axis Powers. Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, and Japan invaded China in 1937 and the Soviet Union in 1938. In March 1938, Germany annexed the Republic of Austria in what is called the Anschluss. for years Nazi Germany had supported the Austrian National Socialist Party in an attempt to win over the country. The Sudeten Crisis of 1938 stemmed from Hitler's desire to see the Sudetenland area of Czechoslovakia annexed to Germany. Munich Agreement. Western European democracies basically turned their back on Czechoslovakia. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain is widely seen as embodying Europe's policy of appeasement. In March 1939, German forces invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia. began making demands that the Free City of Danzig be handed over to Germany. Germany sought to establish a peace treaty with the Soviet Union on its eastern front. In August 1939, the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact was signed. Sometimes this pact is also called the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, after the two diplomats who negotiated it. Two weeks later, German troops invaded Poland on the pretext that Poland had first attacked Germany. With Germany's invasion of Poland, World War II had begun.

Aztec

(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Unlike the Olmec and Maya, Westerners actually encountered Aztec culture in all its glory! The Aztecs lived in central Mexico. Their capital city was Tenochtitlan. Today, this is in Mexico City. The city was actually built on an island in a lake. The Aztecs emerged around 1325 and were conquered by Hernando Cortes in 1521. The Aztecs were advanced engineers and established the only true empire in Mesoamerica. They conquered many and received tribute, creating great wealth. So, how did a profit and glory-seeking conquistador like Cortes defeat this awesome empire so seemingly easily? Well, there are many factors. One, the Aztecs were a very religious people and they believed that the god, Quetzalcoatl (who, coincidentally, was believed to have light skin, red hair and light eyes), was supposed to return to earth. When the Spanish showed up, the Aztecs gave them food and gold... no wonder the Spanish wanted to stay; the Aztecs offered them everything for which they were searching!

Jacquerie

(1358) French peasant revolt; an effect of the Black Death's economy & 100 yrs war; rebels massacred to end revolt

Thomas Cromwell

(1485-1540) Became King Henry VII's close advisor following Cardinal Wolsey's dismissal. He and his contemporary THomas Cranmer convinced the king to break from Rome and made the Church of England increasingly more Protestant., (1485-1540)

Vesalius

(1514-1564) A Flemish scientist who challenged traditional anatomy with his text "On the Construction of the Human Body." Created with numerous illustrations of public dissections. Refuted some of Galens teaching.

Ivan the Terrible

(1533-1584) earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son. He became the first ruler to assume the title Czar of all Russia. Beginning of centralized government in Russia. His grandfather defeated the Mongols. He was a prominent theologian. He was also a very good public speaker. He was an avid reader and very well-educated.

Francis Bacon

(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning. Yet Bacon did more than predict the scientific revolution, and his contributions were not limited to the scientific method. Arguably Bacon's greatest contribution to the world of science was his incredible optimism and enthusiasm. Bacon didn't just predict and codify science - he sold it to the world.

French Wars of Religion

(1562-1598) Huguenots vs. Catholics. Many of these Huguenots were from the aristocratic class. This meant they had political power to back up their beliefs. As they began to gain popularity and power, King Henry II, France's Catholic ruler, called for their arrest and execution. Catholics led by Guise (Massacre at Vassy). Extremists use promise of marriage of king's (Charles IX) sister to protestant Bourbon to hatch plot to kill. Massacre of St. Bartholomew gave the Huguenots a stronger will to fight. Henry of Bourbon, who survived the massacre, led the Protestants against their Catholic enemies. Under the leadership of Bourbon, the Protestants gained ground and continued their fight for freedom into the reign of Henry III. Henry III came to the throne after the death of his brother Charles IX. During the wars, Catherine de Medici was the Queen mother and held power during the reign of her sons Francois II (short), Charles IX, and Henry III. Conflict exacerbated because everyone knew the throne was going to be up for grabs after Henry III, last son of Catherine. Henry III moderate and assassinated by Catholic extremist. Henry Bourbon, who smartly converts to Catholocism before taking the throne, takes throne as Henry IV (King of Navarre) succeeds Henry III and issues Edict of Nantes, which is fair enough to Protestants to end the wars. Sadly, this peace ended in 1610 when Henry IV was assassinated by yet another religious extremist. Although his reign was cut short, Henry IV, the first French king from the House of Bourbon, is still considered one of France's greatest monarchs. (See prior note as to why Bourbon fighting against French kings)

Descartes

(1596-1650). science should come from the mind rather than senses, because senses were not trustworthy. 'I think, therefore, I am.' This is Descartes' establishment of certainty. in order for a person to be deceived, that person must first exist. So, certainty comes from the fact that the person is thinking, regardless of whether the thought of the person is true or false. Since a person thinks with his or her mind and that mind bestows certainty, we can trust our mind much more than our senses. discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. Inherited throne from older brother. traveled in disguise learning about European practices. resolved to build a Russian fleet - nonexistent at the time - and wage war against the Swedes who had shut the Russians off from the Baltic Sea in the previous century. later in his reign Peter sent 50 boys of noble birth to Italy, Great Britain, and Holland to study shipbuilding and master European naval techniques. Military Reforms & War To gain his port, Peter waged a 21-year war against the Swedish Empire, and gained his Baltic port by 1721. In celebration, he declared Russia an empire, and himself the first Russian Emperor. sweeping reforms of the Russian army. As mentioned earlier. more meritocratic approach The port Peter won improve Russian trade relations with the mercantilist powerhouses of Western Europe. encouraged industrial production throughout Russia. He even invited foreign experts to Russia to direct industrial development forced to cut their traditional long beards and wear European-style dress. Peter intended all Russians to begin living and looking like Europeans created secular schools, which promoted European learning, languages (such as French and Latin), and state-sponsored studying abroad. to talented carpenters and masons from abroad to plan his city. officially moved the Russian capital there in 1712. taxes to pay for all this came from the poor and any revolts were quashed. The dissenters or rebels were often even put to death.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

Frederick the Great

(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress. Introduced Enlightenment reforms in construction/farming, education, personal rights/abuses and law.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. English investors wanted to sell farmland there. French said it was their territory. Burned villages. Colonists wanted militia. King suspicious. Finally relented. Washington sent against Fort Duquesne at Fort Necessity. troop surge, new strategy, naval blockade and an alliance with some Native American tribes. coincided with an outbreak of smallpox forces captured a series of forts - including Ticonderoga. Despite initial advances by French (e.g. Fort Henry), British forces better supplied than the French troops, whose government was on the brink of economic collapse. The deciding moment came in 1759 when British routed French forces on the Plains of Abraham in southern Quebec. by 1760, England controlled all of New France. The battle for America was over, and France had lost. In the Treaty of Paris, France had to give England all of Canada and the eastern half of Louisiana. In exchange, they retained control of a few Caribbean sugar islands and two fishing islands along the Canadian coast. Spain gained control of the western half of the Louisiana Territory. Spain also traded Florida in exchange for Cuba. The Mississippi River was left open to all of the nations. France had to give England all of Canada and the eastern half of Louisiana French Lost Land The War's Effect on the Colonists -- England with enormous debt. colonists help pay for the war through a series of new taxes. it seemed to the Americans like they were worse off than before. King's Royal Proclamation of 1763 prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains - the very reason the war had started in the first place. new taxes, which the colonial assemblies hadn't authorized. the most significant effect of the French and Indian War may have been the changed relationship between the colonies and England. The 1763 Treaty of Paris. France surrendered huge swaths territory to the British, including most of Canada and most of the land south of the Great Lakes and east of the Mississippi River. France nearly ruined as a result.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade (Jacksonian), and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. Clever, experienced politician. he denied Texas petition to join the United States in 1837, seeking to ease tensions with Mexico slavery morally wrong but believed the Constitution justified its existence opponent of the Bank of the United States, he wanted to establish an independent Treasury system that gave the U.S. Treasury control of all federal funds and legal tender. infrastructure projects should be primarily the responsibility of the states. Panic of 1837 and the resulting five years of depression that followed. market would come only after the banks that deserved to fail did fail. laid the blame for much of the trouble squarely on the President's shoulders.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore. though he was a slaveholder himself, he opposed the spread of slavery into new territories, causing a stalemate in Congress. It was the territory stage that had created the slavery debates over adding new land. But at the point of statehood, the new government simply wrote a constitution that indicated whether they allowed slavery or not. So President Taylor urged settlers in New Mexico and California to jump straight to the second step - just draft constitutions and apply for statehood, bypassing the territorial stage. Southern leaders knew both states would ban slavery and threatened to secede. Not one to back down from a good fight, President Taylor promised that he himself would ride out with the army to enforce the laws and personally oversee the hanging of anyone in rebellion against the Union. Died in office. Replaced by Millard Fillmore.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights (Port Arthur), control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

Charles VI

(r. 1711-40) Obsessed with keeping the Habsburg empire together, issued the Pragmatic Sanction. No male heir so the empire passed to Maria Theresa. Left the HRE in financial ruin.

Joseph II

(r. 1765 - 1790) son of Maria Theresa, granted religious freedom and abolished serfdom. Enlightened despot who continued to centralize power in the monarchy. Took land from monasteries.

Grant as President

-Known for two things as president -He put down the Klu Klux Klan -Corrupt government -Sad ending. Son swindled. Sold everything. Cancer.

Greek Temples

-had many entrances due to the columnar boundaries long, angled roof, peaking on the short ends to form a triangle called a pediment. These shallow shelters were filled with life-size sculptures. The roof rested upon an even plane called an entablature, which spanned the gaps between columns to provide a solid surface. As temple-building developed, architects added decorations to the entablature called metopes, separated from each other by three lines called a triglyph. Further developments and bigger temples led to the addition of a second row of columns with a continuous decoration called a frieze running along the top. Inside the temple was a smaller enclosure called a naos lined with its own columns. This was the holiest place of the temple and usually housed an idol of the deity for whom the temple was built. Sometimes the Greeks would switch up column styles within the naos, putting the hefty Doric on the outside and the delicate Ionic or Corinthian within.

18th Century Population Growth

1. High birth rate, 2. Low death rate (no big plague), 3. Abundance of food (crop technology and heartier diet), 4. Low infant mortality rate, 5. Immigration

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. Ended French religious wars between Huge. and Catholics but was abolished in the 17th century and Huges. lost their rights.

Dominion of New England

1686-1689 *An administrative body created by King James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region *Put in place to implement the Navigation Acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against hostile French and Native American forces *The Dominion Governor-in-Chief, Edmund Andros, outlawed town meetings, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, and proselytized on behalf of the Church of England *New England colonists had originally been in favor of some sort of voluntary association, but the Dominion was very unpopular because of these types of impositions

Simon Bolivar

1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Following this, the areas of Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador were liberated. As other South American territories began to rebel against Spain, Bolivar had a vision for the formation of one nation under the name Gran Colombia. However, feuding among the groups made this impossible. Instead, independent nations like Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador were born.

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He appointed governors to help the states take the steps outlined by Lincoln for readmission to the Union, but many of them proved to be too lenient, and as a result, Black Codes quickly spread throughout the South attempting to restrict the rights of African Americans at the state and local levels. Congress directed Secretary of War Edwin Stanton (a Radical) to enforce the Acts with the military, if necessary. Fully expecting that President Johnson would try to get rid of Sectary Stanton and replace him with another leader more sympathetic to his cause, Congress limited the president's authority to issue military orders and passed The Tenure of Office Act in 1867. This law required the president to get Senate approval before firing anyone who had been appointed by a past president. Johnson dismissed him anyway in 1868, stating that the Tenure of Office Act was unconstitutional. After Johnson attempted to replace Stanton (over the Military Acts) with a number of appointees who turned down the job (including Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman), Secretary of War Stanton literally locked himself in his office and refused to leave. Meanwhile, in the halls of the Capitol, Congress impeached President Andrew Johnson.

Indian Wars

1850 to 1890; series of conflicts between the US Army / settlers and different Native American tribes. Whole tribes were forced onto reservations in exchange for promises of peace, cash payments, and supplies - a lot of which never even reached some tribes due to corruption in the system and because of oversight caused by the Civil War. More and more people now depended on less land and fewer resources. White settlers further depleted natural resources like farmland, water, and game, especially American bison (commonly called buffalo) that were hunted nearly to extinction for their hides. Millions of Plains Indians who had depended on the herds for their survival now faced extinction themselves.

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. radicals seized on incident to limit influence of the aristocracy and the Catholic Church. The high-ranking officials who held anti-government views were ousted from the army and Catholic religious orders were expelled from France. In 1905, the French government recognized the separation of church and state.

Hepburn Act

1906 law that gave the government the authority to set railroad rates and maximum prices for ferries, bridge tolls, and oil pipelines

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal. Price discrimination, which is charging different consumers different prices Tie-in contracts, by which a merchant could buy goods from a company only if it would not handle the products for that company's competitors Certain holding companies, where a company buys enough voting stock in different companies to be able to control them Interlocking directorates - one or more people serve on the board of directors of several companies The Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) set up the Federal Trade Commission to enforce the Clayton Antitrust Act and to issue cease and desist orders to stop unfair practices such as misbranding and adulteration of goods, false and misleading advertising, spying and bribery to secure trade secrets, and closely imitating a competitor's product. The Elkins Act (1903) allowed the previously weak Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to punish shippers as well as railroads engaged in rebating, which was the discriminatory practice of discounting rates to large companies or favored customers. The Underwood Tariff (1913) lowered the tax on imported goods from 40% to 25%. The goal was to target industries dominated by the large trusts. The decreased tariff was passed by Congress in an effort to promote competition and open American markets to foreign products. Congress also passed the first federal income tax levied on corporations and individuals earning more than $4,000 per year.

Scopes Trial

1925 court case in which Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan debated the issue of teaching evolution in public schools. Tennessee passed the Butler Act. This law made it illegal for public educators to teach evolution or to deny the Biblical account of man's origin. American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) offered to defend anyone. local leaders summoned 24 year-old high school teacher John T. Scopes, and asked if he would be willing to break the law. Clarence Darrow v. William Jennings Bryan headed up the prosecution. Social critic H. L. Mencken dubbed Dayton, 'Monkeytown.' By most accounts, Darrow was successful in humiliating Bryan. The trial reflects the changing social values of the 1920s. The trial is a good example of how, throughout the 1920s, traditional Christianity was increasingly the subject of critique.

Soil Conversation Act

1935. Passed in response to the Dust Bowl

Equal Pay Act

1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work

Paris Peace Accords

1973 peace agreement between the United States, South Vietnam, North Vietnam, and the Vietcong that effectively ended the Vietnam War. Paris Peace Accords. This officially marked the end of the long, costly war in Vietnam. No More War North Vietnam defied and began rebuilding descended on South Vietnam and captured the nation's capital, Saigon, on April 30. Congress reaction to the cavalier military efforts of Nixon. The legislation included the repeal of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in June 1970, the Cooper-Church Amendment in 1971, which forced American missions to be conducted in South Vietnam only, the Case-Church Amendment in 1973, which prohibited further operations in Southeast Asia, and the War Powers Resolution of 1973, which turned war-making decisions over to Congress.

First Punic War

264 B.C. - 241 B.C., Rome and Carthage fought over island of Sicily, was a naval war, Rome was losing because they did not have a good navy, Romans figured out how to board the Carthage ships and fight them there, Romans gained control of Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia (Islands)

Second Samnite War

326-304 BC. Both powers trying to expand. Goes on for years. Rome suffers setbacks but always comes back. Ultimately wins. Samnites retreat to mountain strongholds.

Neutrality Acts

4 laws passed in the late 1930s that were designed to keep the US out of international incidents. 1935 and 1936: embargo on weaponry and funding to any nation involved in a conflict and prohibited Americans from traveling aboard ships that belonged to nations engaged in war. 1937: embargo on all trade to nations at war. But then loosened.... He finally achieved success in 1939 when Congress removed the ban on selling arms to those at war. The new legislation established a 'cash-and-carry' provision to those who could purchase arms with cash and carry them away on non-American vessels. Roosevelt agreed to the 'destroyers-for-bases' deal, which transferred several dozen naval destroyers to Britain in return for the right to build American military bases on British-controlled territory in the Pacific and Caribbean. Lend-Lease act. In October 1941, the legislation was lifted, not necessarily because of Roosevelt, but because the Germans sank an American vessel, the USS Reuben James. War had become imminent. Roosevelt limited the sale of fuel, oil and metals to the Japanese in 1940. Then, in 1941, he froze all Japanese assets in the United States and took control of all Japanese-American commerce.

Charlemagne

800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe. Defeated Saxon, Lombards, Avars. Period of centralized control amidst feudalism. After his death feuds erupted. Vikings invading.

Effects of the Reformation

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Constitutions of Clarendon

A 12th-century declaration that assumes the king's authority to make Church appointments and handle matters of the Church inside the kingdom of England. (e.g. trials of clergy)

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor. Ships ordered to anchor had sat there forever. People wouldn't buy it or pay the tax on it.

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956 Later, countries would meet again and agree to neutrality of Laos, which North Vietnam would later violate.

Soviet Union

A Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. The larger Soviet Union came into existence in December 1922. absorbing the Ukraine, and other regions, like Georgia and Armenia. In 1924, Joseph Stalin consolidated power through political intrigue to become Lenin's successor. Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb in August of 1949. The Cold War was a prolonged period of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. It lasted roughly half a century - from the end of World War II to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. Stalin died in 1952, he was succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev is best remembered for being the Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. under the new leader Leonid Brezhnev, tensions relaxed somewhat, a period often called détente. However, détente ended with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (sometimes referred to as 'the Soviet Union's Vietnam War') In 1989, revolutions began in Poland, and spread. fall of the Berlin Wall in November of 1989. perestroika and glasnost resulted in liberal reform. Perestroika refers to the restructuring of government, while glasnost refers to government transparency and openness. In December of 1991, the Soviet Union officially dissolved. Ukraine and other Soviet republics became independent nations, while Russia officially

Aristotle

A Greek Philosopher, taught Alexander the Great, started a famous school, studied with Plato. Syllogism, mean

Cicero

A Roman senator renowned for his oratorical skill. To express Greek philosophy in the largely utilitarian language of Latin, Cicero needed to invent new words like Humanitas, Qualitas and Quantitas. In this light, Cicero formed the vocabulary of thought that carries on to this day. Cicero speaks at Caesar's triumphal parade. He later dies at the order of Antony, Octavius, and Lepidus.

General Valeriano Weyler

A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans.. Hearst published very graphic and biased stories about General Weyler's brutality in Cuba. Make no mistake, General Weyler was referred to as 'Butcher Weyler,' and he did relocate rebels to 're-concentration camps' that were cesspools of hunger and disease. Actions like Weyler's were not difficult to sensationalize!

iconoclasm

A belief that the practice of worshiping and honoring objects such as icons was sinful. 7th and 8th century Byzantium.

Early Universities

A charter was a document that formalized the rights of a university. Another of the earliest universities is the University of Paris. After a quarrel between a student, school officials, and locals in Paris, masters and students in Paris formed themselves into a universitas and approached the French king asking for protection and privileges. The representatives who spoke to the king threatened to leave Paris to teach elsewhere, and the king realized he would lose many people and their tax money if everyone involved in the Parisian educational center left. The king agreed to protect the members, and eventually educational requirements and standards were recognized. Teachers took the ideas of their classical predecessors and taught students to reason and interpret rather than lecturing. Debating became one of the dominant forms of education. Debating could be useful for administrators and lawyers, who were needed both in the Church and within the royal community. Universities became popular and could be found all over Europe. Leaders saw the potential for having well-educated thinkers surrounding them. The reasoning and scholasticism inspired by classical texts in learning allowed people to develop skills in argumentation and problem-solving that, before, would not have existed.

From sealed ingots, it was just a short leap to standardized coinage. But this had limitations.

A coin economy is still very much a commodity economy. That is to say that the value of the coin lay in the metal - the commodity - that it was made of. The problem is that someone might cut bits of a coin off and still use it to buy something with its full purchasing power. This is where we get the term 'to cut corners.' To counter this, authorities made their coins round, but this did not prevent people from shaving a bit of gold off the edge.

joint-stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

Roe v. Wade

A decade later, in 1973, as the second wave feminist movement continued, the Supreme Court ruled on one of the most historical cases it had heard - Roe v. Wade. Roe was actually Norma McCorvey, a woman from Texas who sought an abortion based on a Texas law that allowed abortion in the case of rape. But, because McCorvey didn't have police documentation related to the rape, she was denied the medical procedure. She became the Roe in Roe v. Wade. Roe v. Wade relied on the 14th amendment and the due process clause to establish that women have the right to have an abortion. At the same time, the court knew States had interests in protecting the rights of the mother and the child. These two seemingly competing interests were balanced by the Court by allowing states to make their own laws, within the bounds set by the Court.

Encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. At the top were peninsulares. They were the Spanish in control. Second class below the peninsulares were the creoles. They were of pure Spanish blood, but were born in the colonies. could inherit the land of their parents if they were peninsulares. Third class was made up of two groups. First, the mestizos were of mixed blood - the children of a peninsular and a Native Indian. Because they had some Spanish blood, they were considered above any native. Mulattos were also of mixed blood - but with African slaves. The third class rarely ever mixed with creoles or peninsulares. They took a slightly higher place in society because they were not purely slave. These were the working class people of the society, mainly in small towns and communities. The lowest group was captured Aztec, Native Indian tribes and slaves from Africa, used for labor with essentially no rights. Under the encomienda system, labor was to be treated fairly, with shelter, food and living supplies. Spain wanted to reduce any chance of overthrow by rebellious groups.

Essex Junto

A group of extreme Federalists who wanted to secede from the U.S. and form a Northern Confederacy because they thought northern states would have less power after the Louisiana Purchase. Burr agreed to help. Hamilton foiled it by ruining his gubernatorial campaign.

Fugitive Slave Act

A law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders. accused fugitives were denied trial, being processed instead by commissioners who had a financial incentive to return them to their owners. Besides the thousands of escaped slaves who were shipped back south, many truly free blacks became the victims of illegitimate claims without any legal recourse. California tipped the Senate's balance of power, a fact the south could not live with permanently, and the north could not live with the Fugitive Slave Act for long.

Amerigo Vespucci

A mapmaker and explorer who said that America was a new continent, so America was named after him. King Ferdinand promoted Vespucci to chief navigator of Spain and commissioned him to begin a school of navigation. In this position, Vespucci strove to improve standard navigation techniques. Being very good at his job, he even developed a fairly primitive but rather accurate method of determining longitude, which advanced European cartography.

Berlin conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa. Congo and Niger Rivers would remain neutral and open. Principle of Effectivity. couldn't establish a colony in name only - they had to use it or lose it. within years of the conference, it's estimated that over half of the Congo Basin's native population had died. Great Britain held places like Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, Egypt, the Sudan, Zambia, Zimbabwe and more, while France controlled much of Western Africa. Belgium controlled the Congo, and Germany took places like Tanzania and Namibia. Not to be left out, the Portuguese, the Italians, and the Spanish also got their share. new countries held little respect for the culture or the long-established boundaries.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. Then came a terrible blow to the doctrine of popular sovereignty: the Dred Scott decision. Douglas threw himself into his campaign for re-election to the Senate. House divided and other debates with Lincoln. 'I hold that a negro is not and never ought to be a citizen of the United States. I hold that this government was made on the white basis, by white men, for the benefit of white men and their posterity forever, and should be administered by white men and none others Lincoln: When the Declaration of Independence was signed, everyone thought slavery was dying. Remember the Northwest Ordinance? The Founding Fathers didn't let slavery into new territories! We should go back to that model, and just let it die out on its own. [Stephen Douglas actually angered many of his fellow Democrats by suggesting that states could get around the Dred Scott decision and helped divide the party, dooming his chances in the 1860 presidential election.]

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations. William James, author of Pragmatism (1907), stressed that truth comes from the ability to solve problems. Many Progressive reformers adhered to pragmatist ideas, believing social problems could be fixed through intelligent and purposeful action. Progressive Era reformers applied a systematic approach to problems facing Americans in the workplace and at home. Progressives addressed workplace efficiency and safety standards, child labor, workmen's compensation, minimum wages, and working hours for women. Improvements at home included an increased emphasis on education, helping immigrant families, Prohibition, curbing prostitution, public health, and municipal services. Supreme Court case Muller v. Oregon (1908). The court upheld an Oregon state law that restricted working hours for women laundry workers to a 10-hour day. The court made the decision based on evidence showing long hours were harmful to women and their families. workmen's compensation laws were enacted to protect workers and their families in all industrialized states between 1910 and 1917. Some of the first welfare benefits were also enacted for dependent children, widows, and the elderly during this time.

pictograph

A picture or drawing representing words or ideas. Earliest cuneiform, 3500 BCE.

dawes plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success at first. Start from scratch. Rentenmarks. The U.S. had been Germany's largest loaner in the 1920s, and after the market collapse the U.S. government and private banks could not afford to lend money to Germany.

Flexible Response

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons. Kennedy called for a crash program that would minimize the missile gap between the two nations. The huge federal appropriations dedicated toward defense would translate into a stronger flexible response program, which meant responding faster and more efficiently to communist subversion. Peace Corps, which promoted democracy and shunned communism. Alliance for Progress, which dedicated billions of dollars to Latin American countries that were willing to establish democratic institutions. Berlin Wall 1961

Eutrophication

A process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria. Leads to decrease in oxygen.

William Walker

A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted annexation as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made. Unauthorized soldiers known as filibusters or freebooters carried out private military expeditions to secure land. infuriated American millionaire Cornelius Vanderbilt, who convinced the US navy to destroy his regime. Undeterred, Walker went into Honduras just six months later. This time, he made the British navy angry, and they oversaw his execution.

Domesday Book

A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth. This was after much butchering of people to quell rebellion after takeover of England.

Hinduism

A religion native to India, featuring belief in many gods and reincarnation. No founder. No pretense at supremacy.

Great Awakening

A revival of religious feeling in the American colonies during the 1730s and 1750s. In stark contrast to Puritanism, which emphasized outward actions as proof of salvation, the Great Awakening focused on inward changes in the Christian's heart. The goal was for hearers to look at their own souls, to be convicted about their moral failures and then turn their hearts toward God.

Nullification

A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional. In the case of tariffs, Jackson takes a firm stand and Calhoun resigns, returning to the South Carolina senate. There was compromise on the tariff and things cooled down. They knew Jackson was serious.

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Latin War

A war that the Latin peoples of Italy waged against the Roman Republic between 340 and 338 BCE. Rome honored its treaty with the Samnites and ganged up on the little guys who were trying to avenge themselves against the Samnites. When Rome warned them, they revolted. Bad move.

Bessemer

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Crimean War

Access to the holy lands used as pretext for Russia to invade Ottoman territory. Crush Ottomans. Other countries worried about balance of power in Balkans and Holy Land. France also itching for a redemption against Russia. It and Britain go Black Sea for ports. Declare war b/c Russia won't leave. Seige Sevastopol. Russians quit. Allies bluff on St. Peterberg. Russia signs treaty basically giving it all up. War makes strategic importance and fragility of Balkan area clear. Russia understands need to modernize. Also, completely bungled. Major loss of life in the six figures, bad planning and maneuvers.

Iliad

Achilles is fixated on his own mortality. Yet honor is the only form of immortality available to mortal men. That is why he has come to Troy, to win honor and glory on the battlefield. As King of the Myrmidons, Achilles had claimed the Princess Briseis as a prize of war from an earlier battle. Agamemnon takes Briseis away from Achilles. Despite being a prisoner, Briseis is very upset at parting with Achilles, suggesting that the two really loved each other. Enraged by this affront to his dignity, Achilles refuses to fight. Thetis is likewise upset at the mistreatment her baby must endure at the hands of his inferior. She complains to Zeus himself, who owes her a favor. Though Zeus is angry at the Trojans for violating Xenia, he agrees to let the Trojans defeat the Greeks, so long as Achilles refuses to fight, so that Agamemnon will have to appreciate Achilles and beg him to fight for them. Desperate to turn the tide, Achilles' comrade (and lover), Patroclus dons Achilles armor and is ultimately killed by Hector. Achilles chases Hector around the walls of Troy, until Athena, disguised as Hector's brother, convinces Hector to turn and fight Achilles with his brother at his side. Of course, as soon as Achilles arrives, Athena vanishes, and Hector knows he is alone and he's going to die. It was not an honorable duel that ended the life of Achilles. Instead it was an arrow, fired by the cowardly Paris and guided by Apollo that brought the great hero down by striking his one vulnerable spot, his heel. Agammenon is a fool which shows Greek's opinion of centralized authority (different from Gilgamesh)

Paracelsus

Active in the first half of the 16th century, Paracelsus favored experimentation as the key to understanding the world, and he rejected common practices like bloodletting and the theory that disease was caused by bodily imbalances. Instead, Paracelsus claimed diseases were caused by 'bad seeds,' and he so detested Galen's theories that he publicly burned copies of the Roman's work.

Navigation acts

Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.

Life in Southern Colonies

Adult male immigrants to the South outnumbered female immigrants by seven to one. overwhelming majority of them were indentured servants, slaves or yeoman farmers. plantation system limited commerce and discouraged urbanization. Plantations evolved into little towns that produced almost everything they needed for day to day operations. Planters could import, could buy or hire a skilled servant to create items. there was only a small middle class of urban professionals like teachers, merchants, artisans or lawyers. This meant there was almost no opportunity for social mobility. The distance between plantations made community schools and sometimes even churches impractical. life expectancy in the South was 10 to 30 years lower than other English colonies due to disease and malnutrition. Few children reached adulthood with two surviving parents. A web of step-parents and half-siblings meant kinship was often a powerful factor. The gender imbalance increased their power and status. Single and widowed women were highly sought after, but no role in the political process. Female slaves and indentured servants were often the victims of aggressive male masters, and they had no legal recourse. An immigrant in the South still had a glimmer of hope for a better life, however small.

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores. schoolteacher who filed suit against a railroad company for removing her from a train after she refused to give up her seat because she was black. When several of her friends were lynched by a white mob, she began a journalistic crusade against lynching. Wells became an editor of Free Speech and Headlight, a black newspaper in Memphis, TN. She used fiery rhetoric to demand an end to lynching, full equality and the end of white supremacy. She played a key role in the development of black women's clubs and she helped establish the National Association of Colored Women in 1896. She became an early member of the NAACP and worked to promote women's suffrage, or right to vote.

Battle of Saratoga

After Trenton, had planned 1777 to be 3 separate armies in perfect timing -- converging on Albany, cutting off New England from the Patriot army. Howe never committed and instead went to take Philadelphia. Leger got repulsed by Arnold. This left Burgoyne by himself. Moving slow. Easy target. Went to Saratoga, where he sensed he was being surrounded. Lashed out. Arnold charges. British retreat. Escape route cut off. American victory over British troops in 1777 that was a turning point in the American Revolution.

Greek women

After better Archaic times, women were simply something attached to the household and were effectively transferred from the administration of their fathers to the administration of their new husbands. Sparta: It was said that since Spartan women raised Spartan warriors, they deserved a certain amount of gratitude and respect. Men away. Large population of slaves. Makes sense.

Alonzo Herndon

After gaining his freedom, he started a chain of barber shops and the Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company. At his death, he was the wealthiest African American in Atlanta. Gave back to institutions that had helped him.

post Cromwell

After only seven months as Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell was forcibly removed from office and the Rump Parliament was reinstalled. The chaos which ensued as the Rump decided what actions to take moving forward in order to govern England were exacerbated as a Royalist uprising propagated in Cheshire, calling for the return of Charles II to the English throne. Though the uprising was quickly put down, it was clear something had to be done to stabilize England politically. At this point, the general of the English forces in Scotland, George Monck, marched the English army to London. Upon his arrival in February 1660, Monck reintroduced all of the members of Parliament purged in 1648, and the reconstituted Parliament declared itself dissolved and simultaneously called for new elections. The new Parliament - nicknamed the Convention Parliament by historians - returned with a majority of its members favoring a reinstitution of the monarchy. Regardless of many of the unsettled social and economic issues, the constitutional monarchy born from the civil wars and codified by the English Restoration sustained in perpetuity.

Dred Scott

After the death of Dr. Emerson in 1846, Scott and his wife Harriet, whom Scott had married while in Wisconsin with Dr. Emerson, befriended a lawyer and decided to sue in the courts of Missouri for their freedom. Their argument? Simple. They claimed residence in Illinois, where slavery was illegal, and also in Wisconsin, where the Missouri Compromise had been outlawed. If the court supported their cause, Scott and his wife would be free. The court ruled that free or slave, blacks were not citizens. Therefore, Scott had no right to sue in federal court. In fact, he had no rights at all under the U.S. Constitution. He was not considered a citizen. What is more, if Congress had no right to repeal slavery in the territories that were not yet states, how could the local governments in these territories do so? They couldn't, according to the Supreme Court. In fact, the decision made it so that nothing could be done to the institution of slavery until such time as these territories in our ever-expanding West became states. Until such time as they became states, slavery was as inviolate as the freedom of speech or religion or any civil liberty granted by the Constitution. In one fell swoop, it seemed the court was saying that slavery was not some small, regionalized, peculiar institution but instead a nationwide right that could only be abolished when states, not territories, passed laws to do so. Huge blow to the idea of popular sovereignty.

Gadsden Purchase

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny. Under Pierce. [cartoon: the platform says Kansas, Cuba and Central America; these were some of the places that Americans thought Pierce was trying to expand slavery. There are some other inflammatory details in the background depicting the violence in Kansas, which serve to reinforce the main idea.]

Delian League

Alliance between Athens and many of its allied cities following the first attempted invasion of Perisa into Greece. Caused a lot of wealth to flow into Athens and thus contributed to the Athenian "golden age." Superior Navy. Staged revolts. Demanded tribute from allies.

League of Cognac

Alliance, signed in 1527, between France, England, several Italian states and the Pope against Charles I/V ruler of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor. This alliance reopened the Italian Wars but ended in another crushing defeat for France, at Landriano in 1529, which ended Francis' efforts to assert French interests in N Italy. This alliance also led to the Sack of Rome in 1527 by Charles Imperial troops, and the souring of relations between Spain and England. Later, France would try to get back into Italy with Ottoman Turk's assistance. But England briefly sides with Spain to repel the attack. And Italy remained firmly under the control of Habsburg Spain.

Harriet Tubman

American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor on the Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

Frederick Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants. First, employees believed that if they were more productive, fewer jobs would be needed, and thus their job might be in jeopardy. Second, employees did not have an incentive to go above and beyond; if they were paid the same amount for low productivity as they would be for high productivity, there was no reason for them to strive for higher levels. Third, workers wasted much of their time using less-than-optimal methods for completing work instead of the best possible way. get rid of general guidelines. replace with a precise, scientific approach. carefully recruit, select, train, and develop each worker according to the job. cooperation between staff and management to be sure that jobs match plans appropriate division of labor and responsibility between managers and workers

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight." most famous for his 1779 victory over His Majesty's Ship Serapis. When his ship's rigging became entangled, all but two of her guns were out of action, and with water pouring through several holes in the ship's hull, the British captain asked Jones if he was ready to surrender. He famously replied 'I have not yet begun to fight!' spent the next decade in Europe, first as a diplomat collecting money owed to Americans, and later as an Admiral in the Russian Imperial Navy under Catherine the Great. He died, alone, in France, and due to the onset of the French Revolution he was buried in an unmarked grave.

Zebulon Pike

American soldier and explorer whom Pikes Peak in Colorada is named. His Pike expedition often compared to the lewis and Clark expedition, mapped much of the southern portion of the Louisianna Purchase. many historians now believe Pike was, in fact, sent on a military reconnaissance mission. Pike's Expedition was in Spanish territory. They were arrested, charged as spies and marched to Chihuahua. Along the way, they passed through Santa Fe, Albuquerque and El Paso where Pike observed the size and locations of Spanish military installations. They learned that the people were agitating against Spanish rule. Pike's valuable military intelligence proved just how little of a threat Spain posed.

Jonathan Edwards

American theologian whose sermons and writings stimulated a period of renewed interest in religion in America (1703-1758)

Minoan Civilization

An advanced civilization that developed on the island of Crete around 2500 B.C.E. Their most important trade goods seem to have been saffron, a yellow spice still much treasured today, and tin, which, when mixed with copper, creates bronze. This may help us to understand why the Minoan civilization thrived during the Bronze Age and fell from glory during the Iron Age, when bronze, and therefore tin, was no longer needed in such quantities.

Hieroglyphics

An ancient Egyptian writing system in which pictures were used to represent ideas, words and sounds

Abstract Expressionism

An artistic movement that focused on expressing emotion and feelings through abstract images and colors, lines and shapes.

European Economic Community

An economic organization established in 1957 to reduce tariff barriers and promote trade among the countries of Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, France, Italy, and West Germany. These countries became the original members of the European Community in 1965.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought.

Sustainable ecosystem

An ecosystem that is diverse and able to provide for the needs of the organisms living there over a long period of time

repbulican motherhood

An enlightened government would succeed only if the men in charge were well educated. This elevated the role of mothers in a family, who were the primary teachers for most American children. The war had helped to equalize the genders, as women had run farms and homes and businesses in their husbands' absence. They had served as spies and nurses, and at least two women disguised themselves and joined the fight. Yet women gained no legal rights.

Second Great Awakening and Effects on American Society

And while the Second Great Awakening did increase church attendance, its most enduring legacy may have been an intertwining of Christian values with civic values. Women and alcohol becomes women and voting. Becomes abolitionist movement (e.g. Charles Finney). Learning to read. Other revived Christians felt led to improve conditions in cities, prisons, and asylums Second Great Awakening that led Americans to look at the culture around them, identify the problems that are most important to them, and then do something about it.

Phyllis Schlafly

Anti-feminist who led the campaign to defeat the ERA claiming it would undermine the american family

Second Triumvirate

Antony, Octavian, Lepidus. They had used Octavian to keep Antony occupied while they waited for Caesar's assassins, the fugitive senators, to return to Rome with an army. Working together, these three men killed off their political rivals and seized their property in a series of political murders, known as proscriptions. This removed the last obstacles to absolute power and made the three very wealthy.

Fort Ticonderoga

Arnold learned that another man, Ethan Allen, was also on his way to capture the fort. Reluctantly, the two men worked together, and, under Arnold's command, were able to surprise the commander at Ticonderoga. Before dawn on May 10, 1775, the fort and its armory were taken without firing a shot. Arnold was encouraged to push the American army farther into Canada, but an attempted invasion of Quebec was a humiliating defeat. Later that winter, in one of the most amazing feats of military logistics, Henry Knox moved 60 tons of weapons from Ticonderoga to Boston through forests, swamps and frozen rivers - mostly by horse, ox and hand.

Mendicants

As Christianity became more and more popular, the Pope and clergy gained more power and authority. Additionally, the Catholic Church amassed more wealth. Members of religious orders (Franciscans, Dominicans, etc.) that emphasize reliance on the generosity of others. From a Latin root that means "to beg". Mendicants were monks who wanted to emulate the life and suffering of Jesus by living without any possessions. Mendicants gave up their homes in monasteries and all their possessions to live in the streets. From the street, they would hear confessions of people and preach. Many who felt distant from the (wealthy) Church formed a new connection with the mendicants in their area.

Support for McCarthy and Downfall

As reckless as McCarthy's anti-communism campaign was, he enjoyed support from a select group of powerful individuals. Most conservative members of Congress backed McCarthy's tireless search. Why? The simple answer is because a good portion of McCarthy's campaign attacked liberals and members of the Democratic Party. Supporting McCarthy helped conservatives gain notoriety and votes during national elections. McCarthy also had the support of the Roman Catholic Church due to its anti-communist stance. It also helped that John F. Kennedy, a prominent Catholic, future President of the United States and quite possibly the only Democrat to do so, supported McCarthy. All of this powerful political backing helped McCarthy escape federal libel and defamation suits. the Army, in April 1954, brought a federal suit against McCarthy. The trial lasted until June, when McCarthy was acquitted on all charges. McCarthy, however, received a significant amount of negative spotlight during the trials, especially from powerful national journalist Edward R. Murrow. In June 1954, a small committee, known as the 'Watkins Committee,' led by Senator Arthur Watkins, issued a proclamation for the censure of Senator McCarthy. Congressional hearings subsequently began in August. Over a period of several weeks, members of the Watkins Committee deliberated on McCarthy's fate. By October, the committee had moved to charge McCarthy with congressional contempt and defamation of members of the Senate. In December, the United States Senate voted in favor of McCarthy's censure 67 to 22. Senator McCarthy was ostracized from the Senate, and McCarthyism became taboo.

Good summary of church/secular situation in late middle ages

As the population increased in Western Europe due to advances in technology and agriculture, there was a higher need for literate people to help keep records. Churches could no longer handle the growing need for education, and schools began to develop. Schoolmasters taught science and philosophy based on the classical manuscripts to many people. Students were encouraged to discuss this knowledge and exchange ideas. Although some scholars, like Thomas Aquinas, attempted to link classical philosophy with church doctrine, the spread of classical knowledge led to a deeper understanding of the church's place in society. There was a growing dislike of the church's power in secular matters, as well as the immense wealth and the corruption it created.

Custer's Last Stand

As villages were destroyed, various Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapahoe tribes banded together under the guidance of Lakota Chief Sitting Bull near the Little Bighorn River. When Colonel George Custer discovered their settlement, he attacked. The ensuing battle is infamously known as Custer's Last Stand, as the allied tribes wiped out five of the seven army units they faced, including Colonel George Custer and all of his men. Many of the Sioux, including Sitting Bull, fled for Canada.

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests. Protection. Standards.

Babylonian Captivity

Babylonians had trouble with tribes just as Assyrians did. 50-year period in which the Israelites were exiled from Judah and held in Babylon

Maryland Colony

Back in 1632, two communities dominated America: the money-hungry colony of Virginia and the Puritan refuge of Massachusetts. England civil war drove Cecil Calvert (whose title was Lord Baltimore) to start a new American colony for Catholics. He called the colony Maryland, and it resembled Virginia in many ways, including tobacco plantations, indentured servants and slave labor and high mortality. A settler in Maryland lived ten years less than someone in New England. Despite Calvert's plan, Maryland had a Protestant majority. To protect the Catholics, he approved the Act of Religious Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing political rights to anyone practicing any form of Christianity. But that same year, the king of England was beheaded and Puritans took over the English government. Within a few years, they took over Maryland and overturned that law.

Rise of Slavery

Bacon's rebellion, better conditions in England,

Fallen Timbers

Battle fought in Ohio where Anthony Wayne defeated over 1,000 Native Americans. Had signed peace treaties with British. Washington. Mad Anthony Wayne. Fasting. Burning. Young Tecumseh.

Atlantic Theory

Being deemed Clovis Points, for a long time they were offered as evidence for the Land Bridge theory because similar points have been discovered in the area the around Beringia. It turns out, though, these spear points are very similar to points found in Europe, and the oldest example to be found in the Americas have actually been found in the Eastern U.S. This points to migration from Europe to the east of the Americas. This migration pattern would mean that the people who made these earliest spear points had to cross the Atlantic.

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded. Activist, minister, but no radical. Left after one year to go to Alcorn State.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem that lasted from the 1920s into the early 1930s that both celebrated and lamented black life in America; Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston were two famous writers of this movement. The New Negro Movement, express pride in their race and culture. Central to the Harlem Renaissance was the concept that the time had come for African-Americans to take their rightful place in society featured bold colors arranged in an expressionist fashion. engaging in other pleasurable activities. Palmer C. Hayden's Jeunesse. Archibald J. Motley's Blues shows African-Americans enjoying dance and music. attempt to break down stereotypes of African-Americans as less than refined. William Henry Johnson expressionist, folk style and his use of texture. Johnson painted everything from landscapes to portraits to scenes of daily life. emphasis on continental Africa as the root of African-American culture. Jungle and tribal scenes Aaron Douglas. connected African heritage with social progress. Sterling A. Brown, published Southern Railroad, a book of original poetry centering on rural, folk themes. Claude McKay, another popular poet, was among the earliest Harlem Renaissance poets. His 1922 'Harlem Shadows' was a major catalyst for a new wave of African-American poetry. Countee Cullen and James Weldon Johnson were other important poets. One of the most influential figures of the Harlem Renaissance was Langston Hughes. Du Bois. Two of Du Bois' most famous works are The Souls of Black Folk and his magnum opus Black Reconstruction in America. As the editor of the NAACP's extremely influential journal The Crisis, Du Bois had the opportunity to publish many important pieces of literature from Harlem Renaissance writers. Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong were two extremely popular musicians associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Bessie Smith, Billie Holiday and Jelly Roll Morton.

Tao Te Ching (Dao De Jing)

Book with the teachings of Daoism. Pu -- uncarved block. Things were better when they were nature's original. With over 80 sections of poetry, mysticism, and practical knowledge, it was originally intended to advise the rulers of ancient China. However, it still helps to form the tenants of today's Taoism. To help me remember its importance, I like to think of it as being so pivotal to Taoism that its name actually includes the word Tao.

Dominance of Republicans over Federalists

Both Presidents Jefferson and Madison had taken actions that contradicted the party's commitment to a small federal government in favor of Federalist positions that extended the power of the presidency and the federal government. But many Americans felt that actions like the Louisiana Purchase and the National Bank had indeed benefited the nation. President James Monroe adopted this pragmatic approach to governing - for example, supporting a standing military and promoting industry.

Post-French Wars of Religion

Bourbon's son took the throne as Louis XIII raised as a devout Catholic. no use for Protestants. chose Cardinal Richelieu, his chief minister. renewed the persecution of the Huguenots. did not rescind the Edict of Nantes. Louis XIV went full animal and rescinded Nantes. Any Protestant caught trying to flee would be executed. Under such pressure, many Huguenots renounced their Protestant faith and returned to the Catholic Church. Hundreds of thousands risked death by fleeing the country. With this exodus, the power of the Reformation within France came to an end.

Wilson administration

Brings in a lot of southerners. A lot of regulatory law passes. Women get right to vote in 1920

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Barbary War

But it wasn't long before American merchant ships were being harassed by pirates from the North African Barbary coast. before the Revolution, American ships had been protected by the British Navy and, for a short time afterward, by the French. George Washington initiated negotiations with the pirates, and in 1797 President Adams agreed to pay an annual tribute to secure safe passage for American ships. Jefferson refused. So, the Pasha declared war on the United States. They defeated Tripoli at sea, defending the merchant vessels and securing a more advantageous treaty in 1805. The First Barbary War set the precedent that military force could be used, even without a formal declaration of war. It was a Federal concern. Once again, Jefferson had expanded the scope of the presidency.

Atomists

But the existence of atoms was first suggested 2,500 years ago in the fifth century BCE by a philosopher named Leucippus. We know almost nothing of Leucippus, but the works of his student Democritus (460-370 BCE) have survived in fragments. Theorized "not" space (ie. vacuum). Democritus suggested that the universe is an infinite void. Within this void are tiny, indivisible units called atoms. These atoms come in a variety of shapes. Some shapes complement each other, fitting together to make a particular substance:

Arrival of immigrants during Second Industrial Revolution

By far, most new arrivals came through New York City. Beginning in 1886, Statue of Liberty, eight million immigrants until 1900, when the federal government took over and built Ellis Island. next 54 years, about 12 million people Today, about a third of all Americans can trace Asians on Angel Island near San Francisco. Some waited long time before being sent home or being granted entry into the United States. Sweden and Norway flocked to Minnesota and the Dakotas. About half of all German immigrants settled on farms in the Midwest. many immigrants couldn't afford to move away from their ports of entry, and others preferred to remain in ethnic enclaves like Chinatown or Little Italy, least popular destination for immigrants in the late 19th century was the Deep South. Nativism: Common sense argument RE fears cut off anarchists, criminals, people with epilepsy, the illiterate and the mentally ill. Shortly after WWI, immigration was based on a national quota; the number of visas issued each year could not exceed two percent of the total number of people from that country who were living in the U.S. in 1890. quota did not apply to Asians.

non-English immigration to America

Central Europe was also plagued by war throughout the colonial era, fueling a migration from Germany in the late 17th and 18th centuries. Many of these settlers were religious pacifists, seeking a respite from centuries of conflict. Mennonites, Moravians and Amish families accepted Pennsylvania's offer to settle there. Some sought political asylum after being on the wrong side of a conflict. Others simply needed someplace to go after their homes and farms had been destroyed. Some responded to the carnival-style recruitment fairs for indentured servants, promising free farmland, religious tolerance and a fairy-tale life in America. union with Scotland and banning of clans led to huge migration.

Greek Tragedy

Characters of high birth or status, experience a series of events that threaten position, suffer a tragic fall of own actions. Chorus says, "I told you so. Don't be like him."

Russo-Ottoman and the Balkans

Christian Slavs of Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria rebelled against Muslim rulers. Inspired byPan-Slavism, believed that all Slavic people should be united as one. no match for the Turkish army. tens of thousands of Slavs were massacred. Russian forces descended on the Ottoman Empire. victory opened up the gateway. Treaty of San Stefano saw Russia gain control of much of the Ottoman holdings in the Balkans. freedom fro Slavic regions of Serbia, Bosnia, and Herzegovina. the rest of Europe had no intention of letting Russia control the land. Treaty of Berlin in which Russia's winnings were greatly reduced. Russia walked away with only mountainous Caucasus regions. Bosnia and Herzegovnia given to Austria, while Romania declared independent. Ottoman Empire reduced to the nickname, 'The Sick Man of Europe.'

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system. Western settlement boomed. Farmers and ranchers could easily ship their products to markets in the East. Catalog companies made it convenient to purchase everything a farm or ranch needed, like tools, clothing and barbed wire - even kits to build a house! The original homesteaders who had persevered now found that life got much easier, but the railroad quickly marked an end to the open range. The Central Pacific Railroad Company began laying track in Sacramento, California and the Union Pacific Railroad Company started in Omaha, Nebraska. Fortunes made. White collar jobs. Post Office. Fraud led to commerce commission. Chinese Exclusion Act.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Pericles grand strategy

Connect Athens to its port via a wall. Never have to face Spartans on land. Disease within walls. Pericles dies. Demagogues

Hernan Cortes

Conquered Mexico with 600 men. Might have been mistaken for Aztec god. Defeated Montezuma.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Corps of Discovery. Meriwether Lewis, and Lewis' friend, William Clark, to lead the expedition. The 33 members departed from St. Louis on May 14, 1804. French trapper and his Shoshone wife, Sacajawea, who served as cooks, translators and diplomats. Their infant son, nicknamed Pomp, 2,100 miles from St. Louis to the Oregon coast The Lewis and Clark expedition drew amazingly accurate maps and pictures of the land, animals, people and plants of the American West. Their extensive notes shattered erroneous assumptions about the land. It was then, as it is now, a great achievement for President Jefferson.

Fall of Sargonid dynasty

Cruelty always meant conquered cities ready to revolt. Babylonians especially ready to reclaim former glory (helped by others like the Medes). Nebuchadnezzar conquered much of the previous Assyrian Empire, though he didn't make it all the way to Egypt. Made a grand new Babylon, though short-lived

The symbols, called pictographs, were the first written language, called

Cuneiform

Rise of Persia

Cyrus defeated Medians and then came after Babylonians.

Hume

David Hume was essentially Voltaire's philosophical adversary. While Hume believed in the importance of empiricism, he denied the existence of any knowledge that didn't place the human experience at the center of reality. He argued that a person's personal experiences are as close as one can hope to get to the true reality of existence. Hume consistently took this extreme skepticism and human perception-centered empiricism to its theoretical limit, at one point claiming that objects themselves did not exist

Deborah Sampson

Deborah Sampson was born on December 17, 1760. She decided she wanted to help the Revolutionary War effort, but not in the traditional female way. She dressed as a man, even sewing a uniform for herself. As Robert Shurtleff, she enlisted in the 4th Massachusetts regiment, where she served as a scout. She was wounded three times. In 1783, Sampson's identity was discovered when she was recovering from a fever. She was given an honorable discharge in 1783. She fought to receive her pension. Her biography was published in 1797, and after that, she went on a lecture tour. The publicity, as well as support from people like Paul Revere, helped secure her pension in 1805. She received additional compensation in 1821. After her death in 1827, Sampson received many honors, such as being named the official state heroine of Massachusetts in 1982.

Communist Control Act of 1954

Declared the communist party to be part of a conspiracy to overthrow the government. Not allowed to run in national elections.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed due process and equal protection of the laws

Life of urban worker

Desperately overcrowded, wooden apartment buildings frequently led to deadly fires, like the Great Fire of New York in 1835, which destroyed 17 blocks of lower Manhattan. Diseases like cholera, typhoid and yellow fever also spread rapidly due to the overcrowding and sanitation problems. There were no sewers, animal waste covered the streets and in New York and Philadelphia, the aquifers and wells were polluted with sewage. An outbreak of cholera in 1832 killed tens of thousands of people in cities worldwide, including 1.5% of the population of New York City. Other types of air and water pollution also lowered life expectancy and quality. Anthracite coal became the primary fuel source for industrial power, but burning so much coal led to poorly understood environmental and health consequences. Similarly, rivers were often polluted by industrial waste, but regulations to ensure clean air and water didn't exist until after the Civil War. In an era with very little business or labor regulations, workers had few rights or protections from their employers. And thanks to plentiful immigration from Ireland and Germany, corporations could simply fire workers who got too demanding and hire a new batch of poor, hungry immigrants who didn't complain about having a job.

Public Education Movement

Despite home efforts, occasional laws (eg. Mass) and personal beliefs (e.g. Jefferson), education was squarely a matter for states. Second Great Awakening launched many reform movements, including a push for mandatory, free, public education. Reformers taught traditional school subjects as well as moral principles and civics. In 1837, Horace Mann, the Secretary of Education in Massachusetts, began reforming the state's school system, creating grade levels, common standards and mandatory attendance to ensure that all citizens could become virtuous, educated voters. Others states copied his system, and by 1870, all states had tax-supported, locally controlled elementary schools, though attendance was usually not required. A census report indicates that little more than half of all girls attended school in the mid-19th century. rise of elementary schools created a need for teachers. Beginning in 1823, several Eastern states began operating so-called normal schools, which were 2-year colleges devoted to training school teachers. A number of these evolved into public, state universities. Beginning in 1837, several colleges for women were opened, but Oberlin College in Ohio (founded as a result of the Second Great Awakening by Presbyterian ministers) was the first men's college to admit female students. To encourage higher education in the West, the federal government gave land to new states beginning in 1862 so that they could sell it and provide funding for colleges. These colleges are still known as land-grant institutions.

Edward Jenner

Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796

Why just law?

Efficiency. Stability. Sustainability. What a king sees is two otherwise productive farms too busy sabotaging one another to produce anything, and messing up trade in the neighborhood to boot. Stops anger and maintains productivity.

Guild System

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master). Universities were in essence guilds too.

Maria Theresa

Empress of Austria whose main enemy was Prussia. Despite Austria losing territory under Maria Theresa, the centralization of power and enriching of the monarchy likely saved Hapsburg Austria from declining into irrelevancy and set the stage for the enlightened reforms of her son. Maria Theresa put the country back on good financial footing through increasing tax revenue and simultaneously decreasing the troublesome meetings of the provincial assemblies from every year to once every ten years. Though Maria Theresa attempted to retake Silesia from the Prussians during the Seven Years' War, her efforts were spoiled once and for all when Austria's main ally, Russia, pulled out of the war in 1762.

Hargreaves' spinning jenny

Enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities.

Jethro Tull

English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval). talented statesman and administrator. included parliament in major decisions. lent credence to the institution in the eyes of the people. improving the Royal Navy, building modern ships, making it a symbol of power throughout the world. As England's position as a world power increased, so did its trade and commerce. In turn, the economic status of England and its people continued to improve. bold separation from the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church. In 1534, Parliament put forth the first Act of Supremacy, born out of Henry's desire for an annulment and the Pope's refusal to grant one, it radically changed England, marking the beginning of the English Reformation. This separation from the Roman Catholic Church, along with a valid Parliament and a seat as a world power, are Henry VIII's great gifts to England. Followed by Edward VI and Jane Grey (bypassing his half sisters) Bloody Mary attacks. (Mary was Catholic and tried to undue effects of prior protestants) And she marries King Phillip of Spain.

Walter Raleigh

Englishman who sponsored the failed attempt to establish an English colony at Roanoke. Later beheaded by James I at behest of the Spanish King.

17th Amendment

Established the direct election of senators (instead of being chosen by state legislatures)

Yalta Conference

FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War. Churchill kept in dark and more concerned about Poland. Germany to be managed in four zones.

Red Scare of 1919

Fear and panic by the Americans over communism that was spurred by Bolshevik Revolution in Russia. Mail bombs. A young J. Edgar Hoover was put in charge and he began collecting files on known and suspected radicals. A series of raids, coined 'Palmer Raids,' began. Although it was short-lived, the first Red Scare did leave a legacy. It stigmatized labor unions, leading to the anti-union open shop campaign. It also led to the establishment of strict restrictions on immigration. It demonstrated that even with a nation's commitment to rule of law and due process, fear could motivate panic and affect all levels of American society. For many Americans the chief effect of the Great War, and its disordered aftermath, was the serious disillusionment that pervaded American thought in the postwar decades.

Minoan alphabet

First hieroglyphic, borrowed possibly from Egyptians. They later picked up a form of the Phoenician alphabet, which Evans named Linear A. Linear A would later give rise to Linear B, the first writing system found among the Greeks.

National Road

First national road building project funded by Congress. It made travel and transportation of goods much easier because it was one continuous road that was in good condition. In 1811, the federal government opened the 'National Road,' connecting the Potomac and Ohio Rivers

Egypt characteristics

Floods regularly. More easily defended. Central planners more easily trusted. (unlike Mesopotamian rulers who were easily undermined). Papyrus more easily used than tablets -- grew rich on export of paper. Built with stone rather than clay brick.

National Organization for Women

Founded in 1966, called for equal employment opportunity and equal pay for women. also championed the legalization of abortion and passage of an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. Betty Friedan, early president.

XYZ Affair

France irate about Jay Treaty. Attacking. Admas needs to make safe. Sends 3 guys. A 1797 incident in which French officials demanded a bribe from U.S. diplomats. Instead US built up army and navy. Seized ships, but Adams didn't go to war. Napolean let the whole thing drop.

Charles de Bourbon

Francois and Bourbon wanted to expand French borders, but neither of them had enough money to fund the expedition. They began borrowing money, assuming they would be able to pay it back after conquering a rich Italian province called Lombardy. Bourbon was successful but when he asked Francois for money the latter stalled. Bourbon threw in with Charles V (a Habsburg?) and Spain and pressured Francois who made phony promises. Charles loaned Bourbon French and German army but Bourbon couldn't pay. Allowed them to loot. It was bad, but Bourbon was killed.

Blacks during the Revolution

Free African-Americans frequently supported the Patriot cause. They fought in the Revolution's earliest battles, but in 1775, Washington banned the enlistment or reenlistment of free blacks. This prompted the British to offer freedom to any slaves who fought for the king, encouraging slaves throughout the colonies to run away and join the Loyalists. In reaction, Washington lifted the ban on black soldiers from 1776 onward. However, freedom in exchange for military service was not Continental Army policy. That varied according to each state's militia. Maryland freed slaves who volunteered to fight, whereas in New England, a slave could only earn freedom if his owner sent the slave to serve in his place. The British army evacuated thousands of freed slaves after their surrender, relocating them to Canada and England and even Africa. However, many others were abandoned in the South to re-enslavement, and a few were transported to plantations in the British West Indies as slaves.

Third French Republic

French Republic started after the end of the Franco-Prussian War, which led to the demise of Napolean III. Bismarck forced the French to elect government representatives by voting. two parties dominated: the monarchists and republicans. Monarchists won election. Radical republicans formed the Commune, a separate government that operated out of Paris. confronted the Commune with out-right violence. workers of both genders sided with the Commune, while National Assembly support mostly came from the upper classes. In the end, the National Assembly won. 20,000 Commune defenders were killed. created an emotional division between classes. Monarchists couldn't agree so set up a republican government anyway. established a constitution and what we call the Third Republic. The republicans gained more political power in the elections of 1876 and 1877. the Chamber of Deputies was a legislative branch of the National Assembly. Although the Third Republic continued to gain public support, several groups, such as the Catholic clergy, the monarchists, and the aristocracy, remained opposed to them.

Voltaire

French philosopher and writer whose works epitomize the Age of Enlightenment, often attacking injustice and intolerance. philosophy and science was properly separating the two disciplines by explaining that abstract philosophical thought was pointless when it directly contradicted empirical data.Voltaire considered metaphysical explanations of the universe that relied on independent reasoning rather than empirical conclusions to be his biggest enemy. He hated this so much that he featured the idea heavily in his satirical 1759 novel, Candide.

New France

French wanted Northwest Passage avoid Spanish territory to the south. After several failures they turned to settling the Caribbean islands; fishing and the fur trade. New France looked a lot different, mostly just trading posts scattered throughout New France. conflicts between French and Iroquois, mostly a result of an alliance between French and Algonquin. generally, befriended the Native Americans they encountered, and they worked with them as colleagues, especially in fur. young men to to learn their language and survival tips. Frenchmen were encouraged to marry Native American women. would use this friendship with Native Americans to fight off English expansion. In response to English company, France didn't even try to fight them off. just moved farther south - as far as the Gulf of Mexico. settled New Orleans and attempted to colonize parts of modern-day Texas. conflict with England persisted, leading to the loss of territory beginning in 1710 along the east coast. Four wars and 80 years later, the Seven Years War dealt the final blow, when France ceded all of their land to England and Spain in 1763. France did sign a treaty with Spain in 1801 in which the Louisiana Territory was restored back to French control for a little while.

Communist League/Manifesto

Friedrich Engels and Karl Marx organized this to link the German Socialists, many of whom, like Marx were living in exile. Together, they wrote The Communist Manifesto. The only way to end this conflict was through social-class revolution and the abolishment of private property. Marx shared the belief that at the basis of all history and social conflict is the struggle between classes. The wealthier class, known as the bourgeoisie, were those who owned the means of production. In other words, they were the ones who profited from free trade and private property ownership. To help us remember, we'll call them the 'bourgeoisie businessmen.' To Marx and Engels, the bourgeoisie made their money on the backs of the wage-earning poorer class, known as the proletariat, or to use some alliteration, those who were 'property poor.' Lower class needs to rebel but not maintain private property. this would conflict end and society stabilize. After all, if no one could claim they owned the means of production or business, there'd be no division between owner and worker. Differences would disappear, and the spoils of industry could be divided equally among the people.

30 years war

From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism. On the political side, it was the Hapsburg Dynasty's attempt to keep control while many other countries worked to rob them of it. 1. catholic spaniard becomes HRE and pisses off protestant states in germany. the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years' War ended in a victory for Catholicism and the Hapsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire. 2. Protestant Denmark goes against catholic HRE with French $$$. (French are catholic but don't like HRE with spanish king). Habsburgs and Catholics come out on top. 3. In 1630, Swedish troops moved into Germany. They were aided by the remaining German Protestants. Adding to this, France again threw its financial support behind Protestant Sweden. Habsburgs won enough to force a settlement. Peace of Prague. 4. France alarmed at Peace of Prague. HRE more powerful and on its border. Attack. Swedes join in. (for additional info see Chapter 19, lesson 1)

Marne

Germans had taken over the River and pushed back Britain and France in a series of attacks; The battle was immensely important because it prevented a swift German victory. The Allied victory prevented the Germans from advancing into Paris, and it forced a four-year entrenched war along the Western Front. Had the Germans not been stopped at the Battle of the Marne, they very well may have won the war. 'The Taxis of the Marne,' as they have been called, consisted of 600-some Parisian taxi cabs that were commandeered for military use.

Response to Depression

Government did not know how to deal with the crisis. Governments lowered wages and imposed tariffs causing more problems, likely costing Herbert Hoover his reelection bid. Roosevelt took US off the gold standard in order to allow more currency into circulation. Though this would likely cause long-term inflation problems, in the short term it would put more money into the ailing U.S. marketplace. Roosevelt also instituted a host of public works projects. created the Import-Export Bank to regulate U.S. trade with foreign countries. signed reciprocal trade agreements with 19 nations in the 1930s alone, from countries and economies as small as Honduras to countries as large as Great Britain. France, unlike Great Britain and the U.S., held on steadfastly to the gold standard. Although France experienced less of an economic depression than in either the U.S. or Great Britain, its effects were felt for a longer period of time due to this refusal to abandon basing their currency on finite amounts of gold.

Suleiman

Great Ottoman leader, built up army and navy, expanded land area of Ottomans, and restructured system of law. Kind. Learned. Strict. Conquering. Defeated Knights Hospitalier. Rhodes. Belgrade. But Austria proved too much. Hungary went back and forth.

Gold rush and Mexico

Greedy settlers challenged Mexican and Spanish land grants. If the claim couldn't be proven in court within two years - an expensive and nearly impossible task - the property was sold by the state, almost always to white immigrants. Ranches across the Mexican cession that had been in families for as many as 250 years were gone overnight if they didn't have the original land deed still legible with an intact signature that they could present in court speaking English. In just one year, California was filled with Americans wanting statehood.

Zeno

Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called Stoicism. Change and motion are impossible. Series of paradoxes.

Sophocles

Greek writer of tragedies; author of Oedipus Rex and Antigone (family vs. state. burying brother.)

Reformation in Eastern Europe

Habsburg Dynasty and the Ottoman Turks met at the Battle of Mohacs. almost the entire Hungarian army was destroyed. large part of Western Hungary was taken by the Ottomans. Although this was disastrous for Hungary's Catholic rulers, it acted as a catalyst for the growth of Protestantism. Turks posed a greater threat than Protestantism, so Catholic rulers had bigger fish to fry. Also, once parts of Hungary were taken by the Turks, Catholicism lost its center of power. This caused the Hungarians to lose faith in the Church's ability to protect them. With this, they looked for an alternative in which to put their trust. They found it in Protestantism. Under these conditions reform spread rapidly. Ferdinand II, ruler of Hungary, realized his precious Catholicism was on the verge of extinction. However, he was not willing to wave the white flag. Instead, the Counter-Reformation made its appearance among the Hungarians. The Counter-Reformation was the Catholic Church's reaction to the Reformation, in which they solidified the authority of the Pope and Church doctrine. In a smart political move, Ferdinand II targeted the wealthy. Using money, intimidation and force, he persuaded the ruling families of Hungary to return to Catholicism. When they returned to the Catholic fold, their money went with them. As their money returned to the Catholic cause, the Counter-Reformation had the funding it needed to get its message heard.

Hamilton vs. Jefferson

Hamilton despised the violence and the social disruption of the French Revolution. Jefferson admired France's republican revolution, saying, 'We are not to expect to be translated from despotism to liberty in a featherbed.' (That means you're gonna have to bump a couple of skulls if you want to get freedom.) Hamilton wanted Congress to establish a national bank, and sell some of its stock to individual citizens; this would be good for investors in the bank. He said that it was authorized by the Constitution because it was 'necessary and proper.' Jefferson said a national bank was not 'necessary,' so it was not authorized under the Constitution. Such a bank would benefit commercial classes, not the farmers. Hamilton called for the creation of the national bank to have a safe place for the government to keep money, make loans to businesses and government and issue bank notes (that's paper money). Initially, Jefferson opposed the creation of the bank. Citizens had loaned the government money, and he wanted these people at least partially repaid. He accepted Hamilton's plan in exchange for the move of the capital.

Harding and business

Harding quickly established a pro-business tone and called for a 'new era of prosperity for America.' Tax cuts were made to bring the nation out of the brief, but impacting, post-war slump and a more lenient attitude towards government oversight of corporations was adopted. Regulatory agencies created during the Progressive Era remained but were rendered ineffective. (country then "kept Cool" with Coolidge"

Harrison

Harrison was well-educated and from a good family, but he was also a war hero and an Indian fighter in the same vein as Andrew Jackson - at least in the minds of the Whigs. But as with politics today, Harrison's image would be molded and shaped to fit the Whig agenda; all that was missing was a Vice President who could secure the South. They found such a man in a states' rights politician named John Tyler, and with that, the Whig ticket was set. Tippecanoe and Tyler Too Simply put, Harrison believed in the strict separation of powers and had no intention of using the veto in a manner similar to Jackson, essentially giving a Whig-controlled Congress the green light to move forward on their agenda.

John Dean

He testified against Nixon as well as other cabinet members in the Watergate hearings. His testimony helped led to the removal of several White House officials and the resignation of Nixon. Before his testimony he had been a White House lawyer.

David Walker

He was a black abolitionist who called for the immediate emancipation of slaves. He wrote the "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World." It called for a bloody end to white supremacy. He believed that the only way to end slavery was for slaves to physically revolt (unlike Garrison) special adviser to President Lincoln fought for amendments that guaranteed voting rights assisted in recruiting African Americans for the United States Army. .

Erasistratus

Hellenistic scientist known for his work on the heart, circulatory system and the brain.

John Tyler

How did a Southern, slave holding, strict constructionist, states' rights champion end up on a Whig Party presidential ticket in the first place? Tyler sided with the Democrats and Andrew Jackson, who held similar views on issues, like the national bank. But he got in trouble with the party leadership after condemning Jackson's unprincipled actions, like granting government positions to political supporters and using executive order to accomplish his goals. Put on Harrison ticket to draw southern vote. Harrison dies. Congress repeatedly rejected the people he nominated to fill the vacant cabinet positions. Ultimately, all but one of his cabinet members were Southerners. When these men left the Whig Party, it forged a regional split in which the Whigs became the 'Northern party' and the Democrats became the 'Southern party'. Country had a deficit crisis. He called a special session of Congress and proposed a compromise: raise some of the taxes, but cut spending on internal improvements. The Whigs countered with a bill that raised taxes as well as spending. Tyler vetoed it, and the budget battle raged for over a year. Citing Tyler's misuse of the veto for policy reasons, Congress initiated impeachment proceedings against a president for the first time ever in 1842. made important strides toward Manifest Destiny, America's goal of stretching over the entire continent. The navy was increased significantly, Florida became a state and he took steps toward annexing Hawaii. After the election, but shortly before his term ended, he signed the bill admitting Texas to the Union.

U.S. Imperialism in China

Imperialistic powers were vying for financial dominance in China, most notably France, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and, of course, the U.S. U.S. Secretary of State, John Hay asked for an agreement that all these powers have equal access to China. This is known as the Open Door Policy. in China the Yuan Dynasty had been a foreign power, Mongolian to be specific, and they ruled for 100 years. And, the Qing Dynasty, in power during the Open Door Policy, was actually Manchurian. in time the Chinese government basically secretly worked with the Boxers in an attempt to oust the foreign invaders. The Society members were referred to as Boxers because of their vigorous physical and martial arts training. Boxers were basically destroyed, they had one major accomplishment. The Boxer Rebellion created a swell of Chinese nationalism. Because of the Boxers, many Chinese nationalists continued to fight the imperial powers.

Ratification of the Constitution

Importantly, the state conventions, not Congress, were responsible for ratification. By circumventing debate in the state legislatures, the Constitution avoided amendments by the state governments, who were jealous of yielding power to the national government. The Antifederalists opposed the Constitution. exceeded their authority only reserved rights for the property owning upper class. gave too much power to the national government. representative government could not manage a republic this large. no Bill of Rights. Federalist Papers responded to Clinton's writings. They wrote 85 essays for New York newspapers. Later these papers were collected into two volumes To the issue of a Bill of Rights, the Federalists argued that a set list might not be complete and that the new national government was so controlled by the Constitution that it could not threaten the rights of individual citizens. On December 7th, 1787, Delaware was first state to ratify the Constitution, by a unanimous vote. several holdout states. (big ones) Bill of Rights brought most states on board. Rhode Island had rejected. was faced with being treated as a foreign government, so it did ratify the Constitution on May 29, 1790, but it just made it by two votes!

Jay's Treaty

Impressment. U.S. also kept passing navigation laws that were damaging to the British. British out of the Northwest territory within two years America's claim for damages from British ship seizures, America a right to trade in the West Indies. It did not deal with the issue of impressment of and didn't handle the British interference in American trade to people's satisfaction. Basically, the mobs thought Jay brought home a one-sided treaty.

Grenville

In 1763 he ordered the strict enforcement of trade laws imposed on the colonies.

Feminist Movement

In 1840, the General Anti-Slavery Convention London six of the delegates were excluded women had virtually no political rights Two of the ladies: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton - became friends and, eight years later, organized their own convention in Seneca Falls, New York 'We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal...'' The convention's organizers, including Stanton, Mott, and Susan B. Anthony, called for improved legal status, economic opportunity, and the right to vote. The Seneca Falls Convention is widely considered the start of the modern feminist movement.

John Brown

In 1859, a fiery abolitionist by the name of John Brown seized the Southern town of Harpers Ferry, VA, in a futile attempt to spark an uprising of slaves. Although Brown was captured and hanged, he did manage to kill five innocent people, and his actions drove another wedge between the North and the South.

Wounded Knee

In 1890, after killing Sitting Bull (having returned from Canada), the 7th Cavalry rounded up Sioux at this place in South Dakota and 300 Natives were murdered and only a baby survived.

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence. Mckinley officially asks congress. Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders. The other group was actually the largest group in the conflict - they were the Buffalo Soldiers. About 2,400 troops die in the war, but only about 400 of them die in battle. The majority die from malaria and yellow fever. annex Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. This means that they are added on to the U.S. as protectorates. They still have some self-governance, but the U.S. has a great deal of influence. Under the Platt Amendment, Cuba is considered a protectorate of the U.S., and since it is under U.S. protection, a military base is constructed at Guantanamo Bay.

Italy post WWII

In 1947, the Italians adopted a new constitution, republic with a 2-chambered Parliament. dominated by the Christian Democratic Party, a centrist party that closely allied itself with the United States. industrial growth rebounded quickly in Italy. Ironically, Italy also had one of the largest communist parties outside of the Eastern Bloc in post-WWII Europe. Under Christian Democrat leadership, Italy joined NATO in 1949.

Eisenhower and Third World

In 1954, Eisenhower supported Gamal Abdel Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal. Nasser aligned with the Soviet Union in 1957, Eisenhower quickly established pro-democratic governments in Jordan and Lebanon. In Guatemala in 1954, Eisenhower eliminated President Jacobo Arbenz Guzman's suspected communist government. embargo on Cuba after Fidel Castro assumed power in 1959. Eisenhower and the CIA also had a hand in the removal of Mohammad Mossadegh in Iran, rise of democracy-supporting Ramon Magsaysay in the Philippines infusion of financial aid to the Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South Vietnam. created the Military Assistance Program, which funded anti-communist buildup in third-world nations.

Monroe Doctrine

In his seventh State of the Union address, the President spoke up about events that were happening throughout the Western Hemisphere. American politicians, including Monroe, worried that European nations might be inclined to try and take over Spanish territory. There were also concerns about Russian territorial claims in the Northwest. So, on December 2, 1823, Monroe declared, 'the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers' and America 'should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety.' without the backing of Great Britain, the policy would have been challenged and failed. But Britain did agree, and the Monroe Doctrine persisted into modern times. Despite Monroe's popularity and success, the nation was changing. James Monroe proved to be the last of the Virginia Dynasty.

Investiture Controversy

In the aftermath, german families took sides between the pope and the HRE. Henry IV and V had reduced leverage. Frederick I was much stronger in Italy and in Germany but died in the Crusades. His son Henry VI died in a Sicilian revolt leaving Frederick II -- a baby at the time. (Mother and rival brother controlled early on) Fred II fought past rival Otto to become HRE in 1220 For his failed promises, including Crusades, pope excommunicated him and invaded his Italian lands. Fred II held firm his whole life, though he faced rebellions from some of his lands. As Frederick attempted to centralize control of Italy, he sacrificed his authority in Germany. He gave royal land to German princes and nobles in exchange for their support in his battle with Italy. Frederick had spent time in Sicily and had a particular interest in it. He was able to gain control of that area and create a centralized, bureaucratic government there. He created a uniform currency, abolished internal tariffs, and encouraged commerce.

Corrupt Bargain

In the election of 1824, none of the candidates were able to secure a majority of the electoral vote, thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives, which elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House at the time, and he convinced Congress to elect Adams. Adams then made Clay his Secretary of State. Unremarkable president but very capable. got crushed by Jackson the next election out of fears that "big govt northerners" were going to outlaw slavery.

Prelude to Vietnam

Indochina prior to 1954, was occupied for the first half of the century by France and Japan national revolutionary force of Indochina, known as the Viet Minh, claimed control of the country in 1945. Their leader, Ho Chi Minh, declared independence on September 2 The French returned to monitor the democratic process, but actually spurred a revolt, sparking the First Indochina War (1946-1954) United States entered the conflict by sending a Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG), which was to advise, not fight alongside, the French with their operations against the Indochinese. Viet Minh launched a major offensive against the French at Dien Bien Phu. The French were defeated by May 7, 1954. Geneva Conference on April 26. By July 21, the meetings at Geneva established provisions that included the removal of France from Indochina and partitioned the country at the 17th parallel, but called for reunification elections in 1956. Put in Diem. Created SEATO. Diem systematically eliminating supporters of North Vietnam as well as snubbing the 1956 reunification elections. Ho Chi Minh started organizing against the south.

New Sweden

It may seem hard to believe, but in the mid-1600s, Sweden was actually a powerful military and political force in Europe. They were hoping to extend their dominance, so the government chartered the New Sweden Company. Peter Minuit, the former governor of New Netherland, led two shiploads of Swedish settlers and supplies to New Sweden, which lies in the southern part of New Netherland, in 1638. As former governor, Peter Minuit was fully aware that he was, technically, on Dutch land, and he also knew that the Dutch West India Company couldn't do anything about it. The Swedish built Fort Christina in honor of the Swedish queen in present-day Wilmington, Delaware. For 17 years, the colony survived and grew modestly, but it never became the colonial powerhouse the Swedish crown had hoped for. When Sweden attacked one of its European neighbors, the Dutch took advantage of this distraction. Sailing from New Netherland, they captured New Sweden in 1655. The Dutch had official control of the law and the profits, but the residents of New Sweden were allowed to keep living autonomously until England overran New Netherland in 1674.

Christopher Columbus

Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to India/China (1451-1506). "As Catholic Christians, and princes who love and promote the holy Christian faith, and are enemies of infidels, idolatry, and all heresy, you have determined to send me to India. There I will see these new people, learn of their ways, and find the proper way to commit them to our holy faith!' 'The people here are very unskilled in arms. With only 50 men they could all be subjected to do all that one wished!'

Resorgimento

Italian reunification movement. Giuseppes Mazzini led an assault on Rome and took the city but was ultimately crushed by external powers.

Rise of the Whigs

Jackson's summary dismissing of so many career bureaucrats in the executive branch led to considerable opposition. These men he was dismissing and replacing were men of means; elites, men of status, as it were, and they would be quick to oppose Jackson on every front. Gradually, these men joined other dissatisfied factions and coalesced into a political party all their own; an opposition party, an anti-Jackson party with the strangest of names: the Whigs. "King Andrew" -- very polarizing, forceful, powerful executive. Tough on Indians. Veto user.

Panic of 1837

Jackson, forced to decide about the National Bank Charter, vetoed it. Popular move and was reelected. Then bank was liquidated and all deposits removed. New banks rapidly sprang up, offering money to finance American expansion on every front. Banks wildly speculated on American growth, hoping for quick and large returns on projects. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. The hard currency never came. Banks called in their loans. People couldn't pay. Property went into foreclosure, prices collapsed, businesses shuttered, individuals went bankrupt and panic set in.Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Georgia Colony

James Oglethorpe believed that even the worst people in society could succeed, given the same opportunity. So he asked the King for a charter to settle a colony of people from debtors' prison. In one stroke, the King was able to buffer South Carolina from Spanish attack and create an obstacle for escaping slaves. In 1733, more than a century after Virginia was established, the colony of Georgia was settled. (????) Oglethorpe intended for Georgia to be a utopia of hard work and social equality -- England's worthy poor and persecuted Protestants, so he outlawed slavery and large landholdings. He wanted a single class. As a result of these restrictions, Georgia attracted very few settlers, and those who did come complained constantly about their situation. so within two decades, Oglethorpe lifted the restrictions, and his utopia turned into a society that looked very much like South Carolina with a plantation economy based on rice

Japan in China pre WWII

Japan invaded Manchuria and League did nothing. (China was in turmoil). The international community did little to intervene until Japan invaded Shanghai the following year, where a large population of expatriates lived. When the League of Nations protested, Japan withdrew from the organization and sporadic fighting continued. America ultimately sent aid to China. Japan looked for a way to stop this support. a lot of English, French and Dutch colonies in the Pacific. And, at the moment, it didn't look like the European nations were in any position to defend those colonies. If Japan could get control of some of them, Tojo would have the resources he needed to continue his conquest and prevent other foreign governments from supplying aid to China through their colonies. Concerned American pilots formed an independent air force called the Flying Tigers and worked with the Chinese government to prepare defenses over that nation's airspace. The U.S. government also joined its allies in seizing Japanese assets and placed embargoes on steel, oil and other raw materials needed for war production. To weaken and discourage, Tojo, decided to attack several U.S. possessions in the Pacific, including the naval base at Pearl Harbor. The world was at war, again, and America had been pulled in. The Empire of Japan devised an elaborate plan to simultaneously attack Allied territories throughout the Pacific, including Hawaii, the Philippines, Wake Island, Guam, Malaya, Thailand, Hong Kong and Midway. In one sweep, they could secure desperately needed resources, discourage foreign interference and cripple America's increasing military strength in the Pacific.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Japanese ruling dynasty that strove to isolate it from foreign influences. Prior to 1603, Japan traded widely with China and other regional powers in East Asia. (and after West's discovery of Japan in 1542 when Portuguese ship blown off course.) Tokugawas consolidated their power. became increasingly suspicious of foreigners. banned foreign trade. prohibited the spread of Christianity. Finally, in 1639, banned foreigners from the Japanese mainland entirely, only allowing some heavily restricted trade with Chinese and Dutch. In 1641, this strict isolationist policy was officially implemented and Japanese subjects were barred from leaving the islands altogether. policy remained for over two centuries. A series of famines, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions in the early 19th century caused revenues to fall. attempted to recoup losses through increased taxation upon the poor. riots swept across the islands. Power waned. United States sent a war fleet. The new steam shipsamazed the Japanese. After giving the Japanese leaders a series of gifts, Perry said he would return the following year. The United States was interested Pacific trade. U.S. ships needed friendly ports from which to refuel on the long Pacific voyage. U.S.'s greatest interest was large quantities of coal to continue running, and Japan was long-thought to be rich in the resource. Tokugawa shogunate caved to Western demands and even allowed foreigners to reside in a few select Japanese cities. The decision proved disastrous. flood of foreign currency into the Japanese market caused a collapse. Many samurai leaders soon began calling for reform. Shogunate replaced by the traditional Japanese emperor, though the real power in Japan was held by several of the most powerful samurai. This system evolved into something akin to the constitutional monarchies of the West. During the next half century. modernizing reforms with an astounding speed. Railroads and telegraphs. Japan's domestic shipping industry grew exponentially. Educational reforms. universities were founded. A centralized army replaced the semi-feudal daimyo system. class system was eliminated. The traditional ruling class, the samurai, was eliminated and they were stripped of their symbolic right to carry swords in public. many samurai joined the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877. The rebellion was short-lived and was annihilated by the standardized, westernized Japanese military.

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill. Churchill replaced halfway thru.

Economy after Revolution

Just about every possible factor worked against the colonial economy after the war. the war had emptied out the people and businesses from the port cities, where the colonial economy had been the strongest. 80,000 loyalists took off - they'd been some of America's wealthiest citizens. prior markets were now closed. Inflation went through the roof, since Congress had printed Continental Currency and borrowed money to pay for the war. the new government struggled to finance its debts and to pay war pensions, so they passed new taxes at a time when people and business were already struggling. It took 20 years for America to climb out of the recession caused by the convergence of these factors.

Korean War

Kim Il-sung looked to unify the nation. He garnered support from the Soviet Union and China to launch an invasion in South Korea, and remove those who supported Syngman Rhee's appearance of democracy. MacArthur recommended an amphibious landing at Inchon in South Korea. On September 15, MacArthur landed over 10,000 Marines at Inchon. By the end of the month, American forces had recaptured Seoul and began the process of driving the enemy out of South Korea. China viewed the advance as overly aggressive. MacArthur wanted all out war. Truman fired him. Stalemate. Only intense bombing brought DPRK to the table for a settlement.

Francis I

King of France; a Renaissance monarch; patron of the arts; imposed new controls on the Catholic church; ally of the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor.

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. The line of the Inca kings actually begins in the 12th century with Manco Capac, but what we know as the Inca Empire didn't really begin until a couple of centuries later when the Inca began conquering other peoples of the region under King Pachacutec. There are many differing stories about Pachacutec. The Inca Army was a real sight! Their uniforms were colorful. They entered battle accompanied by drums, flutes and trumpets. The army was well organized, healthy and well trained. They even had protective headgear and a lot of medicines. superior weapons main weapon was a wooden club, but they also had spears, bows and other weapons as well! The Inca were such a force that many just chose to sign onto the empire, instead of even trying to fight. While waiting for the Inca to decide what to do, realizes he's in trouble, Pizarro comes up with a plan. One they probably figured was a long shot...death was likely. They would kidnap Atahualpa and ransom him. Atahualpa agreed to pay the ransom of a large room filled with gold, silver and riches. Atahualpa kept his end of the deal....the Spanish did not. They killed the emperor and left with as much of the treasure as they could carry.

Severus Alexander

Last emperor of the Severan dynasty. His peace time reign was prosperous. His mother was mostly in control and she made sure he was surrounded by wise advisers. He alienated his legions by engaging in diplomacy and bribery instead of warfare, cut military pay, and they assassinated him.

Gilded Age

Late 1800s to Early 1900s - time of large increase in wealth caused by industrialization. Republicans believed that prosperity was dependent on industrial growth, so most government policies favored business development, with mixed effects on the American people. Debtors (rural democrats in debt) generally supported inflationary policy. Republicans generally supported higher tariffs.

Library of Alexandria

Library in Egypt which was an important center of learning in the Hellenistic Age. Greek language + papyrus. (but handwriting and papyrus had limits)

Life in Middle Colonies

Like the South, the middle colonies had large farms. But rather than cash crops, the mid-Atlantic region produced food. This, combined with a healthier climate, created a longer life expectancy than the South. The economy also supported many businesses and had the largest cities. New York had been the commerce center for the Dutch empire. Philadelphia flourished because of the careful urban planning by its founder. Throughout the middle colonies, land ownership was high; so was productivity. A Frenchman visiting the region first explored the concept of the American dream, and described the area in a letter, saying 'Here (one) beholds fair cities, substantial villages, extensive fields...decent houses, good roads, orchards, meadows, and bridges, where a hundred years ago all was wild, woody, and uncultivated.' birthplace of many items commonly associated with American pioneers, including the Kentucky Rifle, the Conestoga Wagon, and the log cabin. The mid-Atlantic region also became the colonial leader in printing and publishing. When a New York publisher named John Peter Zenger was taken to court for printing unflattering stories about the royal governor, his 'not guilty' verdict gave rise to America's free press, an essential factor in all democracies world-wide

Progressive whites for blacks

Lillian Wald, director of the Henry Street Settlement in New York City, fought for racial integration, as did muckraker Ray Stannard Baker, who examined racism in his book, Following the Color Line, written in 1908. Mary White Ovington had worked as a settlement house worker among urban blacks. After race riots erupted in Springfield, IL, in 1908, Ovington, along with Oswald Garrison Villard, grandson of abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, organized white Progressives and key African-American leaders in forming the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909.

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government after ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States. Once the new government had outlawed slavery, the state could then be readmitted to the Union. He insisted that new state governments allow African Americans the right to vote, as long as they met the same requirements as everyone else in terms of property ownership, literacy and military service for the Union.

factory girls

Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties.

Battle of Tippecanoe

Madison had taken office when a group based in present-day Indiana finally decided to try and beat 'em. A Shawnee leader named Tecumseh and his brother urged others to revive native religion, resist all white ways and oppose the U.S. government. built Prophetstown at the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers, they began attacking settlements. After learning that the British were supplying money and weapons to Tecumseh, Harrison attacked and destroyed Prophetstown at the Battle of Tippecanoe. Tecumseh himself was killed in 1812.

Peace of Augsburg as catalyst for 30 years war

Major loss for Catholic (Charles V) led HRE. Lutheranism was given official toleration. Going even a step further, the treaty allowed the princes of each territory to decide whether Catholicism or Lutheranism would rule their land. Although this treaty did relieve some of the religious tensions within the Holy Roman Empire, it had one major flaw. It completely ignored Calvinism! Yes, the Lutherans were pacified, but every other Protestant group was left out in the cold. Since Calvinism was thriving in many parts of the Holy Roman Empire, this omission would lead to one of the most devastating wars in European history: the 30 Years' War.

Agriculture after the War

Many innovations made farming more efficient, production more than doubled between 1860 and 1910. American farmers also grew record surpluses of wheat and corn. colleges dedicated to research in scientific farming. One such researcher cured cholera in pig herds; another developed new strains of fruit to plant in California. new crops and ideas, bringing back important breeds of wheat, corn, and alfalfa. prices fell dramatically, which hurt farmers. The late 1800s was a desperate time for many of them, and a wave of agrarian discontent set off important political movements like the Grange.

John Marshall

Marshall had actually declined an earlier nomination to the Court, but he accepted in 1801 and held the position until he died in 1835 - longer than anyone else in history. He was a devoted Federalist, so even though the Democratic-Republicans ruled the White House and Congress for 24 years, the Marshall Court kept one-party rule in check.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Meant to prevent anarchy in the face of secession-talking republicans. These consist of four laws passed by the Federalist Congress and signed by President Adams in 1798: the Naturalization Act, which increased the waiting period for an immigrant to become a citizen from 5 to 14 years; the Alien Act, which empowered the president to arrest and deport dangerous aliens; the Alien Enemy Act, which allowed for the arrest and deportation of citizens of countries at was with the US; and the Sedition Act, which made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government or its officials. The first 3 were enacted in response to the XYZ Affair, and were aimed at French and Irish immigrants, who were considered subversives. The Sedition Act was an attempt to stifle Democratic-Republican opposition, although only 25 people were ever arrested, and only 10 convicted, under the law. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which initiated the concept of "nullification" of federal laws were written in response to the Acts.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. The Maya flourished with their great cities from about 250 CE until around 1400. They covered southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. They had a highly developed written language and mathematics, plus they had an amazing knowledge of astronomy. Their cities were amazing urban centers. They included amazing pyramids, like this from Tikal, one of the largest sites left of the Maya. The Maya were ruled by an aristocratic nobility - like this guy - and they had elaborate funeral practices. One thing many people might appreciate is that they used cocoa beans as currency. Imagine if we could use chocolate bars as money today! The Maya are greatly known now for their mysteries. But, truth be told, it really isn't that mysterious. One big one - the first mystery - is the Mayan disappearance. Where did they go? Nowhere. The Mayan people are still all over southern Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras. They did leave their cities, but there are many theories to explain this, the most basic of these being that there was over population the led to famine and disease.

King Philip's War

Metacomet (known to the colonists as King Philip) organized local tribes in an attempt to exterminate all of the whites. He completely destroyed 12 towns, damaged half of them and killed more than 10% of the militia before the colonists finally defeated him. King Philip's War was the last time Native Americans played a significant role in New England history.

US population growth 19th century

Mid-century saw a second rush of immigrants from Ireland and Germany, mostly because of crop failures in those countries. some of this rise in population was a result of an increased slave population. Though the importation of new slaves had been banned in 1808, the introduction of cotton into southern agriculture created a sharp increase in the demand for slave labor. By the time President Lincoln was elected in 1860, there were four times more slaves than in Jefferson's day. fourth most populated nation in the developed world, half of them were under the age of 30! tremendous increase in urban areas. Fueled by territorial acquisition, cheap land and dramatic innovations in technology, about a third of the population lived beyond the Appalachian Mountains at this time. This land rush created a demand for credit from the banks, a distinct uptick in the lumbering business (to build homes and towns) and the need for dependable, high-speed transportation.

Special Field Order 15

Military orders issued by General Sherman on January 16, 1865, that confiscated land along the Atlantic Coast in South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida to be settled by freed slaves and blacks. The order was revoked by Andrew Johnson later that year. "40 acres and a mule"

Defeat of Babylonians by the Hittites allows new players to emerge. Including

Mittani (Hurrians) -- little known. Battled Hittites. This gave Assyrians an opportunity. Where the Babylonians had been farmers and merchants ruled by priests, the Assyrians were first and foremost warriors. While their kings might have traced their descent from the city's patron diety, Ashur, it was in essence a military aristocracy. Yet, like the Babylonians before them, the Assyrians assiduously copied the accomplishments of their predecessors and had not yet begun to generate a unique culture of their own.

Kepler's Third Law

More distant planets orbit the sun at slower average speeds, obeying a precise mathematical relationship. (p^2=a^3)

Chartist Movement

Movement sought to expand suffrage (the right to vote) to more people in Britain, but not women. Gained tons of signatures but was rejected. Reforms not adopted for 20 more years.

Chesepeake-Leopard Affair

Naval engagement that saw Britain overtake an American ship and remove 4 deserters, sending the ship home. Jefferson's response was the Embargo Act of 1807. Boycott of British goods and then passed the Embargo Act of 1807, prohibiting American ships from sailing for foreign harbors. military, diplomatic and economic failure (although the three Americans were returned; the Englishman was hanged). Europeans continued to get the goods they wanted through smugglers that passed through Canada and continued to attack American ships. The only nation that was truly hurt by the trade restrictions was the U.S. when exports dropped by 80% in one year. An economic depression hit until the embargo was eased in 1809.

Tanakh 3 parts

Nevi'im Torah Ketuvim. Five books in all. Creation of the universe through words.

Middle Way (Buddhism)

Nothing to excess, not too little or too much

convict leasing

Notorious system, begun during Reconstruction, whereby southern state officials allowed private companies to hire out prisoners to labor under brutal conditions in mines and other industries. Scam.

Cairo Conference

November, 1943 - A meeting of Allied leaders Roosevelt, Churchill, and Chiang Kai-Shek in Egypt to define the Allies goals with respect to the war against Japan, they announced their intention to seek Japan's unconditional surrender and to strip Japan of all territory it had gained since WW I. 38th parallel decided. Later, couldn't agree with Russians for unified Korea. Republic of Korea declared 1948. Democratic People's Republic of Korea was declared in the Soviet zone of occupation.

Odyssey

Odysseus and Ajax, compete for Achilles' fabulous armor Ajax vs. Odysseus (Ajax driven to suicide) Odysseus not a brute hero. Clever. Land of Hittites (stupid crew) Land of Lotus eaters Cyclopes Aeolus, the keeper of the winds (stupid crew) Cannibals Circe -- messes with them, sends to Underworld Sirens, Scylla, Charybdis, and Cows Goddess Calypso Zeus stays

Olive branch petition

On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies.

Scotsboro Case

On March 21, 1931, several African American and white youths were hoboing on a Southern Railroad freight train. After searching the train, two white girls were found who, in an attempt to avoid being charged with vagrancy and possibly prostitution, accused the black boys of raping them. all but 13-year-old Roy Wright were found guilty and sentenced to death by electrocution. the ILD waged a fierce battle for public opinion by staging national rallies and protests. Alabama Supreme Court upheld. appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which found that the boys had been denied proper legal counsel. Ruby Bates admitted she had been involved in prostitution and had fabricated the rape story in order to avoid charges. Supreme Court found that the defendants had been denied a fair trial because African Americans were systematically excluded from participating in jury roles. This decision was instrumental in helping to integrate African Americans into the U.S. judicial system. 'Jim Crow' laws that for decades had gripped the South.

Greek gods

Once Zeus was fully grown, he attacked and defeated his father. Cronos spat out Zeus' brothers and sisters, and the third generation of gods was born - the Olympians, named after their holy seat on mount Olympus. Unlike the first two generations of gods, the Olympians are completely anthropomorphic. They are the gods of things, not the things themselves. Practiced syncretism (e.g. Dionysos) Gods oddly cruel to humans compared to Titans. Prometheus is a sacrificial figure. So Greeks offered gifts to their gods out of fear.

Midway

One was the Battle of the Coral Sea in May. The battle was a tactical victory for Japan, but several strategic ships were damaged or lost, keeping them out of the Battle of Midway. Secondly, the Japanese were unaware that the Americans had cracked their coded messages. So, on June 4, 1942, Allied forces ambushed the Japanese fleet, sinking four aircraft carriers, a cruiser and two destroyers. Other ships were damaged. Though one American carrier was also lost, Japan no longer had naval supremacy. The Battle of Midway is widely considered the turning point of the war in the Pacific, halting the Japanese advance towards Australia and sending them into retreat. America and its Allies started island hopping. The successful invasion of Saipan put American bombers within range of Japan. nearly 97% of their troops fought to the death and as many as 1,000 civilians committed suicide rather than face an unknown fate at the hand of U.S. soldiers. Under-trained pilots, in so-called kamikaze attacks, deliberately crashed their planes into Allied ships. They also dramatically increased the lesser-known strategy of launching balloon bombs destined for the US; one of them killed six people in Oregon. The Japanese fiercely defended Iwo Jima, just 350 miles from their home shores; a third of all U.S. Marine casualties in the entire war were at Iwo Jima. At Okinawa, a rain of kamikaze attacks inflicted nearly 50,000 American casualties.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the power of churches or clergy in politics.

Gilgamish

Part god. Mighty beautiful lordly wise. Enkidu created to be his equal. Enkidu opposite of civilization. Gilgamesh gets him laid. Prostitute gives him bread and beer, bath and oil -- civilization. Nice clothes, festivals, music, planned city, baked brick. Gives Enkidu weapons of bronze. Slay Humbaba. Cut cedar. Ishtar wants Gilgamesh. Tells daddy Anu. Bull. Slay bull. Revenge against Enkidu. Gilgamesh searches for immortality. Dreams are important throughout the epic.

Examples of State Constitutions

Pennsylvania: got rid of property requirements for voting and for holding office. All adult males who paid taxes were allowed to vote and to run for office. got rid of their governor and had a unicameral government, meaning the legislature had only one body. 'so democratical that it must produce confusion and every evil work.' It is important to remember that many of the U.S. founders feared democracy as mob rule and felt a need to defend against too direct of a democracy. South Carolina: only white men who possessed a good deal of property could vote, and they had to own even more to be allowed to run for office. Actually, these property requirements were so high that 90 percent of all white adults were prevented from running for political office! Massachusetts: held a special convention in 1780 where representatives elected just for this process met to decide on the best framework for the new state government. This new idea of the use of a special convention of the people to decide important constitutional issues would play a central role in the ratification of the national constitution.

Mongols

People from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history. smashed Turko-Persian kingdoms; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed last Abbasid caliph. gave Chinese technology to Marco Polo. The Mongols were horse peoples, followers of a pastoral lifestyle that had persisted in the Eurasian Steppe for thousands of years. Like all horse peoples, from the Scythians to the Huns, the Mongols were uncivilized. That means that they did not live in cities but rather led a nomadic lifestyle For nearly two centuries, the Mongol Empire was the most technologically advanced, religiously tolerant, culturally diverse society on Earth. Ghengis Khan, brutal protection racket. they proactively absorbed the cultures they raided by taking craftsmen, priests, mathematicians, doctors, poets, and anyone who could write and putting them into the service of the Mongolian Empire. When Kublai sent a letter to the Pope, the Great Khan did not demand gold or jewels from the leader of Christendom - he asked for 100 Christians acquainted with the Seven Arts (grammar, rhetoric, logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy). religiously tolerant The Mongol Empire did not just facilitate the trade of technology; they proactively absorbed and spread technology. In their two centuries of dominance, the Mongols collected the best that Asia had to offer and delivered it right to Europe's doorstep.

Reign of Terror

People whipped into a frenzy replaced the Assembly with the Convention. More radical. abolished the monarchy, which had continued to exist even though all its powers had been stripped, and declared France a republic. Chaos in the streets. Mobs. Panic. Deaths. the Terror did not really get into full swing until the creation of the Committee of Public Safety. The Committee was first created in April 1793 and led by one of the men who engineered the coup of 1792, Georges Danton. The Committee was charged with stabilizing France, ending the civil strife within the country, and defending France's borders from impending invasions from foreign powers. Committee was recalled and reconstituted in July with a considerably more radical membership. Led by Maximilien Robespierre, a determined leader of the Jacobin movement, eliminate any enemies of the Revolution. democratic constitution drawn up by the Convention had not been put into effect. With a radical agenda and near dictatorial powers, Robespierre eliminated enemies, beginning first with their rival political faction, the Girondins. After executing the Girondin leaders, Robespierre famously published the Law of Suspects in September 1793. Watch Committees all over France. Mass executions. Despite the horrific and arbitrary loss of life, the Committee did stabilize the French economy and implemented numerous administrative reforms, many of which helped pay for the army. Georges Danton, stood in the Convention and spoke in opposition to Robespierre's tactics. In response, Robespierre had Danton and his political colleagues arrested and he executed them only days later. impromptu verbal assault of Robespierre and his deputies during a meeting of the Convention led to his arrest. executed the following day.

Poland

Poland exhibited a robust legislative body composed of the members of the nobility, the Sejm, whose legal proceedings had a huge impact on the realm. Sejm was largely independent of the monarch, but it was impossible to get anything done. Nobles couldn't adapt to fast paced 17th century. Grain prices fall, wars all around. Beset on all sides by Ottomans, Sweden, Russia.

Republican Party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers.

Annexation of California

Polk contacted Larkin and Fremont to get people together in Cali to rise up. they take control of northern cali first then move south with support from colonel kearney to put rebellion down in south cali which led to the treaty of cahuenga

Choosing sides

Poor farmers, craftsmen, and small merchants, influenced by the ideas of social equality expressed in works like Thomas Paine's Common Sense, were more likely to be Patriots. So were intellectuals with a strong belief in the Enlightenment. Religious converts of the Great Awakening made strong connections between their faith and a developing sense of nationalism. Loyalists tended to be older colonists, or those with strong ties to England, such as recent immigrants. Wealthy merchants and planters often had business interests with the empire, as did large farmers who profited by supplying the British army. Some opposed the violence they saw in groups like the Sons of Liberty and feared a government run by extremists. Native Americans who chose a side tended to be Loyalists, since the Proclamation Line had demonstrated Britain's willingness to respect their interests.

Progressive Era and Journalism

Popular magazines, such as McClure's and Cosmopolitan, competed for readers and fueled the push for the provocative material. Journalists described immigrant ghettoes and the poor living conditions of tenement housing. They revealed the high number of industrial accidents and advocated for tougher health and safety standards. exploitation of child labor and white slave traffic in women. Corruption in business, including unfair trusts, insurance fraud and dangers of patent medicines, were exposed. Muckrakers also criticized abuses of power in politics and government. Lincoln Steffens launched attacks against corrupt government connections with big businesses in ''The Shame of the Cities,'' a series of articles in McClure's magazine. Ida Tarbell wrote an extensive, factual expose against John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Trust in 1904. Her work against the 'Mother of all Trusts' was turned into a two-volume book. Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle, published in 1906, to expose the problems of workers in the big canning factories in Chicago. In 1906, David Graham Phillip wrote ''The Treason of the Senate,'' which appeared in the Cosmopolitan magazine. 75 of 90 senators were catering to the wishes of the railroads and large trusts and not the American people. Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. By 1914, nearly every state had passed labor laws addressing child labor, working hours and the protection of the health of workers.

Booker T. Washington

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery." Blacks were often shut out of universities so they opened their own. As the Progressive movement evolved, more African Americans began to grow impatient with what they saw as an 'accommodationist' stance promoted by Washington.

Second National Bank

Proposed by Madison in 1816, would issue national currency, private enterprise with 1/5 owned by government, stabilized economy, opposed by Jackson who was a strict constructionist (he was overidden by Congress); he tried to weaken the bank by creating "pet banks" and telling the states to tax the national government. During Jackson term, Biddle's bank helped to keep lending and speculation under control. But the Bank of the United States had enemies on many fronts. There were those who distrusted paper currency on the whole, no matter which bank was issuing it, feeling anything other than gold and silver (known as hard currency) was a disaster waiting to happen. And some local bankers felt Biddle was too restrictive on their own lending policies, hurting their business. They would ask themselves, 'Why turn over such immense profits to Biddle?' Finally, there were those who simply distrusted the monopoly the bank had. One institution having so much power, invested in the hands of one individual, just seemed like too much.

Pennsylvania colony

Quakers weren't popular. Penn was imprisoned several times. king owed his father a lot of money. When Penn's father died, William suggested that the king could give him land in America as repayment of the debt. The king agreed. create a safe haven for Quakers. Quakers, by creed, are pacifists. Penn made an agreement with the Lenape Indians to buy. Bought Philadelphia from the Swedes. Not wanting his colony to be landlocked, Penn asked the Duke of York for counties along the Delaware River. area was historically, culturally and even linguistically different. Penn granted the region a separate colonial assembly, and called the territory Delaware. proprietor of Maryland disputed his border with Pennsylvania. Mason-Dixon Line later came to represent the cultural divide between the North and the South. well planned -- Philadelphia was carefully surveyed and mapped out ahead of time. Penn organized the territory into counties and building lots, and sold them for a very low price. guarantee full religious freedom and a representative government. soon, Pennsylvania was one of the world's largest grain exporters. But the property rights in the democratic colony also attracted large and small business owners. manager embezzled money and actually stole Penn's land from under him. In England, his son gambled away the family's money. multiple lawsuits, and ended up in debtor's prison. In his absence, Pennsylvania overthrew its Constitution. multiple strokes, lost his memory and died penniless in England. Penn's health, business and fortune were ruined, but his sacrifice ensured Pennsylvania's success, most democratic society in the entire world.

19th Amendment (1920)

Ratified on August 18, 1920 (drafted by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton), prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex. The Constitution allows the states to determine the qualifications for voting, and until the 1910's most states disenfranchised women. The amendment was the culmination of the women's suffrage movement in the U.S. Secured by National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) and National Woman's Party (NWP)

Verdun

Realizing the value of Verdun, Erich von Falkenhayn, the German Chief of General Staff, constructed a plan to 'bleed the French white' by assaulting Verdun. He knew the French would fight ferociously for Verdun, to the last man if necessary. By assaulting Verdun, Falkenhayn believed he could destroy a significant portion of the French Army. Douaumont fell, shocking the French. French resistance stiffened under Pétain. fort was recaptured German casualties greater than expected. Germans were forced to retreat. casualties could be as high as one million.

After war, election dynamic

Redeemers (b/c of Amnesty Act) vs. Black Voters (b/c of 15th Amendment)

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means." Expect the worst. Better to be feared than loved. When all else fails, lie.

Minoan Collapse

Rise of Mycenaeans or iron age or volcano.

water mill

Rome could have done but had slaves. Northern europe had fast rivers and few workers. Positive feedback loop. More food --- more population (tripled in 300 years) --- more people, but at the same time more efficient machines (lumber, hammering) --- huge surpluses -- merchants generated huge wealth. Taxes increased. Subjects were assets, not liabilities.

New Deal

Second Glass Steagall Act. (FDIC) Securities Exchange Act in 1934, which established regulations on the New York Stock Failed...... curbing production. The Agricultural Adjustment Act, for example, was aimed primarily at farmers. To curb production, the act paid farmers to farm less land. National Recovery Administration (NRA), which encouraged an increase in labor wages and a decrease in hours worked during a week. The solution worked for a brief period time, but a dip in the economy and the unwillingness of employers to enact important National Recovery Administration codes hurt the program. The Agricultural Adjustment Act and the National Recovery Administration, born under the National Industrial Recovery Act, were expected to be two important programs to help the United States economy. Instead, both programs struggled. Supreme Court ruled that the implementation of federal industrial codes was an unconstitutional use of the powers of the federal government. Worked..... Federal Emergency Relief Act, which dispensed millions of federal dollars to poor Americans. Civil Works Administration, employed individuals to work on government-related projects. Unemployment Relief Act created the Civilian Conservation Corps, jobs to men who were willing to complete environmental tasks. Roosevelt also passed the Home Owners Act, which refinanced mortgages to affordable rates and prevented losing their homes. The Public Works Administration, which was created under the National Industrial Recovery Act, authorized federal funding for national infrastructure repair and construction. Tennessee Valley Authority Act (TVA). building hydroelectric dams, improving river transportation and developing industry. employment and generated low cost utilities and helped to curb land erosion.

Battle of Poitiers

Second of three major English victories in the 100 Years War, saw the French King taken hostage.

Associationalism

Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover's approach to managing the economy. Firms and organizations in each economic sector would be asked to cooperate w/ each other in pursuit of efficiency, profit, and public good.

Alaska Purchase

Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly")

Marbury v. Madison

Secretary of State's job to deliver the warrants to those new judges. John Marshall was still the Secretary of State, but through an oversight, he didn't deliver a warrant to William Marbury and several other judges. So when Jefferson was inaugurated, he told his new Secretary of State not to issue those warrants at all, and William Marbury took the case to court. Remember, Marshall and Marbury were both Federalists appointed by Adams - and it was kind of Marshall's fault that Marbury was in this predicament. Instead, the Marshall Court unanimously decided that the judges did have a right to their commissions. However, the law they were using to defend themselves wasn't constitutional, so the Court couldn't do what Marbury really wanted - which was demand that the warrants be delivered. In a sense, the Marshall Court limited its own power to act. But in a much broader sense, Marbury v. Madison gave the Supreme Court the power of judicial review, which means they can decide if a law violates the Constitution. If it does, they can overturn the entire law, not just the case at hand.

The struggle between settled agriculturalists and nomadic pastoralists is the longest standing conflict in human history.

Settled agriculturalists take all the best land and make fine products. Horse peoples run in, take the fruits of civilization's labor, and head back to the steppe.

USS Maine

Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War

Cabeza de Vaca

Shipwrecked on what is believed today to be Galveston Island in 1528. After trading in the region for some six years, he later explored the Texas interior on his way to Mexico.

Frederick William

Sigismund -- then George William -- then Frederick William. Marriages and deaths. rebuilt his domain after its occupation during the Thirty Years' War (1620-1688), placed very strong emphasis on the army. allyied with the local nobility, undermining the powers of the assembly and building up army. Cleves, Prussia, and Mark were far wealthier and possessed commercially important cities from which Frederick William siphoned funds to pay for his army. minor rebellions in the 1650s, 1660s, and 1670s, though Frederick William easily quelled the unrest. Succeeded by Frederick I, then Frederick William I.

Declaration of Independence

Since South Carolina and Georgia refused to accept it as it stood, the declaration was amended to ignore slavery before being signed by Congress. So on the fourth of July, Congress approved the wording of the formal declaration, and John Hancock, president of the Congress, signed it. Benjamin Franklin famously encouraged all of the delegates to vote in favor of independence by saying 'We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.' Preamble Grievances

Reformation in Poland

Since many nobles leaned toward Protestantism, it flourished. By the mid-16th century, the power of Catholicism was diminishing, and it looked as though the reformers just might win the day. However, Catholicism had two weapons that would lead to the reformers being marginalized in Polish society. First, the Catholic Church had centralized power. The Protestants did not. they agreed on major foundational doctrines, they were never forced to join together as a cohesive group. As disagreements arose among the different Protestant sects, it weakened them in the eyes of those who favored the stability of the Catholic Church. Even more important, Protestantism won over the nobility of Poland but not the common class, which included most of the population. Without groundswell support from the common man, the reform message was without deep roots. The Catholic Church capitalized on these weaknesses and made a determined effort to win back Poland through the Counter-Reformation. Poland was flooded with Catholic monks who peacefully debated the reformers and set up schools to teach Church doctrine. Soon, the credibility of Catholicism was restored and Protestantism withered away. In the end, the Counter-Reformation won the day. the Counter-Reformation didn't use violence to regain control of Poland, nor did it persecute the remaining reformers. Instead, Protestantism was allowed to continue. Many historians believe this more than anything doomed the Reformation within Poland. Without persecution, the reformers were unable to paint the Church as a monster. Nor could they link their cause to political freedom. Adding to this, the religious tolerance within Poland had kept the Catholic Church from looking like an evil dictator. Without this added drama, the reformers' call for change fell on apathetic ears.

They could make more food than they needed and this gave people and opportunity to do other things. Rather than everyone growing food, some people could focus on building permanent houses for this settled society.

Since those builders now spend all of their time working on something besides making food, they had to buy it, which meant that the society now needed merchants to sell food produced by the farmers.

Richard I the Lionheart

Son of Henry II and Eleanor. Brother was King John. Launched the 3rd crusade to retake Jerusalem after Saladin captured it. He took Aere, but could not take Jerusalem. Taken prisoner.

Charles I of England

Son of King James; Charles also believed in the divine right of Kings and wanted to force his religious policies among the Puritans. As far as Charles was concerned, Parliament existed merely to rubber stamp the taxation that the English Crown desperately needed. Parliament, on the other hand, believed itself to be the forum for which the people's grievances could be brought to the king's attention. Additionally, tax money was not granted to the crown at its request. Rather, it could be withheld if the people's grievances were not redressed. This basic disconnect in how Charles and Parliament viewed each other underpinned many of the problems between them. Married a Catholic. Extracted money through Star Chamber and higher taxes. Forbade parliament from meeting. Parliament fights back. The Long Parliament, as this session is called, also began attacking Charles' advisors, including trying and executing Charles' Lord Deputy of Ireland, the Earl of Strafford. Flees to raise an army when confronted by parliament. Battles against Cromwell (New Model Army). Flees to Scotland after defeat and returns with an army but is captured. The English army, fearing Charles' eventual return to the throne, moved to safeguard their own interests by entering Parliament in December 1648 and arresting or barring the entry of nearly 200 members, allowing in only 75 who favored putting Charles on trial for treason. Pride's Purge, and the subsequent Rump Parliament it created, proceeded to put King Charles I on trial, convicting him of treason and executing him on January 30, 1649, in front of Whitehall Palace. He was executed by Oliver Cromwell.

Caracalla

Son of Septimius. Emperor who had many public works and structures built, including many amphitheaters and public baths. Murdered his brother and strangely cruel, yet gave citizenship to every free man in the empire

nazca

South American civilization famous for its massive aerial-viewable formations

Treaty of Cahuenga

Southern Californios surrendered to US in 1847, before Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848. In 1846, Captain John Frémont led American settlers in a rebellion against Mexican authorities in California. They declared the independent 'Bear Flag Republic' and with the navy's help soon asserted that California belonged to the United States. When they met resistance, an army colonel marching through New Mexico came to their rescue and defeated the remaining Mexican forces in California in 1847. Once Mexico City was captured, the peace negotiations included all of California.

SCLC

Southern Christian Leadership Conference, churches link together to inform blacks about changes in the Civil Rights Movement, led by MLK Jr., was a success

Magellan, Ferdinand

Spanish captain who in 1519 initiated first circumnavigation of the globe; died during the voyage; allowed Spain to claim Philippines.

Spread of Industrialization

Started in Great Britain, slow to spread to rest of Europe because of the French Revolution. ndustrialization Spreads Several factors caused continental Europe to fall behind Britain in industrial production: Lack of efficient transportation systems. Customs barriers and tolls. Guild restrictions. A general business attitude that stressed safety and thrift rather than risk-taking. In the early 19th century, continental Europe began borrowing technology from Britain. The British government attempted to prevent artisans and engineers from leaving the country through legislation. However, by 1825, thousands of British craftsmen had already moved to mainland Europe. British equipment was also being sold to other countries illegally. Soon, much of continental Europe had the same industrial technology as Britain. Belgium, Germany, and France were the first countries to make advances in industrialization that rivaled Britain.

steps leading to human hierarchies

Step 1: A person does something awesome or terrible to the people. Step 2: Out of love for or fear of that person, the people decide to follow him. Step 3: The leader realizes he cannot possibly handle everything himself. Step 4: He divides his responsibilities and authority among subordinates.

Greek Sculpture

Surrounded by marble so they used marble. Archaic (rigid, smile). Archaic Sculpture Early or, Archaic, Greek sculpture looks a lot like Egyptian sculpture, which is probably its inspiration. These figures are stiff, and they stand in unnatural poses. These poses were necessitated by the poor materials the Egyptians had to work with. As the Greeks began to get a feel for marble, they began to make refinements on this form. Archaic sculptures are easily identified by the 'Archaic smile'. Realism (more natural). Idealism -- this moved away from the harmonic balance and idealized forms of the classical age

Ausgleich

The "Compromise" of 1867 that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Austria and Hungary each had its own capital, constitution, and legislative assembly, but were united under one monarch. A result of Joseph looking for expansion since it had gotten creamed by Prussia. Francis Joseph was forced to make radical reforms to the Austrian government. Francis Joseph agreed to not implement any new laws amending the basic Austrian constitution without first consulting the Austrian representative assembly, the Reichsrat. Other concessions were made to appease the liberals in the Austrian Reichsrat who opposed the creation of the dual monarchy. Freedom of religion, access to primary education, and a modicum of other personal freedoms were granted quelling of unrest in Austria's Hungarian possessions for at least a few decades.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

The 1916 secret agreement between Britain and France that divided up the Arab lands of Lebanon, Syria, southern Turkey, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq. Reneged on Russia when they went commie, so they blabbed. Note that Britain and France drew the lines for most of the modern states

British Southern Strategy

The British after the loss at Saratoga decided to head south to conquer the southern colonies. They were successful conquering Savannah and Charleston and then began to head north. Gates' response was far too hasty. In all respects, the Battle of Camden was one of the worst defeats in American military history. Patriots from the frontier had crossed the Appalachian Mountains (earning them the nickname the Overmountain Men) and defeated Tories in North Carolina. The British leadership realized that the Continental Army under General Greene was being supplied from Virginia. Against his commander-in-chief's advice, British General Charles Cornwallis led his army north with the intention of isolating the Patriots and ending the war. He was counting on Loyalists to hold onto the Deep South. Meanwhile, with his back to the Chesapeake Bay, Cornwallis believed that his position in Yorktown was a good launching point for raids on the American supply line while providing an easy means of retreat to New York by sea if that became necessary. He was dead wrong. Americans converge on Yorktown. French said for the harbor. On September 16, the British attack fleet retreated to New York with their tails between their legs, leaving General Cornwallis pinned against the bay with France at his back and the combined army approaching from the front. At least 7,000 land forces arrived on September 28, joined by more than 3,000 French marines. The British army was surrounded.

Carolina Colonies

The Carolinas King Charles II decided to reward eight of his supporters by giving them a colony in 1663. The eight owners named it Carolina in his honor. at least ten years before the charter was granted others had wandered to the area. The southern part was inhabited by poor farmers who had been run off of the island colony of Barbados by wealthy planters. figured out that hogs thrived. In 1670, a shipload of rich men also arrived from Barbados. there was just no land left for them on the island. They founded the Port of Charlestown, and sold pork to Barbados in exchange for slaves. rice as a cash crop, but growing it requires specialized knowledge. slaves imported directly from West Africa were already skilled. By 1708, Africans became the majority of the population. The more money slaves made more the Southern elite were committed to slavery. By contrast, North Carolina didn't have any cash crops and no deep water port and only one river that flowed directly into the ocean. A few Welsh and Scottish immigrants settled up the Cape Fear River, but most of the northern settlers were unlucky wandering farmers. With greater diversity, no exports and no cash crops, North Carolina was much less committed to slavery than South Carolina. The two regions split officially in 1729.

Moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

Panama Revolution

The Isthmus of Panama had been part of Columbia. U.S. tried to negotiate with Columbia to build the Panama Canal. Columbia refused, so U.S. encouraged Panama to revolt. Example of Big Stick diplomacy. Signed in 1977, it stated that Panama would gain control of the canal after 1999

Tarquinius Superbus

The Last King of Rome who usurped the throne. Killed predecessor. Crowd pleaser. Uniter. Wealth accumulator, but free spender. When money ran out and conquests went bad, rape of Lucretia was last straw. He's kicked out by her husband and Brutus.

Fifteen years War

The Long War began after the Ottomans launched a military campaign against the Habsburg Empire. The Ottomans were hoping to gain control of Vienna, while the Habsburgs hoped to gain freedom for the Hungarian territories. Initially, the Ottomans lost control of several of their strongholds to Christian forces. However, the Ottoman Turks eventually regained control when Prince Michael was unable to gain support from his allies. The war reached a turning point when the Ottomans defeated a huge army made up of Habsburg troops and Transylvanian forces. Later, Transylvania rebelled against the Habsburgs with the support of the Ottomans. Peace was finally formed with a treaty: the Peace of Zsitvatorok.

Austria vs. Ottoman Empire

The Ottomans' siege of Vienna in 1683 was the furthest into Europe the Ottoman Empire ever reached. Ottomans tasted defeat again and again in the ensuing battles against a 'Holy League' made up of Austria, Russia, Poland, and Venice, created by Pope Innocent XI. Austria stood to gain from decline of Ottoman in the Balkan region. decisive Holy League victories led to Ottomans ceding Balkan territory to the Holy League states in the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699. Austria received large portions of Hungary, Croatia, Transylvania, and Slovenia in return for peace, and the utter decimation of the Ottoman forces eliminated the biggest threat to Austrian regional superiority.

Salem witch trials

The Puritan church continued its powerful influence over government and daily life by offering the 'half-way' covenant - partial church membership to those who drifted from the faith. But dedicated Puritans continued to watch themselves and each other for signs of evil. In 1692, a few teenage girls in Salem, Massachusetts, came under scrutiny. They blamed their troublesome behavior on a slave who practiced witchcraft. Soon, they pointed fingers at other people as well. Over the next year, 150 people were arrested on suspicion of witchcraft, a crime punishable by death. In the end 20 people were executed, and at least five more people died in prison. Just as quickly as the hysteria began, the Salem Witch Trials came to an end.

Qing

The Qing dynasty was the last dynasty of imperial China, ruling from around 1644 to 1912. A Manchurian chieftain named Nurhaci conquest of portions of northeastern China laid the foundation Sometimes referred to as the Manchu dynasty because belonged to the Manchu people group, which were an ethnic group from the Manchuria region. absolute monarchy. conservative government reluctant to promote international trade. Population growth profound, but this led to problems like food shortages at times, and occasional peasant rebellions. Throughout 19th century, internal and external pressures took their toll. rebellions, wars, natural disasters, economic problems, famines, and invasions. Increasingly, the Qing dynasty and the European powers began to come into conflict. Great Britain recognized the profit by addicting the Chinese to opium, then trading them opium for products. When the Qing tried to curb opium trade, the British went to war. The First Opium War was fought between China and Great Britain between 1839 and 1842. British easily won. Forced to cede Hong Kong to the British. British grew greedy. This led to the Second Opium War, which was fought between 1856 and 1860. Again, the British won and forced a second humiliating treaty upon the Chinese. Sino-French War between 1884 and 1885, and then Japan in the Sino-Japanese War between 1894 and 1895. Chinese territory was being ceded to various countries as a result of Chinese defeat. Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) and the Dungan Revolt (1864-1877). Boxer Rebellion between 1899 and 1901, which started out with anti-Qing sentiments, but evolved to support the Qing government while being anti-Christian and anti-Western. bad natural disasters—like some of the worst ever. For example, the Yellow River Flood of 1887 killed nearly a million people. The Revolution of 1911, or the Xinhai Revolution, took place throughout the winter of 1911-1912, and resulted in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty and the formation of the Republic of China. six year-old emperor (yes, he was six!) abdicated the throne, allowing for the creation of a republic. Sun Yat-sen was a revolutionary who helped bring about the fall of the Qing dynasty. He is typically considered the 'founding father' of the Republic of China, and he served as the Republic's provisional president until he handed power over to a popular general. Yat-sen espoused Christianity and held many Western ideas. Today, he is considered 'Father of the Nation.

Second New Deal

The Social Security Act provide welfare funds for the elderly and the impoverished. The Social Security Act also established a pension program in addition to a monetary settlement for the deceased. Second, remove the elderly from the workforce by offering a financial aid package. the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act. Roosevelt. every worker was promised the opportunity to join a union. mitigate unfair labor practices. drove children from the workforce and opened additional opportunities for the unemployed. The Holding Company Act was expected to break up electric utility companies; the Wealth Tax Act increased tax rates on the wealthy and corporations and the Banking Act strengthened the power of the Federal Reserve to monitor banking. The wealthy managed to maintain most of their money, corporations were not taxed thoroughly and most businesses maintained their stranglehold on utilities and resources. Roosevelt tried to pack the court, but turns out it passed 5-4 anyway.

Southwest tribes

The Southwest cultural group territory goes from the south of present-day Utah and Colorado down through Arizona and New Mexico. This includes parts of Texas, California, and Oklahoma and continues into Mexico. These tribes all have the dry climate binding them together as a group. Two basic lifestyles developed in the region: farming and nomadic. Agriculture north of Mexico reached its highest level of development in the Southwest. Examples of farming, or agrarian, people include the Hopi, Zuni, and many other tribes. The nomadic groups include tribes such as the Apache, Navajo, and others. Agrarian tribes like the Hopi and Zuni developed desert farming techniques that did not require irrigation. They relied on the little natural moisture the area does provide by using specific planting techniques and getting the crops in as early in the season as possible. They traditionally grew corn, beans, and squash. For meat, they also farmed turkeys and did some hunting. Nomadic groups like the Apache were hunters and gatherers. The men hunted deer, rabbits, and other game. The women gathered berries, nuts, corn, and other fruits and vegetables. Being nomads, they moved from place to place in search of resources. Interestingly, most in these groups did not eat fish, although fish were plentiful. The Navajo were actually a farming people, and they lived in permanent dwellings, but they had two homes, called hogans - one in the mountains and one in the desert. Later their lifestyle included herding sheep. After the arrival of horses, both the Apache and the Navajo lifestyle became closely tied to riding horses.

Agoge

The Spartan military school that boys began attending at the age of seven. Eugenics. Wine. Shock. thrown into an agela or bouai, or herd of boys around his age. This broke down the bonds of family and got young Brasidas to consider his comrades his family. As a paidiskos, he would serve as a military reserve force. To keep his blood thirst keen, the Spartans made him a member of the Krypteia, or secret police. These young men would spy on the helots, occasionally murdering them to keep them cowed. Barracks 20-20. First half of life training and fighting. Second half ruling.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. [Compare with Reform Darwinism.] But then who was there to help directly? There were no direct Federal welfare programs. Churches in the inner city might have lost wealthy donors to the suburbs. Political machines had ulterior motives. Social gospel movement. YMCA. Salvation Army. But short-lived as movement gets political. Female reformers and Protestant ministers advocating for legislation in public health and child labor, the prohibition of alcohol, and women's suffrage. These and other social issues formed the backbone of the Progressive movement in American politics around the turn of the 20th century. Social work emerged as a career.

Labor Unions and Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. Of course, labor has no leverage so you need regulation because there's no shortage of people willing to work for next to nothing. The earliest large-scale union was the Knights of Labor, organized in 1869. They sought equal work for equal pay, including women and blacks, and an 8-hour workday. Replaced by the American Federation of Labor, or simply the AFL. The AFL, led by Samuel Gompers, combined several national craft unions in 1886. Higher wages, a right to work without being laid off arbitrarily and better working conditions. Did not welcome unskilled workers. They approved of racially segregated local unions and varied in their openness to women. In contrast to the relatively docile AFL, the most militant of the early labor unions was the Industrial Workers of the World, known simply as the IWW, or 'Wobblies.' The Wobblies openly called for class warfare and aggression, including sabotage, and looked forward to the day when workers would seize machines and factories for themselves. Their leader, Eugene Debs, ran for president several times as the Socialist Party candidate. In the 1880s alone, there were nearly 10,000 strikes and lockouts. Great Railroad Strike of 1877: BRUTAL Haymarket Demonstration: Bomb, firing into crowd, exectuions. Violence turns America against unions.

Slave Codes

The farther south you went in the colonies, the greater the number of slaves, the more distinctive their culture, the more fearful the whites and the more repressive the slave codes. Beginning in 1662, children took on their mother's legal status, whether slave or free. slaves were declared real estate. a slave's death at the hands of his owner was considered accidental. could not be used to work as clerks or in any position handling money. no educating slaves or paying them any wages for extra work. They could not leave their owner's property without a pass, drink alcohol, own weapons or livestock, grow certain crops in their own gardens or wear nice clothing. There were mandatory punishments for violations, and whites who refused to comply could be fined, publicly beaten, have their property confiscated or even be exiled from the colony. In time, 'black' became socially equal with 'slave,' so even though there were free blacks throughout the colonies, they too became legally inferior to whites. did whatever they could to discourage a free black population. had to pay for the person's passage out of the colony. Freemen could not work in stores, own horses or hogs, they could not own slaves or hire white servants and they could not marry a white person.

Cabinet Departments

The fifteen largest and most influential agencies of the federal bureaucracy (e.g., Department of State, Treasury, Justice...) Headed by Secretary or Attorney General (Department of Justice) Congress established three departments: the War Department, the State Department and the Treasury Department.

Jacques Cartier

The first French explorer to explore mainland Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Set up base to find lost city of gold. Brought back fools gold.

olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. The first great civilization of Mesoamerica is the Olmec. The Rubber People', or in the language of the Aztecs, 'The Olmec'. The Olmecs emerged greatly because the area they inhabited was a great natural habitat. There was good soil and plenty of water. The area's river system made for a similar environment to places like the Nile and the Indus River Valleys. The Olmec developed the first written language and numbering system in Mesoamerica. The Olmec built cities and acquired great wealth. They left amazing artifacts, like this jade mask and this giant head, which is just one of the many enormous heads left by the Olmec in the region. Being the first civilization of its kind in Mesoamerica, the Olmec greatly influenced other cultures' development in the region. It's looked to as a mother culture of the region.

Areopagus

The governing council of Athens, originally open only to the nobility. It was named after the hill on which it met. (totally eradicated under Pericles)

Cause of WWI

The heir to the throne of the kingdom of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie were shot to death by Gavrilo Princip, a Serb and Yugoslavian nationalist for a pan-Slavic state. pretext for Austria-Hungary to invade Serbia, which led to the July Crisis of 1914.

Constitutional Convention

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation. It instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. New Jersey: all states get an equal number of representatives in the new government regardless of state size. The Virginia Plan: each state should gain representation based on population. This would of course mean that Virginia would get far more representation than New Jersey. This compromise is why today we have the Senate with two senators for each state Although the South did not want any rights for their slaves they did want their slaves to count as population a compromise was reached. 3/5 of the slave population would be counted towards the overall state population.

North South Dynamic

The output of goods and services in America increased twelvefold between the turn of the century and the start of the Civil War; two-thirds of these goods and 70% of the workers who made them hailed from factories in the Northeast. Growing transportation networks created a web across the Northeastern and Middle states and connected the North to the West beginning with the Erie Canal and, by mid-century, by railroad tracks. These improvements encouraged even more commerce and population growth, leaving the South increasingly more isolated from the rest of the nation. The government stepped in to protect fledgling American industries by passing a series of protective tariffs throughout the first half of the century. These taxes raised the cost of imported goods, making domestic goods more competitive. Praised by industrial regions of the nation, tariffs were a disaster for Southern cotton-growers since the tariffs not only raised prices, they also lowered Britain's ability to buy American cotton.

Siddhartha Gautama

The prince who is said to have founded Buddhism. 560 BCE. very wealthy and sheltered life. father worked to create for him a life free from suffering. he left his gilded cage in order to experience the 'real world.' Coming face to face with the suffering of the world and seeing things like the sick, the elderly, and the dead, he began to grapple with questions like, 'Why must humans suffer?' and 'Why is there pain in the world?' Gautama decided to trade in his wealthy life for that of an ascetic. Realizing that extreme self-deprivation wasn't the answer but also knowing neither was a life of extravagance, Gautama turned to meditation.

Fort William Henry

The residents of the fort had surrendered to the French, but during their retreat as prisoners of war, they were attacked by France's Indian allies. In spite of the French commander's attempt to stop them, the Indians scalped hundreds of British soldiers, and carried off another 200 women, children and servants as slaves.

Key relationships of Confucianism

They are the relationship of ruler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, elder to younger and friend to friend. Out of this belief in the importance of relationships comes one of Confucianism's main principles known as jen. Sometimes also spelled ren, jen, simply stated, is the desire to seek the good of others.

Rise of Monarchies

They directly challenged church authority. (eg. Act of Supremacy, Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges) They included the middle class in their rulings and parliaments instead of aristocracy. (tax-freedom a symbiotic relationship) They limited the position and power of the aristocracy. To continue, this shift in finances and this new tax base gave the monarchies a treasury with which to fund their own standing armies.

Second Continental Congress

They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence. So, Congress agreed to print Continental Currency and borrowed money from wealthy colonists and foreign banks. authorized the Committee of Secret Correspondence to initiate diplomatic relations with foreign governments. Nathan Hale, whose legendary last words were: 'I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.' Hale was hung by the British in 1776. Despite preparations, went to great lengths to pledge their loyalty. They sent the Olive Branch Petition on July 8, 1775. wanted to negotiate trade and tax regulations with Great Britain, not gain independence. declared the colonies to be in rebellion; their leaders wanted for treason. He brought in Hessian mercenaries to squash the escalating revolt. This was a slap in the face to the colonists. Finally, in May of 1776, Congress passed a resolution that really was treasonous; they overthrew royal governments where they existed in the colonies and set up new Patriot governments. Technically, the Congress had no authority to pass binding resolutions, but in the spirit of republicanism, the colonists gave them their legitimacy, and as time passed and the conflict intensified, the Congress asserted more and more authority.

Gaius Marius

They thought they'd found such a leader in the ambitious general Gaius Marius, who had won great fame campaigning in Africa. In 107 BCE, Marius was elected consul by the plebs. Because Marius had an army at his back, the Senate could not just dispose of him as they had the Gracchi.

Louis XIV

This French king ruled for the longest time ever in Europe. He issued several economic policies and costly wars. He was the prime example of absolutism in France. Under Louis, the system of military appointments became more meritocratic, based on the ability of each commander, and the command structure was more readily centralized in the monarchy. Louis sought to further reform France's diverse and myriad legal codes. Consistent with the traditional power of the local nobility, different regions in France had developed their own laws and customs. Throughout the 1660s and 1670s, Louis standardized French jurisprudence, most notably through the grand ordinances, which implemented a single, unified legal code throughout all of France. As France was stabilized and enriched through Louis' and Colbert's economic and administrative reforms, and political power was increasingly centralized in the monarchy, Louis became the focus of a growing and opulent French court life.

To solve counterfeiting problem, kings, priests and other leaders begin marking commodities with seals guaranteeing their weight and purity.

This is the first official sort of money: bags or ingots of a commodity with a seal stating their quality and their weight. Such seals depended on people's fear of authority, either divine or secular, to keep them from debasing the currency.

Jeffersonian Democracy

This is the phrase used to describe the general political principles embraced by Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson favored reducing the size and scope of the national government. Once in office, he announced conservative fiscal policies that reduced the public debt also supported simplicity, disliking especially the ceremonial aspects of the Federalist administrations. Jefferson articulated a clear vision of what type of society and citizenry he thought was best suited for protecting American virtue: an agrarian society in which all men were honest, hardworking, and responsible—promoted independence derived from self-sufficiency. Thomas Jefferson took office in 1801. During the campaign, his party had created visions of an agrarian paradise protected by a small government with no standing military and no debt. And he was a strict constructionist. Meaning, if it isn't in the Constitution, he believed the government doesn't have a right to do it. But many of Jefferson's most important domestic achievements seemed to be in stark contrast to his platform

Treaty of Paris 1783

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. By offering independence to the Americans but refusing the other nations' (France and Spain) demands, Britain was able to keep her enemies from banding together.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government. After James' pro-Catholic policies were made public, the ire of those same exclusionists was raised yet again. Additionally, the birth of James' son, in 1688, who was sure to be raised Catholic, made the prospect of a Catholic line of succession in England all too real for many English Protestants. As a result, several English parliamentarians made secret overtures to William of Orange, the stadholder of the Dutch Republic. William was married to James' daughter, Mary, who, outside of James II and his son, had the most legitimate claim to the English throne. Most importantly, both William and Mary were staunch Protestants with a record of fighting the spread of Catholicism and the Counter-Reformation.

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia. personal coup against her husband, Peter III westernization process far more peaceably than Peter had begun it. set out to reform Russia's legal system to accord more closely with Enlightenment ideals. westernize Russian legal codes. Unfortunately, Delegates were more interested in airing their grievances gained territory against the Ottomans, and she also participated in legally dividing up Polish territory between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. new schools, development of Russia's hinterlands by commissioning the building of new settlements many plans remained only plans by the time of her death in 1796. This has caused some historians to argue over whether Catherine should be considered an enlightened despot or simply a despot who liked the Enlightenment.

mercantilism

This was the result of an economic system called mercantilism. Believing that there was a limited source of wealth in the world, the goal of a mercantilist economy was to amass the most silver and gold at the expense of all the other nations. This was done through a favorable balance of trade, so by exporting manufactured goods and limiting the number of imports, nations brought in hard currency. This could help them fight wars against the other nations. The colonies became an important part of mercantilism even though they didn't have vast supplies of gold and silver as had been hoped. England's raw materials were limited, but the colonies were full of all kinds of resources that England needed. New England provided timber and ships. Grain from the middle colonies fed England's booming population. And the South provided tobacco, indigo and other cash crops. Best of all, England could get all of these things without having to pay for them in hard currency. They could simply get them all through triangular trade. British goods were traded for slaves on the African coast, who were shipped to America and traded for the raw materials. In the earliest days, people literally had to make or trade for everything they needed. Then crops for goods with England. This exclusive trade with England had both positive and negative side effects. Wealth and predictability. But as the colonies matured and could build more on their own, they began seeking trading partners other than England. So the British authorities passed a series of laws called the Navigation Acts to restrict colonial trade in favor of English mercantilist policies. The goal of the Navigation Acts was to force Americans to buy English goods. (inflation for imports. deflation for exports like tobacco) Still, most of these changes were accepted by the colonists - until the Molasses Act of 1733. Had bought it on the open market. New rules decimated liquor industry in north. Smuggling is the answer. As the news spread, former colonial leaders deposed royal governors and assumed control of their governments. The Dominion collapsed, and its failure convinced many English authorities that salutary neglect of the colonies might be the best policy. assemblies developed into more sophisticated legislatures that took the new English Bill of Rights seriously. Embraced no taxation without representation.

Dorthea Dix

Tireless reformer, who worked mightily to improve the treatment of the mentally ill. Appointed superintendant of women nurses for the Union forces. later known for her work establishing the nursing corps in the Civil War), told the Massachusetts legislature that the mentally ill were kept ''in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!'' Dix and other reformers helped in the creation of public institutions dedicated to the treatment of mental illness.

Son of Heaven

Title of the ruler of China, first known as the Zhou dynasty; it acknowledges the ruler's position as intermediary between heaven and earth. It was his job to protect his people and promote harmony. He probably liked the idea that he got to be the central authority, sort of the star of the show. Great power but also great responsibility.

Truman's Presidency

Truman swore to continue the legacies of the New Deal by increasing minimum wage, expanding public housing, repealing laws that banned labor unions, promoting federal health insurance, building social security, and creating a Department of Welfare. abolishing prejudicial laws, fighting lynching in the South, and establishing the Fair Employment Practices Commission to ensure equal employment opportunities in the federal government. Republicans, who couldn't stand in FDR's way, now started to stand against big federal government. Most of the Fair Deal was ultimately rejected, but key parts were kept and remain in place today.

Russia after Crimea

Tsar Alexander II realized importance of industrializing. create the labor pool necessary, so needed to end serfdom. end the feudal practice. angered the traditional landowners, even though former serfs were required to purchase or rent land from their former lords, often making these families far poorer than when they had been tied to the land. strengthened the Russian economy. modernized Russian society. railroads to facilitate economic production, exports of crops and minerals skyrocketed. more freedom of the press. made public education more widely available. military reforms, including equipping Russian troops with the latest firearms and other weaponry. War and Assassination pamphlets and rhetoric throughout the Russian Empire. in 1863, a nationalist revolt took place in Russian-controlled Poland, which Alexander violently suppressed. Russia supported the nationalists in a Bulgarian revolt and helped win Bulgaria its independence, though Russian influence was hindered by simultaneous English and Austro-Hungarian influence exerted in the region. Intellectuals and nationalists largely felt his reforms were too few and piecemeal, while the traditional nobility were upset at the freeing of the serfs and the attacks on their traditional rights. Several attempts were made on Alexander's life before a nationalist group successfully bombed his carriage in St. Petersburg in 1881, killing the 62-year old Tsar.

Battle of Orleans

Turning point of the Hundred Years War in which Joan of Arc rallied the French troops to allow them to win the battle

End of Babylonian captivity

Under Cyrus, the Babylonian Captivity ended, and Israel was re-established as a kingdom. Soon the Persians became known as liberators, and province after province welcomed them with open arms. Cyrus enacted laws of religious tolerance, rebuilt temples, and founded new cities, eventually earning the respect even of the Babylonians he had conquered. With this combination of military might and deft diplomacy, Cyrus built the largest empire ever known to man.

1973 Oil Embargo

United States came in 1973. October 6 marked the beginning of the Yom Kippur War in the Middle East, which witnessed Syria and Egypt attack Israel. Nixon refused to allow the nation to collapse under the pressure of Syria and Egypt. He therefore authorized Operation Nickel Grass to deliver economic and military aid to Israel. Incensed by Nixon's decision to support Israel, OPEC authorized an oil embargo that had devastating effects on the United States economy.

Sumerians

Uruk. Ur. Weather -- religion. Cuneiform. Seals containing carvings rolled across wet clay. Standard of Ur -- farm based scenes. Ziggurat at Ur dedicated to Nanna. Carved figures of various height showing hierarchy.

Investiture Conflict

Used to be emperor picked pope and pope picked the next emperor. Papacy said, "this king is a boy. we'll have the cardinals pick the pope." The confrontation between Pope Gregory VII and Emperor Henry IV that began in 1075 over the appointment of prelates in some Italian cities and grew into a dispute over the nature of church leadership. Excommunicated/deposed each other. When the power-hungry nobles of Germany realized the kingship was at stake, they saw it as an opportunity to gain more land and power. Not wasting any time, they rebelled against their king, in a revolt known as the Great Saxon Revolt. William crawls to Gregory but ultimately puts down Revolt and goes after Gregory. Gregory calls upon Normans -- bad idea. Rape -- blamed -- fled to Normandy. It ended in 1122 with the Concordat of Worms.

Battle of Ap Bac

Viet Cong vs. South Vietnam and U.S. January 2, 1963 Ap Bac Hamlet, South Vietnam. Diem and Kennedy both assassinated in November 1963.

Peloponnesian War

War between Athens and Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism in the Aegean region. It went on for over 20 years. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed but both were weakened sufficient to be soon conquered by Macedonians, later leading to the Hellenistic Empire and Alexander the Great. Sparta had own league, the Peloponnesian League, which included most of the city-states of mainland Greece, and they did not appreciate the Athenians trying to poach their member states for their Delian League. In 465 BCE, Sparta's slave class, the Helots, attempted to throw off their Spartan oppressors. Every Greek city-state sent soldiers to help put down the revolt. The Athenians sent a large contingent of over 5,000 soldiers, but the Spartans would not allow them into the country, fearing that so large a force intended to take advantage of the chaos, not to help with it. This was but the first of many insults each side offered each other. The next major insult came in 449, when two members of the Peloponnesian League, Megara and Corinth, started fighting. Eager to gain a stronghold on the mainland, Athens formed an alliance with Megara and entered the fighting. The result was a 15-year-long struggle between Athenians and Spartans, which some have called the First Peloponnesian War. This battle only concluded in 445 BCE with the signing of the 30 Years' Peace. The 30 Years' Peace was basically an agreement between the Spartans and the Athenians not to mess with one another's respective empires. Yet the terms of this peace proved too much for the Athenians to live by. Athens bully. crushed revolting colonies, they sowed dissent among Sparta's allies, they vied with their neighbor, Corinth, for control of the islands of the Aegean and they even imposed economic sanctions on their former allies the Megarians - until, in 431, the rest of the world could take it no longer. Athens had made enemies of the Spartans, the Peloponnesian League, the King of Macedon, the emperor of Persia and even their own allies. Everyone was so mad at Athens that a conflict was inevitable. But the Athenians were prepared for this fight.

Samnite Wars

Wars between Romans and Samnites that occur three times, first time Samnites attack Capua, but driven back by assisting Romans who then take control of Campania. Second time, Romans are defeated at Caudine Forks; Samnites make consul and army pass under the yoke, but they are sent back as prisoners after shame. Third time, they join forces with Etruscans, Italians, and Celtics, but Romans win and now control most of Italy

League of Cambrai

When Fredinand II of Aragon, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian I, Pope Julius II, and Louis XII formed an alliance that they said was against the Turks but actually attacked Venice. Their goal was to divide its land possessions among themselves, including the territories of Mantua and Ferrara. The alliance was unsuccessful, however, because all parties were working for their individual, instead of collective, success. In the end, the city of Venice survived, though its terra firma was divided among its opponents.

Free blacks in the north

When New Netherlands was overtaken by the English in 1664, the Dutch emancipated all of their slaves, creating a significant free black population. Northern slave owners were much more likely to free slaves in their wills, or allow slaves to purchase their own freedom with money they made working in their spare time. However, free blacks were not considered social equals and were often accused of unsolved crimes. freed during the American Revolution, either by British troops, or by colonial governments who exchanged army service for freedom When the United States took its first census in 1790, eight percent of the African American population was free.

Dutch Society in the Golden Age

Whereas the rest of European society had power and patronage centralized in the monarchy, the Republic's lack of a monarchy allowed the successful merchant class to become the most powerful and influential members of society. Additionally, the economic prosperity and decentralized nature of power fostered the growth of a middle class - an unprecedented feature of any early modern, European society. In turn, the Republic exhibited a greater degree of social mobility between the classes, as wealth was prized more highly than station of birth.

South Carolina Secedes

Within days of Lincoln's election, South Carolina met to discuss secession. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina voted unanimously to repeal its ratification of the Constitution and withdraw from the United States of America. Then, on Christmas Eve they approved the text of their articles of secession and wrote a defense of their decision. They pointed out that the Constitution protected slavery. The Northern states had breached their contract by refusing to assist in the return of fugitive slaves, so the Southern states were released from their obligation to the Union. They believed that Lincoln - once he was inaugurated - would not protect their rights or sovereignty. Furthermore, they cited the Declaration of Independence as support for their right to abolish a government that did not protect the rights of its people (although it's worth noting here that most of the 'Founding Fathers' did not believe that the Declaration asserts the right of secession).

War of Spanish Succession

a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France. The will of Charles II (moron) of Spain, who died heirless in 1700, left all Spanish holdings to Louis' grandson, Philip. Austria proffered its own Hapsburg claimant to the Spanish throne. Leopold I, actually a closer, first cousin to Charles II than Louis, British supported Austria in order to check French power. The Dutch Republic and most of the Germanic principalities of the Holy Roman Empire similarly supported Austrian claims, while the Spanish nobles, who resented British attempts to break up the empire and likely engineered Charles II's will, favored the claims of Louis XIV's grandson. The war was largely fought in Italy, Bavaria, and the Netherlands. Two years of fighting came to a head at the Battle of Blenheim in August 1704 when a joint Franco-Bavarian force was nearly completely destroyed by a smaller force led by both Savoy (Austria) and Marlborough. This effectively ended Bavaria's involvement in the conflict. Tough fighting. Stalemate. Britain loses appetite. Marlborough removed. When peace was finally concluded through three separate treaties in 1713 and 1714, France was forced to retreat within its pre-war boundaries. Though Philip V was allowed to remain on the Spanish throne, he was removed from the French line of succession, ending any future prospect of a joint Franco-Spanish monarchy. Britain comes out great, with more new world territories from France. Austria comes out great. Gets tons of Italian assets and also Spanish Netherlands. Spain forced to give all rights of the lucrative North American slave trade to Great Britain. Spain was forced to give Austria most of its claims to any land in the Italian peninsula.

illuminated manuscript

a manuscript in which the text is supplemented with such decoration as initials, borders (marginalia) and miniature illustrations. Carolingian illumination was meant more for instruction than for aesthetics. The illustrations aren't there to inspire, but rather to help young scribes in training make sense of written Latin. In this sense, this Psalter has less in common with the Book of Kells and more in common with the Dick and Jane books.

Scientific Method

a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. Making observations, and then moves on to Asking questions Formulating a hypothesis Conducting an experiment, and ends with Interpreting results and making conclusions 1..Scientific assessment is when information is gathered about the problem through observations and experiments. 2. environmental risk assessment, (and this would occur after the scientific assessment has found the cause of the problem and after potential solutions are determined.) The environmental risk assessment would investigate the potential harm to human health or the environment as a result of the specific problem or the management options. 3. The third step in the scientific evaluation of an environmental problem is public engagement. Public engagement is when citizens are informed about the environmental problem and presented with the potential solutions and risks associated with the problem. 4. Political action is when the risks associated with each possible solution are weighed against each other by politicians, and a legal decision is made about how to handle the environmental problem. Due to the fact that politicians are elected by citizens to represent them, the opinions voiced by people are often factored into the legal decisions about the environmental problem. 5. long-term environmental management. This is when the environmental problem and location are monitored after the solution is implemented. The management is referred to as long-term because it should take place from the time the solution is implemented until well beyond the time when the problem no longer exists, to ensure that the problem has been permanently solved.

Black Panthers

a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and to provide services in the ghetto

Uncle Tom's Cabin

a novel published by harriet beecher stowe in 1852 which portrayed slavery as brutal and immoral. The success of Uncle Tom's Cabin made Harriet a celebrity, and she toured the major cities in the North and Europe promoting her book as well as the cause of abolitionists. But what made the story so appealing? Although she had no firsthand knowledge of slavery, Beecher Stowe relied heavily on the writings of other abolitionists and filled her book with memorable characters, such as the pious and ever-patient slave, Uncle Tom, the evil slave driver Simon Legree and the saintly white child, Eva. She wrote with passion and conviction and breathed life into the characters in a way that most Americans had never experienced. These characters were as close as many in the North would ever get to knowing a real slave, slaver or even a southerner, and it had real impact.

Carolingian Miniscule

a reform of handwriting devised by monks at the monasteries of Corbie and Tours in the year 800. a new type of formal literacy writing using lowercase letters. Its standards of capitalizing the first letters of sentences is the basis of our modern printing.

Concert of Europe

a series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions

Peasants' Revolt

a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed. (unclear how much of this related to Luther, and clearly there were a series of them)

Negro Fort

a settlement of African Americans who had escaped slavery in the Spanish colony of Florida. a British fort in Florida had been offered to displaced Native Americans. When they refused it, the fort was occupied by fugitive slaves. Though this was British land, the U.S. government was concerned that the so-called 'Negro Fort' would encourage more slaves to escape south. So in 1816, the army provoked the fort, and after a garrison fired a cannon, the army destroyed the fort and most of the families inside.

Black Power

a social movement that called for African American power and independence

mass society

a society in which the concerns of the majority—the lower classes—play a prominent role; characterized by extension of voting rights, an improved standard of living for the lower classes, and mass education.

nation-state

a sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent.

cruck frame

a wooden framing system made of matched pairs of large curved timbers (crucks) that are like slices of trees, forming a pointed arch where they meet at the top. straw, mud, manure

16th Amendment

allowed Congress to collect a graduated income tax, by which taxes are paid at a higher rate by those with higher incomes. This amendment was important because it finally settled the constitutional question on how income should be taxed.

McCarron Act

also called the Internal Security Act, made it illegal to "combine, conspire, or agree with any other person to perform any act which would substantially contribute to ....the establishment of a totalitarian government." Communist organizations had to check in with government with a list of members. Candidates had to register with Federal government.

Adams-Onis Treaty

an 1819 agreement in which Spain gave over control of the territory of Florida to the United States. Jackson had invaded area to quell Native unrest. Apology + proposition.

Dante Alighieri

an Italian poet famous for writing the Divine Comedy that describes a journey through hell and purgatory and paradise guided by Virgil and his idealized Beatrice (1265-1321). written in vernacular.

Grange

an association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies. The Grange's primary target was the monopolistic pricing of the railroads. sought ways to combat the federal government's economic policies, which heavily favored industry over agriculture. when the Wabash decision nullified all of the state regulations in 1886, it was pretty obvious to farmers that they needed legislation at the national level. Wanted inflation and more favorable tax system. In addition to the free coinage of silver, the Populists proposed several economic and democratic reforms. graduated income tax, this would have replaced property taxes, government ownership of railroads and telegraph lines, the abolition of national banks and lowering protective tariffs for manufacturing. Bryan lost election and democrats absorbed the Grange. But progressive approach would gain momentum in other areas.

market economy

an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services -- based on cash, wages and prices.

American Imperialism in Philippines

archipelago was under Spanish rule since the 16th century! named for King Philip II of Spain! U.S. engaged the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. After defeating the Spanish fleet, American ships first docked in the Philippines. Filipinos had engaged in their own revolution in the 1890s. Under the leadership of Emilio Aguinaldo, they were fighting for their independence. Following the concept that the enemy of my enemy is my friend, the U.S. aided the Filipinos in their rebellion. Then, with the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Spanish-American War, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States. U.S. did not recognize the First Philippine Republic, the government established by Aguinaldo. The Philippine-American War followed. The Buffalo Soldiers, made up of African-Americans soldiers, were a large portion of the U.S. forces in the war. The total number of Filipinos killed in the war is very large, but estimates vary. In the end, the U.S. came out on top and the First Republic of the Philippines was dissolved. The United States maintained control of the island nation. It was 1946 before the Philippines gained independence.

John Dewey

author of Democracy and Education (1916). Dewey promoted the idea that social reform begins at school. Schooling was emphasized as a way to modernize and to assimilate immigrants. Compulsory attendance laws were enacted in many states and college attendance increased.

Las Casas

became a Dominican priest, freed his slaves, defended native American's rights. lobbied to Ferdinand but the king died. In the 1550s, he published an account of the destruction he witnessed while in the New World. In this work, he shared graphic depictions of the abuses Spain had levied on the native inhabitants. Unable to stomach reading first-hand of these atrocities, many in Spain threw their support behind Las Casas and his efforts.

W. E. B. Du Bois

believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately. author of The Souls of Black Folk (published in 1903), demanded immediate social and political equality, ending disenfranchisement and legalized segregation. 'ceaseless agitation' against racism in any form. William Monroe Trotter, editor of the Boston Guardian, along with Du Bois, formed the Niagara Movement in 1905, which brought leading black intellectuals together to promote and encourage black pride and demand full political and civil equality. By 1909, most of the black activists of the Niagara Movement joined the newly-formed NAACP.

Ricardo

believed that a permanent underclass would always be poor

choir area

between the transept and the apse

Stalin

born in 1878 in Georgia. expelled from seminary in 1899. became active in the Marxist underground. imprisoned multiple times in the first decade of the 20th century, even exiled in Siberia. rise through the ranks of Bolshevik Party. key figure in the Russian government after the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution. key aide to Vladimir Lenin. Secretary General to the Central Committee. After Lenin died, Stalin won out against his rivals within the party by 1928, many of whom he soon imprisoned and/or exiled. Resolved to close gap with west through a forced and rapid modernization process. Soviet government assumed control of what few industrial complexes it didn't already own. Major upheaval in forced collectivization of agriculture. In order to create a labor pool for Russian industry and have control over the Soviet food supply, Stalin seized ownership of millions of farms. Those farmers who resisted were forced into exile or summarily executed. A secret police force roamed the Soviet countryside. People exiled or imprisoned for the smallest action or offhand comment. In the late 1930s, the Great Purge. the fabled Soviet Gulag prison camp system expanded enormously in the 1930s. series of Five Year Plans. Most of these goals were impossible to meet, and factory and government officials often fudged the numbers to meet their quotas. Soon after Stalin signed a non-aggression pact with Hitler, he annexed Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia and invaded Eastern Poland and parts of Romania. He also invaded Finland. However, when Hitler broke the pact and invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, Stalin allied with the British and French, and later the Americans. Western countries recognized Soviet possession of the states Stalin had annexed and invaded during the chaos of World War II (WWII). Additionally, the Soviet Union gained control of several Eastern European states which Stalin claimed it needed as a buffer from future central European aggression. After WWII, Stalin continued to hold an iron grip on power in the Soviet Union and encouraged the growth of communism elsewhere, especially in the Korean peninsula. Imprisonment and exile in the Soviet Union became even more common than it had been before the war, as Stalin became more and more paranoid of Western invasion. He died in 1953; he was 74 years old.

Old Kingdom Art

built monumental structures in stone, earliest portraits of individuals and the first life-size statues in wood copper and stone. ie. seated scribe. Relief carvings of plants and landscapes

Habsburgs

came onto the scene in the 10th century, when one of its members was crowned king of Germany and ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. Soon, the mighty Habsburgs added Austria into their fold. To this they added Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, and even parts of Italy. On the eve of the Reformation, Charles V of the Habsburg Dynasty became king of Spain. dreamed of uniting Europe under Catholic Rule. Reformation decimated these dreams. With his power weakening, Charles V abdicated his role as Holy Roman Emperor and king of Spain. His brother, Ferdinand I, succeeded him as Holy Roman Emperor, while his son, Philip II, took the crown of Spain.

Legacy of Great Awakening

challenged the authority of the Puritan church because anyone could step up to the pulpit. matter of opinion, not a matter of salvation. challenged the social order of the South because slaves were as welcome as anyone else. The idea of salvation being available to anyone directly from God, regardless of race, gender or economic class, made church a thoroughly democratic experience. In many ways, it prepared the colonists to defy the king and start a revolution. The emphasis on personal faith led more people to study and interpret the Bible for themselves - an activity that 100 years earlier had led a Puritan woman, named Anne Hutchinson, to be banished from the colony.

nomadic tribes more egalitarian

cities very hierarchical. haves vs. have nots

Germany between the wars

communist (Spartacists) controlled Berlin, centrist German nationalists to declare the German Republic in Weimar. intended to create the best democracy possible in Germany. men and women over the age of 20 the right to vote on a president and a representative assembly, named the Reichstag. Despite brief periods of coalition (Streseman), mostly was a time of gridlock and violence.

Equal Rights Amendment

constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender.

New Kingdom temples

courtyards, hallways, pathways for rituals. access to rooms restricted. mortuary temples and cult temples both.

walled cities like jericho

defeat barbarians for many years

Why expansion

destiny, security, population, logistics (ports) Land ownership represented freedom, wealth and political power. And new technology such as steam power and the telegraph made the prospect of moving westward a little less intimidating.

Northeast Tribes

encountered the Pilgrims. Atlantic shores to the Mississippi Valley and from the Great Lakes to as far south as the Cumberland River in Tennessee. Iroquois and Algonquian. trade and warring enemies. The Northeast tribes cleared forests to plant crops and used the lumber to build homes and make tools. The women of many of these tribes did all of the work with crops, while the men primarily hunted and fished. Iroquois social structure is that it was matrilineal. man joined the woman's family. The Iroquois League is quite famous. Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and the Mohawk tribes. The League of the Iroquois was feared by all other tribes of the region.

Article V

establishes the amending process for constitution. 2/3 majority vote in both the House and the Senate. can also be done with 2/3 vote by the state legislatures. This would then require Congress to hold a constitutional convention to address the state proposed amendments. For ratification, the amendment needs to be approved by 3/4 majority of the state legislatures

Assyrians used mud bricks

even though access to stone, in order to emulate Sumerians

Herzl

father of Zionism, wrote The Jewish State about the establishment of a hometown in Palestine. (late 1800s)

Lucius Tarquinius Priscus (Elder)

fifth king of Rome. Etruscan nobleman. Viewed as a great king for conquests and building projects like circus and sewer system.

Henry VII (modern ruler)

first Tudor king of England from 1485 to 1509. Improved infrastructure and negotiated trade agreements.

Long bow and arrow

further, faster, heartwood inner, sapwood outer. archery culture. ultimately replaced by guns.

Causes of the Great Depression

grew at an annual rate of 5%; the gross domestic product measured in at over $200 billion, wages skyrocketed unemployment never surpassed 5%. stock market speculation, much of it on margin. mainly through loans and a minimum investment of roughly 10%. thousands of borrowed dollars into the stock market. consumer credit and installment loans. The 1920s represented a boom in durable consumer goods, such as vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, radios, automobiles and farm equipment. Most Americans did not have the available cash to pay for the products, so banks and businesses decided to offer what became known as credit. It became worse in 1931, when the Federal Reserve Board decided to curtail credit and raise interest rates on current consumers. Coolidge repealed the progressive legislation of Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson and replaced it with a pro-business ideology that consisted of tax reduction for the wealthy, high wall tariffs, deregulation of business by the federal government and the placement of the economy into the hands of business leaders. As a result, the wealthiest Americans paid less in taxes and received more money; all other Americans received less in earnings and faced tax hikes. overproduction of goods led to a flooded market because average Americans could not afford to purchase products unless they pursued credit plans. Needless to say, Coolidge's pro-business political mentality only made the Great Depression more imminent. Hoover called for cooperation between business and society over individualism. Unfortunately, businesses of the period marginalized the common American. Individuals, farmers and factory laborers, for instance, faced tax burdens, heightened prices, lower wages and a general devaluation of land and real estate, not to mention longer work days and more dangerous working conditions. These unchecked businesses also absorbed a significant amount of resources. As you can see, there was little desire among the New Era Republicans to establish controls that would monitor speculation and credit plans, encourage an increase in wages to help consumers obtain more of the newly available products or protect the average American from the unregulated power of business. The severity of the economic impact of the Great Depression could have been lessened with more federal oversight. Minorities caught the worst of it. Mexican deportations. Poll taxes. Cancelling sharecropper contracts.

Weathermen

group that branched off of the SDS; advocated terrorism in the US to stop another Vietnam from happening; name came from Bob Dylan lyrics "don't need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows"; dwindle away after 4 of them die in an explosion in Greenwich Village

Charter of the Forest

he Charter guaranteed free men access to previously private royal forest lands. 1217

how did domestication of animals lead to agriculture

herd animals allowed humans to stay put long enough for a harvest

how do chariots defeat Jericho

horses attack so fast many goods can't be moved inside. then they are starved.

thaw led to abundant vegetation therefore

humans realized no need to migrate, but herds didn't know this. need to domesticate in order to stay in place

Greek Comedies

humorous plays that mocked people or customs, centered on daily life, political figures or famous people

Revolutionary navy

impede British troop and supply movement in the freshwater of the American continent, raid English colonies, and capture British merchant ships throughout the Atlantic, the Caribbean, and even English waters. By 1777, the American Navy brought in 2 million pounds of gunpowder and saltpeter. Yankee privateers commandeered 2,208 British ships, valued at almost $66 million, at that time. If all those numbers seem a little overwhelming, it all adds up to this: the American Navy was pretty effective at capturing supplies from British merchant ships. The Continental Navy kept an estimated 16,000 British soldiers and sailors out of battle, transported American diplomats and occasional troops, and helped defend several important cities.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing. Affected mail so courts set precedent of stepping in.

physical pollution

introduction of discarded materials into the environment

biological pollution

introduction of living organisms, which grow and become invasive, into the environment

power loom

invented by Edward Cartwright , it speeded up the production of textiles

Article III

job of the judicial branch of the government is to interpret the law. The Supreme Court deals with cases involving Constitutional law, treaties, ambassadors, and cases outside of state jurisdiction, like maritime cases, cases between states, or cases between individuals and another state. Judges appointed to the Supreme Court serve for life.

New Laws of 1542

laws instituted by the king of Spain after he was convinced by Bartolomé de las Casas. They outlawed the forced labor of the Native Americans, noted that the natives should be given religious instruction, and made it difficult for people to inherit encomienda estates. Apparently they were largely ignored.

From these, we believe that the Greeks of the Dark Ages

lived in autonomous village communities, ruled over by a king who was little more than a warlord. Any assemblies were simply gatherings of warriors. There were no formal legal institutions, and crimes, like murder, were dealt with by vengeance on the part of the family. The economic situation was not much better. With no currency, trade was reduced to bartering. The Greeks of this age didn't even have a word for merchant. The Greeks may have built temples, but these were meant as houses for the gods to visit, not centers of worship for the devout. Downfall of Mycenae: This lack of centralized rule, combined with the need for self-sufficiency, drove Greek villages to develop the fiercely independent autonomy that would characterize them as city-states in the centuries to come.

post war debt

loans to keep their farms going in their absence. the creditors wanted their money. peoples' farms - their homes - were foreclosed. Many men were put in debtor prison until family members could come up with the money to get them out. financed by loans from Spain and France. The money had to be repaid, but because of the Revolution, a lot of business was lost from the former colonies. Trade with the British West Indies was gone. The new government asked the states for more money, but they said no. The answer was to print more money, but of course, that never works. It made the money less and less valuable. So now the people had fistfuls of worthless money. So now you have all of these farmers, who had fought in the Revolution, unable to keep their farms. Now they cannot feed their family and they have no property, which at that time meant in most states they could not vote.

conservation

meaning that the environment and its resources should be used by humans and managed in a responsible manner

Klu Klux Klan

nativist hostility during the 1920s fed Ku Klux Klan. William Simmons reorganized in 1915 in Georgia, quite different than the original Klan organized during the Reconstruction period Many white Protestants felt under attack. The Klan advertised itself, encouraging Americans who wanted to hold on to traditional values to join the group. The Klan became a traditional nativist crusade, assailing Jews, as well as blacks, but during the decade most of the Klan's venom was saved for Catholics. during the 1920s, states, such as Indiana, had the largest number of members in the nation. Hiram Wesley Evans, who took over leadership of the Klan after Simmons, often commented that alien hordes were destroying America. Despite the large connection the group made with segments of America, the Klan would not survive the decade. Scandal and leadership problems destroyed it. What is certain is that the Klan had been a mass movement, a true reaction to the modern decade of the 1920s.

early humans and food

needed to leave lush jungle migratory herds were most reliable food source

Great depression

offered their own forms of credit at high interest to consumers. When consumers began failing to make payments, the businesses were forced to eat that loss. banks were lending money without safeguards against financial crises and using customer deposits to do so. no guarantee that their money would be immediately available to them in the future. Speculation on the market by savvy financiers had artificially inflated the prices of large portions of the stock market. made up of the savings of the growing American middle class. Depression in 1926, the housing market in Florida collapsed, and land speculators in the state were ruined. banks that had loaned out too much capital were beginning to fail in 1929, and food prices were beginning to fall, ruining farmers who had produced a vast amount of food to sell at the artificially inflated prices of the 1920s. By November, the market had hit rock bottom, wiping out many middle class investors' life savings. rushed to the bank to withdraw their money. Most banks ran out of cash on hand in hours. the collapse spread outward from the United States with alarming speed. large loans during WWI. European banking system collapsed. scenes at banks soon played out in Madrid, Unemployment skyrocketed nationally to approximately 25%, leaving one in four men out of work, and it rose far higher in some regions. Hoovervilles. Millions of Americans picked up what few belongings they had and traveled the country, looking for work from town to town. marginally better with the New Deal policies. the country not out of the Depression World War II.

Commercial Revolution

once trade routes blossomed between European countries and their colonies, a whole new market opened up. Realizing there was money to be made, people began producing goods to be sold outside of their small communities. In other words, the incentive for profit replaced simply producing for survival.

Fight for Suffrage

only four western states allowed women full suffrage. Some upper-class women opposed the women's suffrage movement. The most significant resistance to women's suffrage came from the South and East. Carrie Chapman Catt became the organization's new president. used modern publicity tactics, such as newspaper advertisements, parades, banners, posters, catchy slogans and playing cards, promoting the suffrage agenda. In 1913, thousands of women marched in a national women's suffrage parade in Washington, D.C., on the day before President Wilson's inauguration. These efforts by suffragists created hype around the movement. more militant side of the women's suffrage movement. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns had spent time in Britain observing the women's suffrage movement and brought back to the States some of the militant tactics used over there. The NWP was more confrontational. aggressive lobbying of government officials, civil disobedience, picketing the White House during wartime, demonstrations and even hunger strikes. Many members of the NWP were arrested and imprisoned. Some were even force fed to end hunger strikes. In that same year, 1916 Jeannette Rankin from Montana was the first woman to be elected to Congress. It was not until 1918 that President Wilson finally supported the 19th Amendment, partly due to women's contributions during World War I. Decades after the women's suffrage amendment was first proposed, the U.S. Senate adopted the 19th Amendment by a close vote on June 4, 1919. It took 14 months for the states to ratify the amendment (meaning to approve by vote), which happened on August 18, 1920. The 19th Amendment states: 'The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.' The 19th Amendment granting nationwide women's suffrage was nicknamed the Susan B. Anthony amendment in her honor. After the 19th Amendment was ratified, Alice Paul went on to write the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). She believed that the 19th Amendment would never truly protect women's rights and prevent discrimination based on sex. The ERA became known as the Alice Paul Amendment and was a part of the 1923 National Women's Party platform. Other former suffrage leaders did not support the ERA because they thought its demands went too far and could potentially damage previous gains for women in terms of labor legislation. Congress eventually adopted the ERA in 1972, but the states failed to ratify it

Lexington

ordered to carry out a top-secret plan to destroy the weapons that the Massachusetts militia was stockpiling Americans had their own intelligence network (possibly including Gage's own wife, who was an American) thanks to the Committees of Safety, which directed the colonial militias. Lexington first. Then Concord. Ammo had already been moved.

stone slabs used at the base of the walls. unique characteristic of Assyrian architecture.

orthostats. often contained narrative art such as the results of violent battles.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

Spain's decline

philips successors did not rule as well as he did, spain also suffered economic problems, At the beginning of the seventeenth century, Spain's taxation system was outdated and fell disproportionately upon the poorest of the Spanish population, who could barely afford to pay anything. a reliance on treasure from the americas. expulsion of muslims and jews deprived spain of many skilled artisans and merchants. The Crown was forced to take out loans and even debased the currency in an attempt to pay its bills, but these measures only exacerbated the problems. rulers after Phillip II. Philip III, who reigned from 1598 to 1621, has been famously dubbed the 'laziest king in Spanish history' and his son Philip IV was no better, caring more for food, horses, and women than governing. Charles II was so mentally challenged, likely because of generations of inbreeding, that Spain's councils and territories were largely left to their own devices. Charles left no heirs when he died in 1700, and his death touched off a war to decide who would become king of Spain. (France by contrast had strong leaders like Louis XIV).

Greek Religion

polytheistic, gods have certain jobs, gods are not omnicient or always just, didn't have holy scriptures, built temples and had festivals for gods, trying to keep gods happy, went to oracle, gave offerings. they looked to Illiad and Odyssey for inspiration as they created myths and rituals suited to the specific needs of their communities. These myths and rituals, when taken as a whole, paint a varied picture of Greek religion. divergences between areas. The first is to lay claim to a god or hero. Another reason to explain or legitimize customs. For example, the Athenians claimed to have received their custom of trial by jury from the Goddess Athena, who held the trial of the mythical hero Orestes in Athens, ending the cycle of vengeance and bloodshed which had destroyed the Mycenaean royal family.

Turnpikes

private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll, or fee, to use them. series of spikes that the toll collector would move aside once the driver had paid. made from an early type of pavement. But, turnpikes couldn't solve the nation's transportation problems alone;

Julio-Claudian Dynasty

refers to the first five Roman Emperors: Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula (also known as: Gaius), Claudius, and Nero. first dynasty to rule the Roman Empire. Second, Augustus was its first emperor and the only Julio-Claudian not to face a violent death. Last, none of the emperors of the dynasty were succeeded by their biological sons, or in other words, their direct male heir. Keeping these three things in mind, let's get to our Julio-Claudian emperors.

Pendleton Act and Gilded Age corruption

reform measure that established the principle of federal employment on the basis of merit and open, competitive exams and created the Civil Service Commission he Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act officially brought patronage and the spoils system to an end in the federal government. Increasingly, parties turned to industrial leaders, who purchased influence and assured that legislation would continue to favor big business. Additionally, the Pendleton Act didn't apply to state and city politics. Urban governments, especially, were dominated by political machines. These were networks that operated in a manner similar to political parties; but rather than being focused on a platform of issues, political machines existed for the maintenance of power by a single boss or an elite group. Once in command, they rewarded their supporters with cushy jobs, favorable legislation, and lucrative business contracts for city services. Like many political machines, they drummed up support among new immigrants, exchanging votes for benefits, sometimes as blatant as cash payments. desperate need of help would repay the kindness in votes. On the other hand, much like many other political machines, Tammany Hall defrauded taxpayers out of the modern equivalent of billions of dollars,

Modernism

religious movement that reinterpreted traditional Christianity by viewing the Bible as a book of useful stories about morality and not literal truths. Some church leaders advocated compromise. For instance, Pope Leo XIII allowed Darwin's theory to be taught in Catholic Schools as a scientific hypothesis. A cultural movement embracing human empowerment and rejecting traditionalism as outdated. Rationality, industry, and technology were cornerstones of progress and human achievement.

Roman art

sculptors stressed realism but idealism in case of powerful figures. few paintings survive but show some depth. excellent mosaics.

Greek Slavery

serfdom vs. chattel. Athenian slaves ranged across the spectrum, from mines to trade assistants to artisans to domestic servants. They could improve their position and had legal protection but were always 2nd class "non-citizens".

Slaughterhouse Cases

series of Supreme Court cases starting in 1873 that challenged the 14th amendment; court ruled that the 14th amendment only protected federal rights and not STATE rights. Ten years later, they said that the 14th Amendment didn't protect you from discrimination by other individuals, either; therefore, the Civil Rights Act was unconstitutional. In 1876, the Cruikshank case decided that only states could file charges under the Ku Klux Klan Act.

Denmark Vesey

slave in the Caribbean before coming to the United States. originally Telemaque. He bought his freedom and began planning a slave rebellion that would have been second to none. Someone leaked the plan. Vesey and the other planners were caught, tried, and executed. Fredrick Douglass, would use Denmark Vesey's memory to rally support for the Civil War.

William Pitt the Younger

son of Pitt the Elder; excellent prime minister; lot of parliamentary reform took place under him; removed restrictions on Catholics; very much for the abolition of slavery reforms to make the parliamentary system less subject to bribery and underhanded political maneuvers. necessary to check the monarchy's meddling in parliamentary affairs and to preserve individual liberties. shorten the amount of time Parliament could sit in a given year, check electoral bribery, punish those constituencies which were found to be corrupt, and redistrict many parliamentary seats due to Britain's rapid population growth, though his bill was decisively defeated. defeat for his chief political adversary, Charles Fox, in March, 1784, enable him to pass many of the reforms he had originally proposed, including redistricting several seats to the areas with the largest population growth, mainly in and around London. Additionally, Pitt forced through the previously defeated India Bill, which appropriated control of the increasingly heavy-handed and colonial East India Company. The idealistic importance Pitt placed on the personal liberties and political reform tapered when Revolution-era France declared war on Britain in 1793. In fact, Pitt raised taxes to finance the war effort and suspended the writ of habeas corpus, which guaranteed an arrested person's right to appear before a court. Regardless, his electoral reforms stood and he set an important precedent for future parliamentarians in pushing through measures that, while unpopular with the monarch (George III, for instance, abhorred the India Bill), were in the best interests of the British people and fairer government.

Eugenics Movement

sought to limit immigration into the US based on the notion that 'inferior' genes would 'degrade' the gene pool. In 1921, Congress passed the Emergency Immigration Act. It restricted new arrivals each year to three percent of the foreign born of any nationality as shown in the census carried out decades earlier. A new quota law in 1924 would lower that number to two percent and completely restrict immigrants from Asia.

cuneiform evolves

symbolic phonemes. reduces the number of characters needed to about 400.

Sharecropping

system in which landowners leased a few acres of land to farmworkers in return for a portion of their crops born out of this necessity. rented tools and animals then agreed to pay the owner between half and two-thirds of the crop after the harvest. Sharecroppers usually had to plant specific crops required by the landowner. way for wealthy whites to continue dominating society. Contracts, of course, favored the land owner. Sharecroppers generally lacked the resources to market their harvest independently and were often cheated during the sale. Then there were the plantation stores. granted a credit. Debtors were then legally obligated to stay on at the plantation, hoping that next year's crop would be better and allow them to settle the bill.

Rise of German states

the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire - who throughout the entire 17th century came from Hapsburg family who ruled Austria - had only nominal control over many of these territories. In the 30 years war under Ferdinand II, tried to exert control over rising German states, but failed and ended up having to give them more autonomy. but at home, in Austria, they had consolidated monarchy and expanded their territory into Silesia, Bohemia, Moravia, and even into portions of Hungary (termed Royal Hungary). decidedly Catholic state. Brandenburg-Prussia was composed of several non-contiguous states in the Northern Empire and on the coast of the Baltic Sea, united in the first half of the 17th century largely by dynastic family relations and untimely deaths. Prussia was by far more advanced and wealthy than the other states of the fledgling empire, and various patriarchs of the Hohenzollern family - by whom all these states were eventually ruled - attempted to use that wealth to reform and update the rest of his territory. By the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War, fiscal and military reforms had made Brandenburg-Prussia a major international power despite its unconventional shape.

Four kingdoms of Alexander the Great successors

the Kingdom of Macedon, the Kingdom of Pergamon in Asia Minor, the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt and far to the east, the Seleucid Empire.

Oath of Abjuration

the Netherlands declared their independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. This bold move enraged the Spanish, who recaptured the city of Antwerp with gusto. Adding to their momentum, William of Orange was assassinated in 1584. With their leader dead, the Netherlands split into an independent north and a Spanish-controlled south.

Torquemada

the Spaniard who as Grand Inquisitor was responsible for the death of thousands of Jews and suspected witches during the Spanish Inquisition (1420-1498) Unlike courts today, tribunals were not established to prove guilt or innocence, because by the time a person stood before the tribunals, they were assumed guilty. Instead, these tribunals were established to gain a confession of heresy from the accused. history tends to think money had a whole lot to do with it. The fact that a huge number of the Inquisition's victims were from the wealthier Jewish community lends great credence to this idea.

Monism

the doctrine that reality is ultimately made up of only one essence (the preSocratics were often Monists)

feudalism

the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection. It arose out of necessity after the fall of Rome.

Reqonquista

the effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain

justification

the forgiving of our sins in order to welcome us into a right relationship with God through our faith in Jesus Christ. Protestants like Calvin argued that justification could only be achieved through faith (acts don't matter). Catholics at Trent reaffirmed that justification could only be achieved through baptism and a lifetime of doing God's will.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Westphalia definitely favored the enemies of the Empire. Under this peace, the German states were given the right to make alliances with whomever they pleased. It also allowed for German Protestants, whether Lutheran or Calvinist, to exist within Germany. Perhaps even more significant, the 30 Years' War brought an end to the Hapsburg Dynasty's domination of Central Europe. With the Peace of Westphalia, the Hapsburgs had to say goodbye to their dream of a unified, Catholic empire.

Avignon Papacy

the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome. Heavily influenced by French king, which was not popular in Rome. French king wipes out Templar and sought support of pope in 100 years war. When papacy back in Rome, crowds get Italian elected, French cardinals get frenchman elected -- this guy heads back to Avignon to govern from there. So you have two groups of popes -- Rome and Avignon. The latter called anti-popes.

Nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants. Nativist clubs sprang up throughout the Northeast in the 1840s with strict admission requirements: typically white, American-born, male and Protestant. Members of New York City's secretive Order of the Star Spangled Banner were also called the 'Know-Nothings' because they refused to admit any knowledge of the organization. Eventually, they organized into a political entity called the American Party, which ran former president Millard Fillmore as its candidate in 1856. These groups gave speeches, published magazines and even resorted to violence. Despite a growing abolition movement, there was apprehension about African American equality in the North, partly due to racism and partly to competition for low-paid jobs. Blacks in many places, but especially Philadelphia, faced segregation, were forced out of skilled trades and, in 1838, even lost the right to vote. Like the Catholics, blacks faced mob violence on a regular basis, losing homes, businesses, property and sometimes even their lives.

Magna Carta

the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. he had tried to tax them after his fight with pope innocent III. due process on taxes and imprisonment.

Servius Tullius

the sixth king of Rome; well-respected; he held the first census; he further enlarged the boundaries of Rome to accomodate the increased population, bringing the city to its total of seven hills. tried to make a more egalitarian society, but maintained classes and power of the wealthy vote. (first of the non-elected kings. a son-in-law)

main city states

they are Florence, who grew powerful due to the trade of wool; Venice, who gained power through trade at sea; Milan, who had a strong monarchy and was ruled by a powerful line of dukes; and the Papal states, funded by the Church centered in Rome.

It has been suggested that this relationship might be explained by a transition away from the family unit to a larger community. Violent forces were male, therefore needed to appease male gods. Or perhaps invading groups worshiped male gods.

transition from female to male gods (men could father more)

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

treaty between Russia and Germany that would end Russia's involvement in WWI in 1917. Germany given the Balkans. Ukraine made independent.

john muir

troubled by the poor treatment and misuse of land as people moved west across the United States. He was a preservationist and believed that the environment should be maintained in its pristine form and its resources should not be harvested for human use.

Five Pillars of Islam

true Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime

Cromwell

used his strict Puritan beliefs to make England a theocracy, or a system of government in which a person rules in the name of God. To keep control of his theocracy, Cromwell divided England up into 11 areas. Over each area, he placed trusted soldiers from his New Model Army. Their job was to enforce his new laws. puritan rules (dress, theater, sports, Christmas). persecuted catholic ireland. son takes over upon death. son weak.

glaciation vs. interglaciation

we are in interglaciation stage of ice age (ha!)

Background for Chinese Communist takeover

western-educated Sun Yat-Sen was slowly building a nationalist, democratic movement in the south. He founded the Chinese Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang, and set up a Chinese nationalist government in 1919. Sun Yat-Sen wanted to unify all of China into a democratic, socialist republic, and made concessions to the Chinese Communist Party (founded in 1921) after Sun's death in 1925, party leadership fell to nationalist hardliner and leader of the Kuomintang Army, Chiang Kai-Shek. After Japanese were defeated, the rural based movement overwhelmed the nationals, who retreated to Taiwan. corruption and defections.

The Egyptian archaic period (c. 3100-c. 2770 BCE)

• The unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by a warrior from Upper Egypt, who became the first king. Memphis is the capital. Dug canals, built roads, founded cities. Administered with written language. Employed syncretism.

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Jeremy Bentham

(1748-1832) British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number. Rejcted monarchies and called for separation of church and state. Wanted constitutional republics. (republicanism and radicalism)

Henry Cort

(1780's) Inventor of the puddling system in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality.

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production. (First was coal, iron, railroads and textiles) Standardized and efficient light bulbs. Telephone. Electric transportation. Radio waves. First automobile (Benz). Zeppelin. Planes. Beginning with the railroads in the 1870s, large enterprises created bureaucracies with a systematic chain of command, statistical reporting and bookkeeping, and career tracks. And then came scientific management. (Taylor) Output instead of time spent.

Middle Kingdom Egypt

(2040 BCE - 1640 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by internal strife and hardships (capital moved to Thebes). Pharoahs build but nothing on the same scale as the old kingdom. Fractured society culminates in the invasion, and subsequent take over by the neighboring Hyksos. Parts of Egypt plunged into chaos.

Archimedes

(287-212 BCE) Greek mathematician and inventor. He wrote works on plane and solid geometry, arithmetic, and mechanics. He is best known for the lever and pulley.

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Euclid

(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geometry.

Brahma

A Hindu god considered the creator of the world. Four heads from which some believe the Veda came.

Tories

A member of a British political party, founded in 1689, that was the opposition party to the Whigs and has been known as the Conservative Party since about 1832

communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.

Grand Exchange

A trading process that began when Christopher Columbus brought seeds, fruit trees, and livestock to the Americas, where they were cultivated and became staples. In return, native North American species were exported to Europe. This exchange expanded to include different countries and products around the world.

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases, including tax.

Blacks after the Revolution

African Americans believed the new government would defend their rights it would be 80 years before the Civil War and the Constitution prohibited slavery outright, but the seeds of change had been planted. Rhode Island initiated a policy of gradual emancipation beginning in 1784, and many northern states followed suit. Even in the South, declining profits from tobacco resulted in large-scale emancipation. Planters like George Washington began to grow less labor-intensive crops, such as wheat. If the institution provided no economic benefit, many people began to suspect that slavery would simply fizzle out. free blacks kindled the abolitionist movement that had started during the war. Many whites - especially Quakers - were sympathetic to their cause. institutions emerged to serve the social needs of thousands of free African Americans. the black church movement. Richard Allen became a Methodist minister. But he was only allowed to have services for black parishioners. In 1816, he and other ministers consolidated several black congregations into the African Methodist Episcopal Church denomination (or, simply, the AME) which is still active today.

Popham Colony

English attempt at a settlement in modern day in 1607 that was abandoned when Popham brought everyone back home after inheriting a fortune; the first ship built in North America was built here.

War of Austrian Succession

European reneged on their deal as soon as Maria Theresa succeeded to the throne in 1740. France, Spain, and several German states denied accession through the female line, and instead claimed Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria. Prussia and France made a secret alliance to claim Austrian possessions in central Europe for themselves. After France declared war on Austria, latter gained allies in Great Britain and Holland, who were already at war with France. Prussia strikes a weak Austria and gets Silesia. English, Dutch, and Austrians continued to fight France, Spain, and Bavaria for three more years, with both sides trading victories in southern Germany and northern Italy. Frederick II largely kept Prussia out of this later fighting, since his sole goal of annexing Silesia was achieved.

Election of 1828

Evolution of the 2-Party System But this time, the number of parties had been whittled down and consolidated to two: the Democrats, led by Andrew Jackson, and the National Republican Party, home to John Quincy Adams and essentially everyone else who was anti-Jackson. It was the evolution of the two-party system that we have today. But this wasn't the only change. After securing his nomination, Adams had to choose a new running mate. But wait - what happened to Vice President John C. Calhoun? He had switched sides and become Jackson's running mate! Can you imagine today the Vice President abandoning his party's nominee to join the other side? It would be scandalous, and yet, in 1828, this was American presidential politics at its best. Changes in state constitutions also led to more people being allowed to vote. For example, you no longer had to be a wealthy landowner. You still had to be a white male, however, so no women or non-whites were allowed, but it was progress. This change in voter qualifications would lead to record-breaking voter participation in the election. Up to 80% of qualified voters voted. If 1824 was a watershed moment in American politics, the campaign of 1828 set the standard for mudslinging among the candidates. Adams stayed off the campaign trail. Jackson enjoyed the campaign trail and sought the support of the common folk. Jackson's wife dies.

Aeschylus

Father of Greek tragedy, wrote Oresteia (vengeance vs. law. sacrifice before voyage); proposed the idea of having two actors and using props and costumes

Second Sino-Japanese War

Felt cheated after WWI because didn't get anything. The term Rape of Nanking refers to the atrocities Japanese soldiers committed toward civilian and unarmed Chinese throughout December 1937 and January 1938 as they occupied the capital city of Nanking.

Verrazano

Florentine navigator who explored the eastern coast of North America (circa 1485-1528). Sailed for France in search of lost city of gold. Gained information key for early maps.

Somme

Fought in 1916, lasted 6 months. One million+ casualties; very little movement, In an attempt to relieve the French at Verdun, the British and French launched an offensive attack. Bloodiest battle. quintessential World War I battle because it was characterized by muddy trench warfare and futile loss of life. tank introduced.

Galen

Greek surgeon of the Roman Empire, he described heart valves and studied arteries and veins. Imbalances in 4 humors. theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)

John Deere steel plow

Invented by John Deere in 1837 and mass-produced by the 1850s, the plow made possible the rapid subduing of the western prairies.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History"

Japanese in Defeat

MacArthur essentially viceroy Article 9 Parliament.

Southeast Tribes

Next, the tribes of the Southeast - the Southeast cultural group stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the Trinity River in what is today Texas and from the Gulf of Mexico north as far as points in modern-day Missouri, Kentucky, and West Virginia. Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Seminole. 'Five Civilized Tribes.' many decided to adopt customs of the colonists. forced relocation known as the Trail of Tears. The Southeastern tribes settled in river valleys. They were first and foremost farmers with hunting and fishing coming in second as their source of sustenance. They lived in various styles of houses. They included thatched roofs and various styles for the sides.

Cabral, Pedro Alvares

Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil

Market developments

Steam boats Corporations (limited liability) Railroads Capital flowed from overseas commerce into domestic manufacturing, building a huge industrial base of factories. New inventions Factory system

Quebec Act

The Quebec Act allowed French Canadian Catholics the right to settle in the land west of the Proclamation Line.

Valladolid Debate

The argument between Bartolome de Las Casas and Juan Gines de Sepulveda over treatment of Indians by the Spanish.

Illiad and Odyssey

They are mythologized tales of the bronze age, of Mycenae and Trojans. These epics probably began being told during the dark age that followed the Bronze Age collapse around 1200 B.C.E., when literacy had all but disappeared.

Arab

a member of a Semitic people, originally from the Arabian peninsula and neighboring territories, inhabiting much of the Middle East and North Africa. predominantly polytheistic prior to Mohammed. Worship focused in Mecca at the Kabba. Born into caravan trade. Married older woman (one of many). Exposed to monotheistic Hanefites. strong impact on Mohammed first vision while meditating in a cave. declared by the Hanefite elders that the vision was from God - declared a prophet last prophet in a long line dating back to the time of Noah. few listened Mohammed persisted. For three years, he traveled. Arab tribes from Medina happened upon Mohammed, so impressed they also recognized him as a prophet and joined Mecca unwelcoming place. When lost protection of his rich uncle, Mohammed fled with a small group of converts to Medina. enrich his small group of followers by raiding the caravans of the polytheists. Muslims defeated their army, and the victory was used to strengthen Mohammed's position as a religious leader. Mohammed changed the geographical orientation of Muslim prayers from Jerusalem to Mecca. Jews and Christians had rejected Mohammed's claim. the Kabba was the center of Arab devotion. it was in Mecca that they believed God made Himself known, where their last prophet was born, and where he would spend the last days of his life. Muslims victory over infidels were chalked up to the will and grace of Allah. Unfortunately, the peace would not hold, and Mohammed would lead a group of 10,000 strong to conquer Mecca once and for all. Based out of Mecca, Mohammed would lead his new religion. His followers would launch raids and attacks on cities in the surrounding areas that they viewed as potential threats to their newly acquired political, economic, and religious power. The words of the Qur'an soon replaced the prayers to the old gods.

chemical pollution

chemicals escaping into the environment that can damage ecosystems

Mithras/Mithraism

emphasizes order, hierarchy, and duty. Very popular among the soldiers of Rome. Started in Persia even before Zorastrianism. Mithra sent to kill a bull and from the bull's blood all living things were created. Possibly a lesser god under Ahura. Earth vs. Heaven. God of contracts, friendship and justice. Today still follow rituals of purification and penance. Had different levels of followers and worshipped on December 25

Louis XVI

entrusted the affairs of the French state to his former tutor, Hercule de Fleury. It was because of Fleury's fiscal reforms that the French economy recovered and the monarchy was further empowered after being deeply in debt following the wars of Louis XIV. Louis XV, while not having much taste for politics, did entertain some Enlightenment ideals. Regardless of these minor achievements, Louis XV still forbade the first publication of Diderot's Encyclopédie in the 1750s, and his refusal to curb his expensive tastes and opulent court life left the French monarchy nearly ruined financially upon his death in 1774.

Article IV

establishes the relationship between states and the federal government. It says that states have to honor the laws of other states. As an example, if a couple is married in New York, their marriage is also recognized in Virginia. It also outlines the rules for admitting new states to the Union.

Greek military strategy

fought in phalanx (spears pointed up) in rows of 8x8 and positioned themselves between two barriers; soldiers were called hoplites. political power and glory to those who fought well. THE POLIS IS MORE IMPORTANT THAN THE INDIVIDUAL. In the mountains of Greece, horses were not nearly as useful in battle. And unlike centralized empires, single city-states could not afford to raise and maintain an army. To protect against incursions, city-states instead depended on their citizens to take up arms and defend the state. However brutal and murderous hoplite warfare may have been, it was certainly decisive -- THINGS TO DO. Phalanx battles between Greek city-states were the apex competition. They even had judges to determine a clear winner and loser.

Turkey after WWI

leaving the former Ottoman Empire in control of only Constantinople and parts of Northern Anatolia. a nationalist movement cropped up. resistance to foreign powers in Asia Minor. led by a former Ottoman official, Mustafa Kemal Atäturk. by 1919, guerrilla war against the Greeks. set up a Turkish nationalist government in Ankara. Atäturk forces the Greeks out of inner Anatolia. to the point of capturing Smyrna, the city the allies had granted the Greeks. Greek forces were forced to evacuate across the sea. British intervened. proposed a truce. confirmed the Turkish nationalist governments in its gains. Ottoman sultan in Constantinople and the Ankara-based nationalist government were invited. Treaty of Lausanne in July of 1923 confirmed the borders of a Turkish state. Mustafa Kemal Atäturk confirmed as first president.

Schism of 1054

split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Boer War

tensions reached a boiling point when Britain forced Cecil Rhodes to resign as prime minister of the Cape Colony. He had other ideas and attempted to overthrow the Boer government. Opponents of imperialism had been concerned about revolts.

Missouri Compromise

the land that had formerly been called the Louisiana Territory was renamed the Missouri Territory. Next in office was James Monroe, under whom Mississippi, Illinois and Alabama were added to the Union without controversy. But then, in 1819, Missouri applied for statehood, and the so-called 'Era of Good Feelings' came to an end. Tip balance of power and snowball, but they wanted it for themselves. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. Previously concerned with foreign affairs, and parties were diverse. But now New York was emancipating. A geographical line, coinciding with a marked principle, moral and political, once conceived and held up to the angry passions of men, will never be obliterated; and every new irritation will mark it deeper and deeper.'

Greek stadiums and treasuries

tiered benches along a stade. squat, closed structures like today's banks.

limits of gift economy

when villages start growing into towns, it becomes increasingly difficult to know everyone. A gift economy cannot work between strangers because there is no guarantee that the stranger will repay the debt with a gift of his own. First, gift economies do not bring goods into the civilization; they only move them around within a small group. Also, gift economies do not lend themselves to systematic taxation. With Jim paying his taxes in pigs, Fred paying them in baskets, and Jill paying them in clothes, the royal treasury will end up looking like a flea market.

Alcibiades

( 450 - 404 BCE): Athenian nobleman who persuaded assembly to embark on the Sicilian expedition, a well-connected man often associated with controversy, was banished from Athens many times, switched sides during the Peloponnesian War from Athens to Sparta and back to Athens, latter helped by his infusion of Persian money, murdered in Thrace

Phillip Augustus

(1180-1223) waged war against plantagenet rulers in england, allied with Richard I in both crusades and against father Henry II, then betrayed Richard when he was in prison by allying with John, used John's marriage to French woman to attack, gained control of French territory from England, which made power of french monarchy grow

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance and Humanism. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Richelieu

(1585-1642), called in by Marie de Medici, ruled as regent in place of young Louis XIII, liason between Louis and mother after he exiled her, set in place the cornerstone of French absolutism, reshuffled royal council to curb the power of the nobility, established intendant system—intendants appointed directly by the monarch, solely responsible to him, enforced royal orders and weakened the power of the nobility, established French Academy to standardize language. Louis utilized Richelieu's political skills in determining his involvement in the Thirty Years' War. Richelieu recognized France's involvement in the war left an opportunity for the Protestant Huguenots to seize power from the French monarchy. He attacked them mercilessly and defeated them by starvation. Richelieu was relentless in destroying Huguenot power because they were a major threat to the stability of the French monarchy.

Imperialism

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony. Start of plantation culture.

First Succession Act

Enabled Henry VIII's annulment

Triangular Trade

English manufactured goods were sent to Africa, where they were traded for slaves. The slaves were then taken to the Americas, where they were traded for raw materials. The materials went to England to be used in the manufacture of more goods. The part of the journey from Africa to America was called the Middle Passage. Most Africans landed in Brazil. Very few actually landed in North America. Slaves were auctioned off to the highest bidder, then were put through a process of 'seasoning' to get them ready for work. They learned a European language. They were given a European name and were shown work expectations.

Perioikoi

In Spartan society, these were those residents (merchants) who were neither helots nor Spartiates.

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property. Locke's political philosophy stemmed from his central belief that humanity was innately good and industrious. He believed that if given the proper tools and power, humans would form a society which would be good for all and improve the community's well-being. As such, societies could be trusted to decide which form of government was right and just. If a society was ruled unfairly or arbitrarily by an inept monarch, the people were justified in rebelling against the king or queen. the king still held the power, but that power originated in society, and the monarch only held that power by the consent of those he ruled. social contract theory, and many 18th-century writers based their political philosophy on this idea.

1848 French Revolution

1840's saw cyclical downturn in economy. Food Shortages + high unemployment + Liberal Calls for Reform + Socialist demands (mostly for employment: particularly by Louis Blanc) ='d a revolt in February of 1848. : Louis Phillipe abdicated and fled. This chaos would soon lead to the election of one central figure within France. His name was Napoleon Bonaparte, and as history testifies, the French would find themselves again under the rule of a dictator. All in all, not the happiest of endings - yet France still set the fires of revolution across Europe. Seeing the monarch of France ousted from power, radicals throughout Europe caught the revolutionary spirit (unified Germany, freedom from Prince Metternich, Hungarian independence, Italian freedom from papacy and Austria). Unfortunately, most would meet a similar fate to that of France.

William James

1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

Coal Mines Act

1842: eliminated the employment of boys under 10 and women in mines

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery and all non-whites in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Louis XI (modern ruler)

1461-1483, Valois king of France. Rounded out French borders, built up royal army , suppressed nobles, embraced merchant class and trade. Centralized bureaucracy, used middle class advisers, Estates General met only once, laws by decree. Increased royal income. In foreign affairs preferred diplomacy to force. Wove intricate web of political and diplomatic intrigue - thus known as Universal Spider. Struggle over Burgundy - eventually acquired along with Anjou, Maine and Provence. Succeeded by Charles VIII and Louis XII and then Francis I - all three Valois kings pursued unsuccessful/costly wars in Italy vs. Hapsburgs - establishing enmity betw France & HRE.

The Peace of Augsberg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler, though certain religions were not recognized.

Elizabethan Religious Settlement

1559. Religious uniformity, compromise with Catholics. Supreme Catholic practices would be retained. These terms resisted by Radical Protestants over the following century.

Pacification of Ghent

1576; all provinces in the Netherlands would stand together under William of Orange's leadership, respect religious differences, and demand the removal of Spanish troops

New Kingdom Art

1580-1085 b.c., comprising the 18th to 20th dynasties, characterized by the predominance of Thebes. During this period the pharaohs reestablished control of the country, and expanded to regions around them. There were significant changes in architecture which effected their society and economy. It was during the New Kingdom that they built the most impressive temples in Nubia. Their tombs were impressive,but the temples in the New Kingdom were built in the hypo-style, and were impressive. They were built with the post and lintel system. One is located in Karnak, Egypt. At Abu Simbel, Nubia is the temple of Ramses ll with the rock cut facade of four huge statues of Ramses ll. Beautiful paintings. Statutes and monuments to the gods. Texts related to the afterlife.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty. Abolitionists moved quickly to make an example out of Kansas and organized the funding for several thousand settlers to move to Kansas with the full intention of voting to make it a free state. Congressional inquiries into the elections found massive voter fraud, and they delivered a report claiming that the free state votes actually represented the will of the people. What is more, the Congressional group found that the free state government formed in opposition to the proslavery group was the rightful government of Kansas. But the federal government ignored the findings and continued to recognize the proslavery legislature as the legitimate government of Kansas. There, the abolitionist senator Charles Sumner delivered a fiery speech called 'The Crime Against Kansas,' in which he accused proslavery senators, in particular co-author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Andrew Butler of South Carolina, of raping the virgin territory of Kansas.

Robert La Follette

1855-1925. Progressive Wisconsin Senator and Governor. Staunch supporter of the Progressive movement, and vocal opponent of railroad trusts, bossism, WWI, and League of Nations.

Dawes Act

1887 law that distributed reservation land to individual Native American owners. Disastrous. Schools led to assimilation. The Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, where students learned a trade, was the national model for such institutions. Their motto? 'To civilize the Indian, get him into civilization. To keep him civilized, let him stay.' Children removed from their homes until 1974.

European Urban Expansion

750-1050: Terrible. 1050-1350. Urban Revival. Old Roman cities grew, but new cities were also founded. Instead of digging in the dirt with sticks or grinding grains by hand, people could pursue skilled trades in Europe's growing cities. Feudal lords were beginning to realize that they could make a lot more profit by charging rents on free peasants than they could by manning their own fields with serfs. Freed from the land at last, many of these free peasants left their farms to find fortune in the city. The availability of basic foodstuffs emboldened some farmers and lords to specialize in specific goods that had a greater market value. Wine and cotton began to be traded across hundreds of miles. Road building. Sea routes. Exotic goods routes. Market towns booms. Trade fairs emerged. Consistent coinage and letters of credit enabled it all. The resurgence of trade brought these growing cities everything they needed, from food to raw materials, and carried finished goods from the urban craftsmen to the world market. In return, cities provided a market for those agricultural surpluses, encouraging them to grow even greater. Cities provided a place for excess labor and free peasants to flock to. Cities provided finished goods for merchants to take to the open market. as the European economy expanded, cities began to specialize and carve out their respective niches on the international market. With the growth of cities and revitalization of trade, a wealthy middle class of merchants and craftsmen began to emerge. Scorned at first.

Saddle and Stirrups (and spur)

A Eurasian Steppe invention which allowed soldiers to fight on horseback. Cantle and pommel. one of the most expensive warriors in human history. The incredible cost of knights would consume much of Europe's resources and energy for many centuries. That hefty cost would form a clear delineation between the aristocracy, who could afford arms, armor and horses, and the peasantry, who could not. For better or worse, the dependency of kings upon armored knights served to decentralize power in Europe for many centuries.

Fetterman Massacre

A massacre in December 1866 in which 1,500 Sioux warriors lured Captain William Fetterman and 80 soldiers from a Wyoming fort and attacked them. With the Fetterman massacre the Sioux succeeded in closing the Bozeman Trail, the main route into Montana. Crazy Horse.

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, rejected papal authority and orthodoxy. In January of 1523, Zwingli presented his Sixty-seven Articles to Zurich's city council. In them, he argued for a new system, a reform of Christianity, and essentially, a break with the Catholic Church. He claimed that instead of seven sacraments, there were really only two: Baptism and the Eucharist. He further taught that the Eucharist, or Lord's Supper, was merely a symbolic remembrance, and Jesus Christ was in no way present in it at all. Zwingli argued strongly against the Catholic Mass. He desired simple worship, singing only psalms in church services and removing all images from church buildings. He believed that he was restoring the church to the 'purity' of the church of the first apostles.

Operation Rolling Thunder

A bombing campaign began in 1965 and authorized by President Johnson. This tactical movement relentlessly bombed Viet Cong-occupied land, decimating the landscape of hundreds of miles of land. However, the intricate and enormously large network of tunnels the guerrilla soldiers had built were largely unharmed, and it failed to stop the Viet Cong from continuing to press on. Phase I and Phase II of MAC-V Commander General William Westmoreland's three-phase plan to defeat the North Vietnamese. This included pacification, or eliminating the Viet Cong presence in South Vietnam hamlets and villages, and search-and-destroy, which was a war of attrition that aimed to eliminate North Vietnamese armed forces in South Vietnam. Phase III, the ultimate objective, was to gain additional troop support and conduct a major offensive against the North Vietnamese in 1967. This was never realized.

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West. By connecting the interior of the continent to the Atlantic Ocean, the Erie Canal allowed for the settlement of northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois. It helped open up agriculture and industry since products could now be transported easily, quickly and inexpensively back to the population centers in the East. Chicago boomed and quickly became the most important city in the region. The canal forged a physical and economic bond between the farms of the Midwest and the Northeast that would become important in the political battles over slavery and states' rights. Less productive farms in New England closed down, opening up the labor force for developing industry. Perhaps most significantly, the Erie Canal helped New York City replace Philadelphia as the commercial center of the nation.

Normans

A member of a Viking people who raided and then settled in the French province later known as Normandy (paid off by the Franks), and who invaded England in 1066

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the Great Depression. By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction.

Compromise of 1850

A lot of new land had been won in the Mexican-American War. Should it be slave or free territory? California was ready for statehood, without another state to balance it. No agenda could address all of the problems over slavery in the country, including Washington D.C. and Texas, to everyone's satisfaction. 1. California was added as a free state. 2. territories of New Mexico and Utah, with slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty at statehood. 3. Texas gave up its western land claims in New Mexico (That's why it has such a weird shape!) but received $10 million in compensation. 4. In Washington D.C., slavery would continue legally, but the slave markets would be closed. 5. Finally, the most controversial part of the Compromise of 1850 was the aggressive new Fugitive Slave Act.

Gate of All Nations

A part of the Palace of Persepolis; Xerxes' name was written in three languages and carved on these entrances

Etruscans

A people who inhabited early italy. We actually know very little about the Etruscans. We know that they didn't speak Latin or any of the other Indo-European languages that had spread from the Black Sea basin. This suggests that the Etruscans had been living in Italy since as early as 3-4,000 BCE. Arch. Womens rights.

Vedic Age

A period in the history of India; It was a period of transition from nomadic pastoralism to settled village communities, with cattle the major form of wealth. The faith of the Aryans melded with the Harappa culture (Indus Valley) to create very early Hindu traditions.

Oprichniki

A personal group of civil servants who arrested boyers and gave their lands to Ivan the Terrible's supporters. Generally enforced tsar's will brutally and sometimes arbitrarily. Despite Ivan's work to centralize government (and crush the boyars), his violent methods, along with famine, constant war, and illness, left Russia in disarray when Ivan died in 1584.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. More of an attitude towards life rather than a religion.

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe. Though repayment of this aid was not required, there were strings attached which affected the wider European and global markets. European states were required to remove tariffs, trade agreements with multiple countries rather than bilateral agreements. diversity of trade was encouraged with both the U.S. and within Europe. Indeed, some of this cash given in aid came back to the U.S. economy through trade deals with European economies. The Marshall Plan also won political points for the United States in its growing Cold War.

imperialsm

A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. By taking these areas, European countries cut out the middle-man. They did not need to trade because they now controlled the resources directly. in order to sell more goods, you need more places to sell them. colonies on these continents were seen as great places to get cheap, raw materials for Europe's factories. Add to this that Europe needed a place to house and employ their surplus population, and you can see why New Imperialism held the promise of economic growth. since competition between countries was so fierce, sometimes one country would set up colonies in an area just to keep another country out. was that they were more advanced than people who lived in other areas of the world. Rather than trying to understand other cultures, they believed that they were barbarians or uncivilized.

Jacksonian Democracy

A policy of spreading more political power to more people. It was a "Common Man" theme. fighting against economic monopolies, changing the political nomination process from one of insider-only caucuses to national conventions open to all, and rejecting pork-barrel politics that had long been the mainstay of Washington, DC. any project that did not have all of America's interest in mind and did not conform strictly to the Constitution would not survive. These and other actions did not make Old Hickory popular with the tea-and-crumpets crowd of DC but endeared him in the hearts and minds of the common man.

Brahman

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

Temperance Movement

A social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages rooted in Protestantism and culminating in the 18th Amendment. "Normalcy" of Harding represented the desire of the American public to turn away from the progressive reform of the early 1900s and presidency of Woodrow Wilson. prohibition movement, finally achieved success with the adoption of the 18th Amendment and the Volstead Act. start of the 20th century, Women's Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon League: alcohol was destroying the moral compass of America, making citizens less productive and destroying American families. Ifindings showing that alcohol did more harm than good. staging protests and mobilizing Protestant churches behind a single-minded effort to elect 'dry' political candidates. Wayne Wheeler, drafted the bill and named it for Andrew Volstead, Chairman of the House Judiciary Committee who helped oversee the legislation. protect the family, promote social stability. The war actually gave the movement some validity. Grain was so crucial to the war effort, how could the government allow it to be used to make liquor? Others argued that alcohol, like brothels, undermined the discipline of young soldiers. President Wilson vetoed the Volstead Act (which further defined 'intoxicants'), but Congress overturned his veto. The law stood. victory for the rural and small towns of America over the big cities, where immoral behavior seemed rampant. morality in America would be elevated with productivity. Most did not anticipate the strong resistance to the law and amendment. Total Failure

First Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution favorable climate for industrialization. surplus of food meant money used to purchase manufactured goods. The population increase and exodus created a ready pool of workers for the new industries. Britain had financial institutions in place and profits on trade allowed investors to support the construction of factories. Early industrial entrepreneurs were willing to take risks on the chance that they would reap financial rewards later. Britain had a vast supply of mineral resources used to run industrial machines, such as coal. Since Britain is a relatively small country, these resources could be transported quickly and at a reasonable cost. Low regulation. Britain's merchant marine could transport goods to foreign markets. colonial empire created a ready supply of consumers to purchase its manufactured goods. James Hargreaves' spinning Jenny in 1764, yarn could be produced in greater quantities. In 1787, Edmund Cartwright's power loom revolutionized the speed of cloth weaving. steam engine (developed by James Watt) further transformed the cotton industry. powered by coal. This meant that factories no longer needed to be located next to sources of water. Since the coke could heat iron more quickly than charcoal, production rates increased. This iron instrumental in creating machinery and rails. new networks of canals and roads were built However, railroads quickly surpassed. As early as 1700, wooden railroad tracks were being replaced by iron ones. In 1804, Richard Trevithick developed the first working steam powered locomotive. First tested in Wales, Trevithick's locomotive ran at five miles per hour. In 1829, George Stephenson's Rocket locomotive ran at 16 miles per hour. The success of the railroad: The need for coal to power the trains and iron for tracks and engines led to profit in those two industries. New middle class investors placed their money in joint-stock companies. Railroad construction created many new jobs. The lower cost of transporting goods decreased consumer prices and increased profit margins for industries. I

biochemical oxygen demand

Amount of oxygen required by aquatic bacteria to decompose given load of organic waste; a measure of water pollution.

Luxor Temple

Built by Amehotep III that emphasizes divine aspects of pharaoh even as living king. Uses pylons as supportive gateway.

acquisition of knowledge

As growth developed in trade and administration, a growing need for literacy also developed. People who were able to keep records, like clerics and scribes, were highly in demand. Church educators could not meet the needs of education for the time. Schools began to develop around the 12th century. Rather than focusing on the ability to simply copy letters, town schools taught children in a way that encouraged discussion and the exchange of ideas. + crusades + individuals

Mary Queen of Scots

At a very young age, Mary was betrothed to the heir of the French throne, Francis II. Scottish people would see her more as French than Scotch. raised as a devout Catholic. When Bloody Mary died without a male heir, Mary, Queen of Scots tried to assert her right to the English throne. Her right to the throne was strongly supported by the Catholics of England. However, instead of Mary, Queen of Scots, England recognized Henry VIII's other daughter, Elizabeth, as their new queen. Catholics saw Elizabeth as not proper queen due to annulment and supported Mary. Married VIII's nephew but backfired when he mysteriously died and she married the main suspect. Elizabeth did not have sympathy. many historians believe this was the final straw that caused Phillip to send his Armada to invade England in the year 1588.

Partition of Poland

Catherine the Great betrayed. Austria worried about sharing a border with Russia. This arrangement was agreed upon by the three monarchs - Catherine II of Russia, Frederick I of Prussia and Maria Theresa and Joseph II of Austria - in 1772. country taking a portion adjacent to their already held territory. This was nearly a third of its space, containing nearly half of the population. The immense loss of territory shocked. clamor for government reform. Enlightenment-style reforms were instituted, including educational and military reforms, and the tax system was restructured new liberal constitution was written and established shared common values with the recently created United States Constitution abolishing existing structures based on medieval rights and tenures. Conservative Polish nobles, who stood to lose most of their power, with help and backing from Catherine's Russia, created the Confederation of Targowica, aiming to overthrow the constitution. Both Russia and Prussia invaded Poland from the east and west. The former Catherine favorite, King Stanislaw, defected to the Confederation and the constitution was doomed. they confirmed it while surrounded by Russian troops. Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

James Polk

Dark horse maneuvered into position by Tyler. Promised to go for only one term. Linked Oregon to Texas. Legislation was actually signed by Tyler. [Note: Mexico had never even recognized Texas independence and threatened war if the U.S. annexed Texas. By the time Polk was inaugurated, diplomatic relations with Mexico had been severed.]

First Continental Congress

Delegates from twelve colonies were chosen from among them to meet in Philadelphia because it was the most centrally located city. During the months of September and October 1774, the First Continental Congress met to assert their rights within the British government, not to rebel against it. First, they sent the Declaration and Resolves to King George III in which they condemned the Intolerable Acts as a violation of British law. They sanctioned the colonial militias and a Patriot government in Massachusetts and endorsed a boycott of British goods, including slaves. Finally, they agreed to meet again the following spring if England had not granted them full representation and undone some of the wrongs they had committed. Many in England were incensed by the Congress and its work, but William Pitt (for whom Pittsburg is named) defended the colonies. Parliament passed the Conciliatory Resolution, relieving taxes for colonies that supported the government. But before news of the law could reach the colonies, war had broken out.

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. Umayyad too secular for them. Islamic golden age for 500 years. Shia broke off to Iberian peninsula. Huge land holdings. Ultimately Baghdad defeated by Mongols (Gengis Kahn and ancestors). Fragments Islamic world for 300 years until united by the ottoman.

War of the Roses

Edward III (who starts the 100 years war) followed by his grandson Richard II (cruel), followed by Henry IV (Lancaster cousin) who overthrows him, Henry V very popular (Agincourt) but dies suddenly with a meek Henry VI heir. Lords compete to fill power vacuum. Henry VI's wife, Margaret of Anjou, manipulated her husband and alienated powerful noble houses. Ultimately Richard of York appointed protector of realm due to unwell Henry VI. Henry VI strikes back and there's a struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose). Initially Richard wins and, instead of killing a divine appointed king, bargains to be heir, cutting off Margaret's kids. Margaret's forces attack and kill Richard and Neville, but Richard's son rallies the Houe of York and sends Margaret into exile. He takes throne as Edward IV. Edward IV's own brother George consipires with Margaret to take throne. Ultimately, Edward comes out on top and was succeeded by his son, Edward V. Then along comes the usurper, Richard III. Nobles all turned against Richard III and the War finally ends with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII (Henry Tudor, actually a Lancaster)

military-industrial complex

Eisenhower first coined this phrase when he warned American against it in his last State of the Union Address. He feared that the combined lobbying efforts of the armed services and industries that contracted with the military would lead to excessive Congressional spending.

New Look Policy

Eisenhower's national security policy which worked to balance the demands of the growing arms race. He hoped that this rapprochement, or establishment of cordial relations, would cool tensions. reduced ground forces and relied more on nuclear weaponry and air power. This would protect the economy, while giving the United States the power to retaliate with quick and devastating power against communist aggression. Supported containment, but also brinkmanship.

Tetrarchy

Emperor Diocletian's division of the Roman Empire into four seperate administrative districts

Roanoke

Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. After conflict with the natives, in which they beheaded the Indian chief, the colonists caught a ride back to England with Francis Drake who was going home after raiding some Caribbean islands. The fleeing colonists just missed the supply shipment sent to them from England. A detachment of soldiers from this supply ship stayed behind to guard the Queen's claim to the land. Then, Raleigh arranged for a second colony attempt nearby. Sending 150 people with Governor John White, the new settlers were supposed to meet up with the guards who had remained from the supply ship. But the new settlers found no soldiers, just one bleached out skeleton. wouldn't allow the frightened colonists back on the ships. convinced their new Governor to go back to England and return to them with reinforcements. Governor White agreed, possibly motivated by the birth of his granddaughter. Born in Roanoke on August 18, 1587, Virginia Dare was the first English child born in the new world. Before leaving, Governor White suggested that if the colonists had to relocate, they carve the name of their new location on a tree. With this arrangement, Governor White headed back to England. Didn't return until 1590 due to delays caused by Spanish. Nobody there. Mystery to this day.

plate armor

Excellent protection. Deflect direct piercing. Not flexible. 2x heavier that chainmail. These limitations combined to make the knight himself incredibly heavy and nearly immobile. He would depend upon his horse for mobility and maneuverability.

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR's foreign policy of promoting better relations w/Latin America by using economic influence rater than military force in the region. Granted more autonomy. Also lowered tariffs and got reciprocal agreements.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. Horizontal and Vertical. Trusts.

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe. New monarch in france a disappointment. Napolean returns. Waterloo. The notion of a return to monarchies was not what the middle class had in mind. In Spain it looked like they were going to get their constitution but then the French sent in troops and shut it down. Similar revolts were crushed by the Austrians in Italy and the Tsar in Russia. In France the Ultras tried to go really old school (July ordinances), and had sympathy from the monarchs, but the people ultimately kicked out Charles X.

Russian Revolution

Food shortages, riots, and general unrest led to Tsar Nicholas II (not charismatic) falling out of favor with the Russian people. Large-scale demonstrations swept over the then-capital city of Petrograd (now St. Petersburg) as peasants, workers, and even soldiers protested the rule of the Tsar. (remember, they lost to Japan in 1905) Bloody Sunday. Caving to political pressure, he approved the creation of the Duma, a legislative assembly. Then came 1914 and unimaginable loss of life. February 1917 pretty much everyone was in the streets. Russia's new provisional government was highly divided between moderates and radicals. Many leaders of the provisional government favored withdrawing from the war. radical factions of the provisional government called for an immediate end to the war. Petrograd Soviet was a loose coalition of Petrograd labor unions. The Bolsheviks were a Marxist group who were followers of Vladimir Lenin; they were primarily of industrial workers. October Revolution. It has also been called the Bolshevik Revolution. Arming themselves, the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government and declared a communist state. The Russian Revolution immediately spawned the Russian Civil War, in which Bolshevik 'Reds' fought conservative 'Whites.' Although the anti-Bolshevik 'Whites' were supported by the United States and other Western European democracies, they were ultimately unable to stop the tide of communism in Russia.

Article One of the Constitution

Gave congress the legislative powers which means they have the authority to make laws. Article I of the Constitution establishes the legislative branch of our government. the House of Representatives and the Senate. The primary purpose of the Congress is to make laws. In the House, representatives are elected every two years, and must be at least 25 years old, have been a U.S. citizen for seven years, and must reside in the state from which they are chosen. The House has the sole power of impeachment - this means that the House can put the president on trial for breaking the law. In the Senate, senators are elected every six years, must be at least 30 years old, have been a U.S. citizen for nine years, and must reside in the state from which they are chosen. The vice president of the United States is the president of the Senate, but the VP has no vote unless there's a tie that needs to be broken. The Senate holds the trial if the House chooses to impeach the president. The punishment can only go as far as throwing the president out of office, and barring them from holding other government offices. According to Article I, it is also Congress' job to raise money, so that means tax, and pay U.S. debts, and it is Congress' job to provide for defense, which means maintain the military.

Hoover and Federal programs

Gave it a try (e.g. Reconstruction Finance Corporation) but could never get over the issue of the budget and giving away Federal assistance to the "lazy". Pessimistic. Depressing. Witness his handling of the Bonus Army, who wanted their checks early.

Martin Waldseemuller

German cartographer who first named the New World "America"

Hawaii becomes a state

In 1849, Hawaii became a protectorate of the U.S. through economic treaties. buildup of American business people operating in Hawaii. pressured the king to limit voting rights to wealthy land owners. Most of these people were foreigners. In 1887, the American, European and elite Hawaiian natives in the Hawaiian government passed a new constitution, stripping the monarchy of its power. They used military force to make the king sign it. Queen Lili'uokalani ascended to the throne in 1891 started to work on a new constitution for Hawaii, which would reinstate the veto power of the monarchy. It would also give voting rights back to the disenfranchised, poor native Hawaiians. Basically, prominent American and European business people, most prominently, Sanford B. Dole, who didn't want to lose control, seized power and had the Queen imprisoned. Hawaii had enjoyed a tariff-free, favored trade status through a treaty signed in 1875. When the McKinley Tariff went through in 1890, it drastically raised the price of imports. These business people wanted Hawaii annexed to the U.S. This would get rid of taxes on goods from Hawaii and make a lot of money for Dole and his cohorts. The Republic of Hawaii was officially established on July 4, 1894. Sanford B. Dole was the first president. The President of the United States, Grover Cleveland, and his administration, researched and found that the overthrowing of Queen Lili'uokalani was illegal, and actually wanted the Queen returned to power. But, Hawaii became a protectorate of the United States and in 1897, under President McKinley, was made an American Territory.

Egyptian Art

Included painting, sculpture, and architecture, rich with symbolic significance. Egyptians used hieroglyphics and images in their art forms and depicted important figures, like pharaohs, larger than women and servants. Preparation for the afterlife. King son of a god and goddess. Profile head.

Three Crop Rotation

Increased food production. Divided land into threes: planted one in fall, planted one in spring, one left fallow. One third rather than one half lay fallow. Practice of rotating crops kept soil fertile, while allowing people to grow more crops

Disruptions caused by plague

Increased labor cost Doubts about religion Superstition/fear De-urbanization*** Uprisings The conditions leading to the revolt of the lower classes included the population decline from the Black Death and famine, taxation of the peasants, conflict in the Church, and damages from war. These elements weighed heavily on peasants who lacked a voice within the economic structure. They resorted to violence to make themselves heard but accomplished little in their efforts. Although some of the taxes were lifted, peasants still felt the oppression of aristocrats and royalty over their wages.

NAACP

Interracial organization founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination and to achieve political and civil rights for African Americans. The NAACP was instrumental in stopping President Woodrow Wilson from segregating the federal workforce and campaigned to allow African Americans to serve as military officers during World War I. The NAACP also won early civil rights victories between 1915 and 1917 when the Supreme Court declared several state laws unconstitutional, including the grandfather clause, which excused white men from certain voting requirements that were imposed on blacks, and segregated housing laws that outlawed the sale of property to African Americans in certain residential areas.

Austria and Spanish Succession

Leopold's Austrian forces, commanded by the brilliant Prince Eugene of Savoy, invaded the French-held Duchy of Milan in 1701. The war outlasted Leopold. Joseph inherits. Austria's allies bowed out of the fighting when Leopold's other son, Charles VI, inherited the Austrian throne. Charles VI and Austria continued to fight France to a stalemate. territorial gains as a result of the conflict, gaining the Italian principalities of Naples, Milan, Mantua, and Sardinia, checking French eastward expansion into Italy. Additionally, Austria gained control of the Spanish Netherlands (what has become modern-day Belgium) Austria Under Charles VI Charles VI fought a successful war against the Ottomans gaining what remained of Hungary and parts of Serbia. Utilizing his newly acquired ports on the Atlantic, he created the successful trading company, the Ostend Company, in 1722. Secured succession of his daughter, Maria Theresa, to the Austrian throne.

Romans 13:1

Let every soul be subject unto the higher powers. For there is no power but of God: the powers that be are ordained of God.

De Dome Letter

Letter written by the Spanish Ambassador making fun of president McKinley. Published by the New York Journal.

Luther vs. Zwingli

Luther believed that Jesus was physically present in all things and, therefore, already present in the bread and wine used. Zwingli, on the other hand, believed this was practiced simply as a memorial and that physical objects could not hold the presence of a holy being like Jesus. All agreed on baptism as a covenant with God (unlike Anabaptists)

Mark Antony

Mark Antony held the city in tyranny and had incited the masses against Caesar's assassins in the Senate, driving them from Rome. Much of Mark Antony's power and authority derived from his association with Caesar. Yet with Caesar's heir Octavian at hand, the public favor began to slip from Antony. The common people saw the son of Caesar; the Senate saw a young man they could manipulate to get rid of Mark Antony. Realizing his dire situation, Antony fled to Gaul. Yet the Senate had gotten more than they had bargained for in Octavian. Using the menace of Mark Antony as a goad, Octavian bullied the frightened Senate into granting him extraordinary powers for a man of his age. He was made a senator and granted the same powers as the consuls. More importantly, he was given legal control over the armies of Rome. This was a wise choice by the Senate, since much of the Roman army revered Caesar and might have defected to Antony without Caesar's heir there, Octavian, to hold them to the Senate. With the full backing of the Roman Senate, Octavian and the two consuls set out for Gaul. They beat the heck out of Antony at Mutina, forcing the bedraggled general to retreat. In the fighting, both consuls died, leaving all the glory and military command to Octavian. Caesar's right-hand man, teamed with Octavian to punish Caesar's murders, fell in love with Cleopatra, went into civil war, at Battle of Actium, he and Cleopatra fled and committed suicide

Hammurabi

Member of priestly caste. Probably an avatar of Marduk. Established a centralized bureaucracy with taxes.

Sectional differences

Northern states, with their base in heavy industry and capital, contrasted dramatically with the agricultural base of the South, a region primarily fueled by slave labor, sharecroppers, and a small-but-powerful landed gentry. Western states, which, like the South, had economies built on agriculture and raw materials and needed to expand in order to grow economically. West and South wanted reduce the cost of government land and lower protective tariffs - both moves that would strengthen their respective economies. Vice President Calhoun gets involved: nullification. TARIFF'S NOW.... SLAVERY LATER.

Annexation of Texas

Mexico won independence in 1821 The problem was Mexico did not want to sell it. They did want settlers to come in Jackson, with a wink and a nod, allowed American settlers to pour into Texas, and once they arrived, trouble began. These new American settlers disobeyed Mexican law, etc. Wanting to control their nation's demographics, Mexico's federal government imposed a series of new laws regarding immigration, religion, taxation, cash crops and, most importantly, slavery. The Northern residents revolted. By 1835, emigrants to Texas, led by Jackson's old friend Sam Houston, launched a revolt against Mexico, declaring Texas free and sovereign. Needless to say this came as a surprise to Mexico, who sat and watched as a small group of illegal immigrants in their territory declared independence! The results of this 'revolution' are discussed in other lessons, but in his final days as president, Andrew Jackson extended diplomatic recognition to Texas, no doubt pleased with the results. Van Buren said no. Harrison died. Different people in nation would have different opinions. when Tyler brought the treaty before the Senate, it was defeated, and so was Tyler. Texas was annexed by a joint resolution of Congress after the election but before Polk actually took office. Congress passed the resolution, and Texas finally became the 28th state on December 29, 1845. Oregon statehood followed in 1859.

Life of a slave

Most slaves worked on small farms (not many huge plantations), others lived and worked in cities. Families often separated. Forced coupling. Brutal punishment. Sense of community. Rice -- removed houses, overseers, task system. these plantations developed vibrant slave cultures with distinctive forms of music, dancing, religion and even language. Field hands vs. house/skilled slaves.

Columbian Exchange

Old World - Europe, Africa, and Asia - got plants, animals, gold, and, of course, colonies and lands.

Orangeburg Massacre

On Feb. 8, 1968, black students protesting an all- white bowling alley in South Carolina were fired on by the highway patrol, and three were killed and thirty- four injured.

Guy Fawkes

The Catholic who plotted to blow up the king and parliament in the failed "Gunpowder Plot" of 1605. The rest of the gang died in shootouts or after trial for treason. Was all about Catholic persecution.

Life in the New England Colonies

Poor Scots-Irish immigrants settled in the wilderness of North Carolina and the Appalachian Mountains. Wealthier German immigrants fled war and religious persecution. They felt most welcome in Pennsylvania and pushed the frontier steadily westward. difficult to imagine how isolated the colonies were from each other. Most people received more news from Europe than from another region of America. So, each colony grew distinctly from the others, following the local patterns established by the earliest settlers. North. commercial and industrial region. The land and climate doesn't support large-scale farming. natural harbors made fishing, shipping and shipbuilding profitable. Fast-moving rivers ran mills and machinery to manufacture goods. A strong working class developed. 90% of them lived in or near small villages along these rivers. Homes and businesses were literally built in rings around a common building, and there were often shared woodlands and pasture lands for livestock. Since New England farms were fairly small, homes were pretty close together. This compact design encouraged commerce and made community schools practical. New England was the first region in which public education appeared. town meeting, held in the common building. These provided an opportunity for townsmen to voice their concerns and interests and planted the seeds of democratic government. New England women enjoyed a higher social standing than their counterparts in Europe. A competent wife was an important asset in the new world. All women were educated, since everyone needed to study the Bible. They were even allowed to cast their husband's vote at town meetings if he were absent.

Provisions of Oxford

Provisions of Oxford. Provisions of Oxford, (1258), in English history, a plan of reform accepted by Henry III, in return for the promise of financial aid from his barons. Barons become required advisors. No more foreign advisers. Followed up by Provisions of Westminister and Barons War.

Causes of the French Revolution

Rising Bread Prices (crop failures), debt, war, social class system, unfair taxes. Philosophes in coffee shops. Enlightenment. Pamphlets. Frustration vs. Excesses portrayed. American Revolution was going to succeed and implement a democratic, representative form of government that enshrined many of those same liberties. Assembly of Notables in 1787, comprising the nobility, clergy, and a few representatives of this group of businessmen. eliminate the French state debt through the removal of the nobility's tax-exempt status.nobility resisted. attempted to enforce the reforms without their approval, but was met with considerable resistance from the regional courts, the parlements. Louis XVI was forced to call the Estates-General, a body of the French representative government that had not been called since 1614. hough the Third Estate, which represented the people, had twice as many members as either the nobility or the clergy, its members were informed at the opening session that the Estates-General would be voting by Estate rather than by individual member, rendering the voice of the people meaningless if faced with opposition from both the clergy and the nobility. 3rd Estate said "We're National" but will subject ourselves to King's approval. Despite the statements of good faith, King Louis XVI was outraged. ordered the Estates to separate and the building closed. Tennis court oath. Chaos. Took to the streets. Louis tried simultaneously to heed some the demands of the National Assembly while also undermining it: on July 14, 1789, the sans-culottes broke into a royal armory, seized as many weapons as they could and stormed the royal prison in Paris, the Bastille, releasing the prisoners

Pericles

Ruler of Athens who zealously sought to spread Athenian (radical) democracy through imperial force. Turns Delian league into a protection racket.

Roger Williams

Roger Williams was one of these unlucky Puritans. He didn't agree with the practice of legally punishing citizens for breaking religious rules, and as a preacher, he taught that the land of New England rightfully belonged to the Natives, not the King or colony. In 1635, Roger Williams was convicted of teaching diverse, new and dangerous opinions. He was ordered to leave Massachusetts before the spring. But since Williams wouldn't keep his opinions to himself throughout the winter, the leaders of Salem decided to arrest him immediately and send him to England, where he was also likely to face imprisonment because of the Civil War. Instead, he fled into the wilderness alone. He was discovered in the snow, nearly frozen, by some Wampanoag. They nursed him back to health, and Chief Massasoit even gave him some land. Unfortunately, it was still inside the colonial charter, so Williams moved on yet again. This time, he purchased land from the Narragansett Indians and established a settlement he called Providence in 1636. As you might expect, his colony guaranteed wide personal and religious freedom. Roger Williams was joined by his family and twelve followers. Roger Williams established the colony of Rhode Island Roger Williams Two years later, a Massachusetts woman named Anne Hutchinson got in trouble with the church in Boston. Unusually well-educated by her father, who was a minister, Hutchinson started hosting a discussion group for women in her home to talk about the sermons they had heard in church on Sunday. But because she sometimes criticized the preachers and sometimes taught men, she came under scrutiny. At her trial and sentencing, officials told her, 'You have stepped out of your place, you have rather been a husband than a wife, a preacher than a hearer ... you are banished from out of our jurisdiction as being a woman not fit for our society.' Even before her trial ended, Anne Hutchinson's family and several close friends signed a compact and agreed to leave Massachusetts. Roger Williams convinced them to come to Narragansett Bay, where they also purchased land and founded the town of Portsmouth. Hutchinson joined them after her sentencing in 1638. A few years later, Roger Williams successfully combined Portsmouth, Providence and some other small communities into the colony of Rhode Island. When the Hutchinsons moved on to New Netherland, they were killed in an Indian attack. The leaders of Massachusetts Bay heard about this, but they didn't feel guilty. They felt justified in their condemnation of her.

War of 1812

Since taking office, Madison had been trying to maintain U.S. neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. Interferring in trade and seizing sailors was a problem with Britain. The trade restrictions and impressment controversy were frustrating, add in the fact that Britain had been helping the Indians fight on the frontier, and together all of these factors were just a little too much for some people. The so-called 'War Hawks' in Congress convinced President Madison to declare war in June 1812. Federalists in the Northeast strongly opposed the war, but they didn't have enough clout to keep the President from being reelected that year. Madison ignorant. Britain had its own army and navy, plus the coalition under Tecumseh and Canadian troops. The invasion of Canada was a total failure. Only successes: First, William Henry Harrison secured Detroit and finally defeated Tecumseh in the same fight. Then Commodore Oliver Perry captured an entire British naval squadron in the Battle of Lake Erie. Farther south, General (and another future president) Andrew Jackson defeated the Creek nation in 1814, subduing the Indian resistance. With Napolean gone, Britain turned all of their attention to fighting America. The British navy waged fierce war at sea, and troops poured into the East Coast, fighting costly battles against weak American militia forces. They set fire to Washington, D.C., including the Capitol building and the White House. Next, the British navy tried to capture the strategic city of Baltimore, blasting Ft. McHenry all day. Star Spangled banner. 1. started talking peace in Belgium. 2. Federalists in New England met to discuss seceding from the Union. They planned to form a new nation and negotiate a favorable peace treaty with Britain on their own. 3. British fleet was heading toward New Orleans. Peace treaty signed to set things back. But British attacked New Orleans. Jackson defended and killed the British general in charge and won the Battle of New Orleans. News of the victory reached Washington about the same time that news of the Treaty of Ghent arrived, and as it just so happened, that was exactly when the New England Federalists were about to deliver their secession demands to the President. That was the end of the Federalist Party in America. An 'Era of Good Feelings' was about to begin. (accentuated by second Barbary thrashing)

Louis tries to expand borders

The League and the other European powers reacted, as Austria, the Dutch Republic, and England formed the Grand Alliance in 1689 to oppose French aggression. Fierce fighting on land and sea continued for nine years until financial and military exhaustion forced both sides to the negotiating table. The 1697 Treaty of Ryswick, which concluded the fighting, allowed Louis to keep Strasbourg, but forced him to return the rest of the territory he had dubiously claimed in the 1680s.

Second Great Awakening

The earlier denominations followed a Calvinist theology called predestination. But that theology didn't line up with the Revolutionary sense of national and personal achievement. It was time for a new religious revival, a Second Great Awakening. Post-war Americans embraced the Arminian theology of free will that gave them a little more input into their eternal resting place. Rather than being predestined to heaven or hell, this doctrine says humans are responsible for accepting or rejecting God's salvation. What's more, we have a moral obligation to do more than just prove we have a spot in heaven; we need to improve the world around us. A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. The Second Great Awakening was very democratic - anyone could be saved, personal study of the Bible was as good as or better than being taught by someone with formal training. It isn't enough to just 'be' good; you need to 'do' good. Don't just change your heart; change your world! Does this sound familiar to you? These values are still characteristic of a lot of religious groups and even non-religious activists in America today. Revivalists held huge outdoor camp meetings in these rural areas. Sometimes, more than one preacher at a time would be speaking in different corners, turning church into a marketplace where people chose their favorite brand. As many as 20,000 people from all around the region came to enjoy the music and the teaching. The inspirational and emotional messages led some people to believe that they were literally filled with the spirit of God at these meetings, just like men in the Bible had experienced.

Hellenization

The spread of Greek culture, begun during the time of Alexander the Great. Though earlier empires made efforts at linguistic unification, none were equipped with a full alphabet like the Greeks had. This alphabet had very few characters, making it easier to learn, but it also included vowel sounds, allowing people unfamiliar with Greek to sound out the words. The Greeks even added little accent marks to their writing to make it even easier to read. The result was that Greek quickly became the universal language of the ancient world.

Purpose of Feudalism

To gain some semblance of control, these kings or lords began giving fiefs, or portions of land, to the nobility. Those given the land came to be known as vassals. In return for the gift of land, the vassals would offer the lord their allegiance. Yes, they would raise armies to protect their own lands, but their first official duty was to fight for the king should challengers arise. In this manner, a system of lords and lesser lords grew to dominate most of Europe. offering protection in a very chaotic time, making it possible to govern and protect large territories in the absence of a centralized government. As Charlemagne's empire fell apart, Europeans needed to find a new way to protect themselves against these Viking raiders, something local and small enough to be responsive but powerful enough to protect the people and their property. Charlemagne had too many coastlines and riverfronts to protect against the Viking raids. Charlemagne Viking Raids Map This marks the birth of feudalism, a system in which local lords tax their people to support small armies and build fortifications. Since trade amongst people groups was seldom an option, the feudal manor offered a self-sufficient community, complete usually with a castle, a church, and a village in which the serfs resided.

Edmund Burke

Thoughts on the Causes of the Present Discontents, Burke argued that united parties could have political value, especially when it came to opposing initiatives of the king and limiting the monarchy's prerogative powers. Burke proposed further limitations on the king's power, though Burke had a strong reaction to the French Revolution, and after 1789 often sided with the monarchy during votes on parliamentary reforms in order to maintain the political status quo. Despite Burke's zeal for making British politics more effective, Burke recognized the value of the standing institutions and denied the rights of the people to make any radical changes to existing political structures. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy.

This struggle for power would continue until roughly 1200 BCE, when a series of invasions from all directions tore bronze age civilization to shreds (including from the "sea peoples")

Trade ground to a halt, populations plummeted, literacy all but disappeared, entire empires disappeared overnight and civilization itself seemed to teeter on the brink of annihilation.

Oregon Trail

Trail from independence Missouri to Oregon used by many pioneers during the 1840s. blazed by fur trappers like John Jacob Astor as a footpath. wagon trail included bridges and mountain passes, taking nearly half a million people not just to Oregon but to many 'jumping-off points,' leading prospectors to California, Mormon refugees to Utah and settlers anywhere there was fertile land, displacing thousands of Native Americans in the process.

Brook Farm

Transcendentalist commune founded by a group of intellectuals, who emphasized living plainly while pursuing the life of the mind. The community fell into debt and dissolved when their communal home burned to the ground in 1846. Contrast with success of Oneida.

Consul

Under the Roman Republic, one of the two magistrates holding supreme civil and military authority. Nominated by the Senate and elected by citizens in the Comitia Centuriata, the consuls held office for one year and each had power of veto over the other.

Spread of Renaissance

When Northern merchants, diplomats, and soldiers began visiting the city-states of Italy, they were dazzled by the beauty of Italian art, architecture, and culture. Many returned home, carrying their love of the Renaissance over the Alps to their homelands. In short, the Northern Renaissance was born through cultural diffusion.

Dutch War of Independence

William of Orange, also known as William the Silent and a convert to Calvinism, led the Northern provinces to rebel. All churches in this area either voluntarily converted to Calvinism or they were forced to. By the early 1570s, the Spanish had suppressed much of the rebellion throughout the Netherlands but then pushed their luck by levying new taxes onto the Dutch. This new tax rekindled the fire of rebellion. In 1572, the rebels captured Brielle, giving them a foothold in the north and inspiring Protestants all over the region to once again take up arms. By 1572, the provinces of Holland and Zeeland were firmly under Calvinist control. Either way, Protestants were winning the war against Catholic Spain. Spanish soldiers mutiny for lack of pay. When England, ruled by the Protestant Queen Elizabeth, joined the side of the Dutch, freedom was within sight. free from Spanish domination, the Netherlands were mostly Protestant in the north and Catholic in the south. The Northern provinces, which had started the rebellion, took on the name the United Provinces. Those in the south, which remained loyal to Catholicism, were known as the Obedient Provinces. Spain launched another armada in 1639! This time the target was the Dutch north. Just like the first time, Spain suffered a decisive defeat. Finally, in 1648, the 80 Years' War came to an end. Despite the differences in religious affiliation, these provinces would come to coexist peacefully. With this peace, the Netherlands became known across Europe as a land of religious tolerance. In the years following the Reformation, religious refugees from France, England, and Spain fled to the Netherlands for safety.

John O'Sullivan

Wrote an editorial that first mentioned the term "Manifest Destiny"

Innocent IV and Henry III

You support me against HRE and I'll make your son Edward the king of Sicily

Agincourt

a battle in northern France in which English longbowmen under Henry V decisively defeated a much larger French army in 1415

IPAT equation

an equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: impact = population x affluence x technology

Causes of the Renaissance

people wanted to bring back the greek and roman ways of life; began in Italy Causes: Feudal way of life declining: -church was loosing power -nobility in chaos -growth of middle class through trade Fall of Constantinople: -greek scholars fled to Italy Education Desire for Italians to recapture the glory of the former Roman empire advances in banking (double entry, letters of credit, coinage) Amazing individuals

Referendum

process in which a legislative body can submit a proposed local or state law to be voted on directly by the people. If a person believes an existing law to be bad, they may use the referendum process by circulating a petition asking that the law be submitted for popular vote.

Recall

process in which the people can vote on whether to remove an elected official from office. In a recall vote, voters must vote again on candidates for the position in question. If the incumbent (official currently in office) wins, he or she stays in office. If he or she loses, they are recalled, or removed from office.

Southern economy

there were several textile and flour mills, as well as forges in Tennessee, but they made things that were used by Southern plantations and homes. So, they barely register as exports in terms of value to the economy. While some Southerners did advocate for economic diversity and commercial development, the plantation system was so profitable, and so much of their capital was tied up in land and slaves that little cash was available for investing. What's more, the society of the South was committed to romantic ideals of chivalry and a leisurely rural lifestyle. honor above all else, defending his family name, white women and his children. Public disrespect towards any of these necessitated a duel. physically strong, since a gentleman saw himself as a defender of the weak and defenseless. A lady's place was at home, supervising household staff, entertaining guests and speaking out in anger only to defend her children and husband. very few people lived that way in the South; 3/4 of all Southern whites didn't even own a single slave, and of those slave holders, a majority owned fewer than six people. Most were yeoman farmers, growing food for themselves and their animals, with just a little extra to sell. lower class of whites lived on unproductive land in horrid poverty equal to that of slaves most slave drivers - who 'cracked the whip' - came from this underclass of whites.

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically. included former Populists, followers of the Social Gospel movement, European socialist immigrants and muckraking journalists (much like today's investigative reporters). Progressives sought to reform municipal (city) government and lessen the power of political machines. Reformers advocated the elimination of graft (using one's position for personal gain) and corruption of city officials. They supported citywide elections, nonpartisanship, and professional city administration. Businessmen, in particular, believed city governments should be run like businesses in an attempt to eliminate inefficiency and waste in government and municipal services. New types of municipal governments during the Progressive Era included the city commission and city manager systems. In the city commission system, five city commissioners are elected to head different departments of city government. The commissioners come together to enact legislation. One of the drawbacks of the city commission system is that it gave considerable power to individual commissioners. In the city manager system, a council or commission is elected to make policies that are then carried out by a city manager, including the hiring and supervision of city departments and employees. Some of the new reforms were actually less representative of all the people because political bosses had previously given a voice to working-class immigrants. Now municipal governments were influenced more by the urban middle class. Monopolies of public utilities, such as water, gas, electric, and transit systems, also came under fire by political reformers. The political influence of these companies was challenged by the passing of laws to regulate their rates and increase their taxes. Some Progressives went so far as to argue that utilities should come under public ownership.