CSS 1302 Final

4 Types of Listening (Mr. Gould)

1. Appreciative Listening: for pleasure or enjoyment (listening to music) 2. Empathic Listening: to provide emotional support for speaker (friend in need) 3. Comprehensive Listening: to understand the message of a speaker (directions to house 4. Critical Listening: evaluating message for purpose of accepting or rejecting it (car salesman, political candidate, jury duty)

4 Objectives of an Introduction

1. Attention Grabber 2. Preview main points 3. Reveal Topic 4. Establish credibility and goodwill

Three Types of Examples

1. Brief: a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point 2. Extended: a story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point 3. Hypothetical: an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

2 Types of Endings

1. Crescendo Ending: speech builds in power and intensity 2. Dissolve Ending: generates emotional appeal by fading step by step into dramatic final statement

4 Causes of Poor Listening (Mr. Gould)

1. Jumping to Conclusions: putting words in the speaker's mouth; because we are sure we know what the speakers mean, we don't listen; you're cheating yourself and speaker if you chose to judge and choose not to listen 2. Not Concentrating: we talk at rate of 120-150 wpm, brain can process 400-800 wpm; too much spare brain time; general lack of focus 3. Listening Too Hard: human sponges, soak up every word of speaker, as if very important; we often miss speaker's main points and confuse facts; hyperfocus 4. Focusing on Delivery and Personal Appearance: accent, personal appearance, or vocal mannerisms; major sources of interference in the speech communication process, and something we need to guard against

7 Types of Ineffective Listening (Mr. Gould)

1. Pseudo Listening: Like, but not actual; mimics real thing; all the signs are there, but you are not focused 2. Stage Hogging: Listener centers conversation around self 3. Selective Listening: Skimming - Listening to only what is interesting 4. Insulated Listening: avoid parts of remarks that apply to them 5. Defensive Listening: Taking others' remarks as a personal attack 6. Ambushing: listening closely to collect information and use against the other person 7. Insensitive: demonstrated by a lack of awareness to the situation or the people that most need us to be relationally in-tune

Five Step Method for Improving Delivery

1. Read Aloud 2. speaking outline 3. practice the speech aloud 4. practice in front of a mirror, tape record your practice, and/or present your speech to a friend 5. Do a dress rehearsal of the speech under conditions as close possible to those of the actual speech

Speech Making Process

1. Select Your Topic: Know what you are going to talk about 2. Audience Analysis: analyzing the people who will hear your speech so you can adapt the speech to them to see how the speech will benefit them and so you don't offend them (audience-centeredness, egocentrism, demographic audience analysis: age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial/ethnic/cultural background, group membership; stereotyping, situational audience analysis: size, physical setting, disposition toward the topic/speaker/occasion 3. Research/Gathering materials: research information on your topic so you can get an idea of what to talk about and so you have correct facts 4. Select main ideas: you should have 2-5 main ideas; these are like the body paragraphs of the speech 5. Select pattern of organization: to deliver your main points, you can use topical, causal, problem solution, chronological, spatial 6. Delivery: Give your speech on the day of the speech

2 Objectives of a Conclusion

1. Signal Closing (set expectation) 2. reinforce the central idea (restate) Summarize speech - restate main points end w/ quote make a dramatic statement refer to intro (sandwiching) in addition: create a firm sense of closure, call to action, use inspirational or emotional appeal Conclude with a BANG, not a whimper

10 Commandments of Listening

1. Stop Talking 2. Put the talker at ease 3. Show him/her that you want to listen 4. Remove distractions 5. Empathize with the speaker 6. Be Patient 7. Hold your temper 8. Go easy on argument and criticism 9. Ask questions 10. Stop talking!

ethics require

1. a standard to follow - a guideline 2. the will to follow it - a commitment

types of informative speeches

1. objects: anything visible, tangible, and stable in form (places, structures, animals, products) 2. Processes: a systematic series of actions that leads to a specific end result or product; focuses on patterns of action 3. Events: speeches about events focusing on things that happened, are happening, or will happen; provide audience with some way to use the information 4. Concepts: focus on beliefs, ideas, notions, and theories; more abstract; no persuasive tone; avoid technical language, define terms clearly, use examples and comparisons to illustrate the concepts

7 Attention Grabbers

1. relate topic to audience 2. build the audience's curiosity 3. startle your audience 4. rhetorical question 5. quotation 6. tell a story 7. use humor; suspense; reference the date (9/11), recent events, historical events, or the occasion

Gathering materials: Three Types of Research

1. statistics: numerical data 2. examples: three types - brief, extended, hypothetical 3. testimony: does not include witness; just peer and expert

Nervousness is not always visible to the audience and usually decreases after the first ___.

30-60 seconds

Elements of Personal Communication

7% spoken words 38% voice, tone 55% body language

Q&A Sessions

Anticipate what questions will be asked ahead of time listen carefully repeat/restate the question for everyone to hear be concise and to the point

____ is one of the most important works on public speaking.

Aristotle's Rhetoric

What is not a similarity between public speaking and a conversation?

Assuming others understand your message

2 Major factors that influence credibility

Competence Character

Demographic v. Situational Audience Analysis Factors

Demographic: age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, racial/ethnic/cultural background, group membership Situational: size, physical setting, disposition toward the topic (interest, knowledge, attitude), disposition toward the speaker, disposition toward the occasion

Becoming a Better Listener (Mr. Gould)

Effective listeners take their task seriously by approaching listening as an active process, you will sharpen your concentration and comprehension attitude: state of mind about something - the beliefs or feelings we have about ourselves, other people, ideas, and events; attitude is closely tied to judgements

How to Enhance Credibility

Establish Common Ground Explain your Competence Deliver your Speeches Fluently, Expressively, and with Conviction: credibility is strongly affected by your delivery; credibility is strengthened by Genuine Conviction

Interactional communication includes newspapers, books, and TV.

False

Cortisol is a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical/mental stress.

False; adrenaline

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has their best interest or not is called credibility.

False; goodwill

A rhetorical question is answered out-loud by the audience.

False; in their heads

Linear communication includes feedback.

False; interactional

Most nervousness during public speaking is visible to your audience.

False; invisible

The dissolve ending builds in power and intensity.

False; lowers

One objective of the conclusion is to introduce a new idea.

False; the objectives of the conclusion are to signal closing and to reinforce the central idea

SITUATIONS in Personal Communication

Formal: Ex funeral Informal: conversation with a friend

What is an example of a speech about a concept?

Freedom

When identifying traits of the audience unique to the speaking situation, evaluate all of the following except:

INCLUDES disposition about topic, feelings about the about the occasion, attitudes affected by setting; EXCEPT behavior toward peers

General Purpose of Public Speaking

Inform: to help others gain information Persuade: to help others to determine what to do/believe Entertain: to help others to feel happy and good about themselves

3 Types of Credibility

Initial, Derived, Terminal

Aristotle's Three Qualities of Ethos

Intelligence, character, goodwill

Speech Structure

Intro: attention grabber, preview topic and main points body: mani ideas and examples/statistics conclusion: wrapping it up, restating main points

Logos

Logical proof, use of evidence and reasoning to convince listeners third most prominent method evidence - facts, stats, examples, illustrations, expert testimony, personal opinion, anything that generates proof in the audience reasoning the command of language causal reasoning: reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Which of the following is not a guideline for ethical listening?

NOT look for appropriate cues and opportunities for comments and questions; INCLUDES maintain the free and open expression of ideas, avoid prejudging the speaker, be courteous and attentive

Which of the following is not a guideline for ethical speaking?

NOT look for sources more credible than yourself; INCLUDES: be fully prepared for each speech, be honest in what you say, make sure your goals are ethically sound, avoid name calling and abusive language

Which of the following is not a demographic to consider about you audience?

NOT racial and music preference; INCLUDES age and gender, religion and sexual orientation, ethnic and cultural background

Differences between Public Speaking and Conversation

Public speaking has more structure Public speaking requires more formal language Public speaking requires a different delivery method

Which of the following is not a difference between public speaking and a conversation?

Public speaking is less highly structured.

METHODS: Reflecting and Evaluating

Results-Based: does message accomplish goal? Artistic-Based: proper selection of elements of communication and method? content-based: message is appropriate to purpose? ethics-based: is the communicator being honest?

The Speech Communication Process: 7 Elements

Speaker (sender) message channel listener (receiver) feedback interference (noise) situation

____: creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of a group are alike

Stereotyping

What is the illusion of transparency?

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

Persuasion in Public Speaking: Listeners will be persuaded by a speaker for one of the following reasons:

They perceive the speaker to have high CREDIBILITY They are won over by the speaker's EVIDENCE They are convinced by the speaker's REASONING Their EMOTIONS are touched by the speaker's ideas and language

One of the objectives of the introduction is to preview the body of the speech.

True. The Four objectives of the intro are: attention grabber, preview the main points, reveal topic, establish credibility and goodwill

Global plagiarism consists of stealing a speech from one source and passing it off as your own.

True; Global=one

Most researchers say positive thoughts about giving a speech should be five times greater than the number of negative thoughts.

True; always have a positive attitude!

Audience members often approach speeches with this mind: "Why/How is this important to me?"

True; audience members pay more attention to topics they care about

A guideline for informative speaking is to avoid being too technical.

True; be general so everyone can understand.

Disposition toward the speaker is one type of situational audience analysis.

True; other types include disposition toward the occasion and disposition toward the topic

Patchwork plagiarism consists of stealing ideas or languages from two or three sources.

True; patchwork=few

Speakers obtain Feedback to ensure the message was received.

True; speakers get feedback from the audience to know what worked and what didn't work too well

Group membership is an example of using demographics for audience analysis.

True; think about the group they belong to

Messages can be both verbal and nonverbal.

True; two types of communication are verbal and nonverbal

Give your audience plenty of help in sorting through your facts and ideas:

Use transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts

Audience Centeredness

What is the most effective way of composing or presenting your speech to accomplish my purpose?

Audience Analysis

Who am I speaking to? What do I want my audience to KNOW, to BELIEVE, or to DO as a result of my speaking? Audience members ask themselves: Why is this important to me? Why should I care? Do not assume your audience is like you. Show your audience that you understand their perspective and have anticipated their concerns/questions. How will you adapt your message to your audience? How much will your audience be able to remember or retain? TWO TYPES: demographic and situational audience analysis

Don't overestimate what the audience knows:

You cannot assume your listeners will know what you mean; be sure to explain everything thoroughly; always consider if what you are saying will be clear to your audience

credibility and delivery

a speaker's credibility is strongly affected by the delivery: preparation and nonverbal communication

informative speaking

a speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

Demographics: Understanding Your AUDIENCE

age, gender, occupation, religious background, political affiliation, ethnic or cultural considerations, socioeconomic

Fallacies (Logos)

an error in reasoning avoid them at all costs there are more than 125 represent typical patterns of error that can be named

What are the 3 items you need to turn in for your speech

annotated bibliography, outline, Turnitin receipt

first responsibility as a public speaker:

ask if your goals are ethically sound

why teach ethics?

because there is a GAP between the ideal (the standard people show follow) and the real (the standard that people actually follow)

explicit PURPOSE

can be stated word for word; used in formal settings, presentations, tome is business, helps audience early on understand how to interpret the speaker's words

trust is the result of what two things?

character and competence

There are four main ways mentioned in the book for how to classify informative speeches. Please list two.

concept; object

Notes from Mr. Gould

creating meaning is a process meaning is not in the text (word) but is something that is constructed by the listener based on a number of knowledge sources. 30% of adult's waking hours in no or nonverbal comm. 70% of adult's waking hours in verbal comm. Hearing the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain; physical; passive process Listening paying close attention to, and making sense of what we hear; physical and mental process; active process; learned ability; developed skill; you must make a choice to participate in the process of listening

Pathos

emotional proof, getting the audience to identify with the position second most prominent method emotional appeal includes the idea of empathy individuals and mass audiences alike are more likely to support someone who supports their point of view, even if they disagree the ability to appeal to the audience's sense of justice, fair play, and human dignity

Ethos

ethical proof, audience's perception of the character of the speaker (image) the most predominant method the higher the education of the audience the more they will demand logical proof who you are as a person the modern word for __ is credibility

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs is called ___.

ethics

Don't be too technical:

even if topic isn't technical, every activity has its own jargon and can be difficult to explain unless you are talking to specialists

Posture

hold head high w/ chin parallel to the floor; aim for a neutral position; stand w/ feet hip distance apart; stand with arms naturally at your side

sound ethical decisions ___.

involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

effectiveness of informative speaking

is the info communicated accurately? is the info communicated clearly? is the info made meaningful and interesting to the audience?

relate the subject directly to the audience:

make it interesting!; take steps to relate your topic to your audience's interest and concerns

The Introduction and Conclusion

make sure they stick with the audience; with whatever gifts you have, make them memorable with personality, passion, and humor

SPAM Model

model for audience analysis Situation (time and place, must be appropriate), Purpose (the goal the communicator wants to accomplish), Audience (the persons you are directing your communication), Method (what method is appropriate for the S, P, and A?)

Similarities with Public Speaking and Conversation

organizing your thoughts logically tailor your message to your audience tell a story for maximum impact adapt to listener feedback

Delivery and Nonverbal Communication

posture, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, appearance

Controlling Nerves

prepare, positivity, visualization, slowing down; most of your nerves are internal and the audience will not be able to tell

methods of delivery

reading verbatim from a manuscript reciting a memorized text speaking impromptu speaking extemporaneously

Analogical Reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case must be true for the second case most frequently used reasoning in persuasive speeches

benefits of extemporaneous speaking

similar to everyday conversational tone appears effortless delivery of ideas rather than words spontaneous word choice holds the interest of audience more believable (credible) in selling product, services, ideas, and people more eye contact helps speaker adapt to the reactions of audience sincerity and natural connection with the audience speaking from the heart content/message becomes second nature through practice and rehearsing out loud

extemporaneous speaking

speech delivery that is carefully prepared and rehearsed requires no memorization requires speaker to know content requires a great deal of practice

List two of the seven methods used in gaining the audience's attention.

surprising facts/statistics; asking a rhetorical question

What does rhetoric mean?

the faculty of discovery in any given case the available means of persuasion

the one rule of ethics

the golden rule

be creative and personalize you ideas:

tie in stories that enhance information you are giving; use examples

purpose of informative speaking

to provide interesting, useful, and unique information to your audience

To paraphrase means __.

to restate to summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

avoid abstractions:

use description to depict a person, event, idea or to clarify; use comparisons that put your statement in familiar or similar terms; use contrast to state differences between 2+ people, events, or ideas

the delivery

you will be more comfortable the more you prepare do not rehearse word-for-word rehearse in front of mirror or friends nerves will you cause you to talk faster, so pace yourself (and slow down)