Pathos Week 2 - Chapter 14: Neoplasia

A patient who is diagnosed with breast cancer asks the nurse if cancer cells ever die. Which of the following is the nurse's best response? "Cancer cell differ from normal cells by being immortal and have an unlimited life span." "You need to ask your doctor about this." "It really does not matter as it is more important to work on killing them." "Knowing this is not that important and you should not worry about that."

"Cancer cell differ from normal cells by being immortal and have an unlimited life span."

A nursing instructor who is teaching students about the effects of cancer identifies a need for further instruction when one of the students says which of the following? "Cancer disrupts tissue integrity." "Many body functions are not affected by cancer." "Cancer can cause ulcerations and necrosis." "As cancer grows it can erode blood vessels."

"Many body functions are not affected by cancer."

A nursing student is caring for a patient who was recently diagnosed with breast cancer. Which of the following does the student explain what the doctor meant when the term "sentinel node" was mentioned? "Sentinel node is used to describe which node the cancer goes to last." "Sentinel node is used to describe the last lymph node to which the primary tumor will drain." "Sentinel node is used to describe that all lymph nodes will be affected." "Sentinel node is used to describe the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains."

"Sentinel node is used to describe the initial lymph node to which the primary tumor drains."

While studying for a pathophysiology exam on cells and tissue repair, a student asks, "What happens if, in the process of going through the cell cycle, a cell is damaged?" Which is the best response? "The cell will complete its cycle with an end result that one of the daughter cells will not be identical to that of the parent cell." "The cell will die at that point since it will not have an accurate DNA replication." "There are built in checkpoints in the cell cycle to allow for defects to be edited and repaired." "I guess that is how you get skin cancer, the defect was allowed to complete the cycle and continue reproducing defective cells."

"There are built in checkpoints in the cell cycle to allow for defects to be edited and repaired"

An asymptomatic patient who is worried about developing breast cancer due to the fact that it runs in her family asks the nurse if she could have a mammogram to see if she has any lumps. The nurse informs the patient that a tumor usually is undetectable until it has doubled 30 times and contains more than 1 billion cells. This means that at this point it measures approximately which of the following sizes? 3 cm 5 cm 4 cm 1 cm

1 cm

A client is being treated for stomach cancer. The client is in considerable and constant pain, and the family is asking why. How does soft tissue cancer cause pain? By compressing and eroding blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis, along with frank bleeding and sometimes hemorrhage. By transforming neurologic innervation, resulting in confused nociception. By obstructing of the flow of contents into and out of the stomach. By putting physical pressure on adjacent organs.

By compressing and eroding blood vessels, causing ulceration and necrosis, along with frank bleeding and sometimes hemorrhage.

A nurse is teaching a group of clients about causes/risk factors for cancer, which include: Select all that apply. Financial status Age Genetics Environment Heredity

Age Environment Genetics Heredity

The nurse is educating a client who is about to undergo a stem cell transplant. The nurse mentions that a single stem cells can give rise to many cells needed for normal tissue repair. What type of replication is this process? Pluripotent Totipotent Embryonic Asymmetric

Asymmetric

A patient whose mother and grandmother both have had cancer is at a higher risk for also developing the disease. Which of the following tumor suppressor genes are associated with genetic susceptibility to breast cancer? Select all that apply. TGF-A TGF-B BRCA1 BRCA2

BRCA1 BRCA2

A nurse interpreting a pathology report that indicates a patient has an adenoma determines that the patient's tumor is considered which of the following? Differentiated Benign Malignant Apoptotic

Benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue -An adenoma is a benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue. An osteoma is a benign tumor of bone tissue

A nursing student has learned in class that with abdominal cancer the tumor may compress the viscera, which will cause which of the following? Hemorrhoids Bowel obstruction Polyps Rectal bleeding

Bowel obstruction

While studying to become chemo-certified, the nurse reviews some basic concepts about cancer cells. When a client asks about why the tumor grows so fast, the nurse will respond based on which of the following physiological principles? Select all that apply. Cancer cells will reach a balance between cell birth and cell death rate. Cancer cells never reach a flattened growth rate. Growth factors prevents cancer cells from entering resting (G0) cell cycle phase. Cancer cells have shorter cell cycle times than normal cells. Cancer cells do not die when they are programmed to die.

Cancer cells do not die when they are programmed to die.

The nurse in the oncology unit has just admitted a client with metastatic cancer. The client asks how cancer moves from one place to another in the body. What would the nurse answer? The cancer cells are not able to float around the original tumor in body fluids. Cancer cells enter the body's lymph system and thereby spread to other parts of the body. Cancer cells replicate and form a chain that spreads from the original tumor site to the site of the metastatic lesion. Cancer cells are moved from one place in the body to another by transporter cells.

Cancer cells enter the body's lymph system and thereby spread to other parts of the body.

A farmer's long-term exposure to pesticides has made the cells in his alveoli and bronchial tree susceptible to malignancy. Which of the following processes has taken place in the farmer's lungs? Progression Initiation Promotion Differentiation

Initiation EXPOSURE to the carcinogenic agent

The nursing instructor is teaching a class about cancer and informs the students that distinguishing the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms includes which of the following? Select all that apply. Cell characteristics Capacity to invade and metastasize Surface of tumor Rate of growth Manner of growth Potential for causing death

Cell characteristics Rate of growth Manner of growth Capacity to invade and metastasize Potential for causing death

A 51-year-old client has been diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer with lung metastases. The oncologist sits down with the client/family to explain treatment options. The nurse knows that which of the following treatment options will be discussed for her cancers? Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Surgery

Chemotherapy

The health care provider is assessing a client with cancer for the possibility of endocrine disorders. It would be most important to assess the client for: Select all that apply. SIADH Cushing syndrome Addison disease Hypercalcemia Hypothyroidism Pheochromocytoma

Cushing syndrome Hypercalcemia SIADH

A nursing student says the following to her instructor: " Malignant neoplasms are more well-differentiated than benign tumors." Which of the following is the answer? False True

False

A nurse on the oncology floor reads a client's chart and sees that the client was treated for an adenocarcinoma. What type of tissue composes this tumor? Glandular epithelium Connective tissue Stem cells Neurons of the central nervous system

Glandular epithelium

The angiogenesis process, which allows tumors to develop new blood vessels, is triggered and regulated by tumor-secreted: Attachment factors Growth factors Procoagulants Proteolytic enzymes

Growth factors

A client asks the nurse how malignant tumors differ from benign tumors. The best response would be that malignant tumors: Are generally smaller in size Invade surrounding tissues Are slower growing surrounded by a fibrous capsule

Invade surrounding tissues

A client has been diagnosed with cancer that was a result of dysfunctional apoptosis. The health care provider explains the process to the multidisciplinary client care team. Select the best explanation. Cells that go through apoptosis are the only ones that become cancerous. It increases the risk for mitochondrial dysfunction. Apoptosis has no impact on malignant development. It allows for DNA-damaged cells to survive.

It allows for DNA-damaged cells to survive.

Which of the following is the primary advantage of targeted cancer therapy? It can be administered on an outpatient basis. It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells. It has a shorter course of treatment than other therapies. It is unlikely to cause nausea and vomiting.

It uses drugs that selectively attack malignant cancer cells.

In some cancers, the presenting factor is an effusion, or fluid, in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces. Research has found that almost 50% of undiagnosed effusions in people not known to have cancer turn out to be malignant. Which cancers are often found because of effusions? Ovarian and rectal cancers Breast and colon cancers Lung and ovarian cancers Colon and rectal cancers

Lung and ovarian cancers

A nursing instructor sees the need for further instruction when one student makes which of the following statements concerning cancer? Malignant neoplasms tend to grow rapidly. Malignant neoplasms tend to grow slowly. Malignant neoplasms invade and destroy nearby tissue. Malignant neoplasms have the potential to cause death.

Malignant neoplasms tend to grow slowly

A patient who has just recently been diagnosed with cancer asks the nurse what tumor markers are. Which of the following would be the nurse's best response? Markers are marks the physician places to show the site of the cancer. Markers are enzymes released by the body to prevent cancer. Markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells. Markers are doses of vitamins used to fight cancer.

Markers are antigens expressed on the surface of tumor cells.

Cancer prognosis has improved most dramatically when treatment plans include which of the following? Aggressive chemotherapy Surgical procedures Multiple types of treatment Pinpointed radiation

Multiple types of treatment

Which is an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues? Neoplasm Mutation Transformation Insertion

Neoplasm

A nursing student who describes cell characteristics that include regulated growth, genetic stability, limited life span, and growth factor dependence is talking about which of the following types of cells? Normal cells Cancer cells None of the above Both cancer and normal cells

Normal cells

A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body mass index. Which of the following facts underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer? Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer. Adipose tissue is more susceptible to malignancy than other types of connective tissue. Increased cardiac workload and tissue hypoxia can interfere with normal cell differentiation. Increased numbers of body cells increase the statistical chances of neoplastic cell changes.

Obesity can cause inflammation and hormonal changes that are associated with cancer.

Which screening test is used to detect prostate cancer? Pap smear Self-examination PSA Mammography

PSA prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test

The nurse has just completed a presentation to a group of senior citizens regarding health promotion and screening activities for the detection of cancer. The nurse realizes further teaching is necessary when a participant states that screening is available for: Cervical cancer Prostate cancer Pancreatic cancer Breast Cancer

Pancreatic cancer

A big difference in the treatment of childhood cancer as opposed to adult cancer is that chemotherapy is the most widely used treatment therapy for childhood cancer. What is the reason for this? Children do not complain about the nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy like adults do. Children do not tolerate other forms of therapy as well as adults do. Pediatric tumors are more responsive to chemotherapy than adult cancers. Children think losing their hair is "cool."

Pediatric tumors are more responsive to chemotherapy than adult cancers.

A nursing student while studying cancer cells identifies which of the following to be the best definition of anaplasia? Loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue Increased cell differentiation in cancerous tissue Rapid proliferation of cancer cells Decreased proliferation of cancer cells

Rapid proliferation of cancer cells

A client has been diagnosed with breast cancer with metastases. The client will begin treatment imminently but is experiencing nausea, vomiting, and abnormal ECG findings on admission. When assessing the client for possible paraneoplastic syndromes, the nurse should prioritize what laboratory assessment? AST, ALT, and GGT levels Blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein Serum calcium level

Serum calcium level

A 42-year-old female client with breast cancer has a tumor that is minimal in size and extension, has minimal regional lymph nodes involved, and has no distant metastasis. Using the TNM system the tumor is staged as: T1, N1, and M1 TO, N3, and M1 T1, N2, and M0 T1, N1, and M0

T1, N1, and M0

Following a biopsy, a client has been diagnosed as having a benign neoplastic tumour. Which characteristic most likely applies to his tumour? The well-differentiated, neoplastic cells are clustered in a single mass. The tumour may secrete hormones or cytokines. The tumour is poorly approximated and has the potential to break loose. The client's tumour has a rapid rate of growth and can induce ischemia.

The well-differentiated, neoplastic cells are clustered in a single mass.

An oncologic client is scheduled to begin antiangiogenesis therapy. What is the goal of this type of treatment? To kill the tumour by removing its genetic material. To limit the size of the tumour by slowing down the cell cycle in the transformed cells. To kill the tumour directly by inactivating tumour-promoter genes. To limit the size of the tumour by limiting its ability to recruit blood vessels.

To limit the size of the tumour by limiting its ability to recruit blood vessels.

A breast cancer client has just learned that her tumor clinical stage is T3, N2, M0. After the physician leaves, the client asks the nurse to explain this to her again. The nurse will use which of the following statements in his or her answer? Your: Tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells. Tumor has metastasized to at least three distal sites and you have cancer in your lymph nodes. Extent of disease is unknown, but it looks like your cancer has stayed intact and not spread to the bloodstream. Tumor is very small and has zero number of mitoses.

Tumor is large and at least two lymph nodes are positive for cancer cells.

Select the statement that best describes stem cells. Undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types Cells that are unable to regenerate Cells that normally do not divide but are capable of regeneration when confronted with an appropriate stimulus Epithelial cells of the skin and gastrointestinal tract are those that continue to regenerate throughout life.

Undifferentiated cells of continuously dividing tissues that have the capacity to generate multiple cell types

The nurse is orienting a student to the oncology setting. Which of the following does the student identify as a characteristic of a benign tumor? distant infiltration. a fibrous capsule. rapid replication. undifferentiated cells.

a fibrous capsule.

A client's tissue biopsy reveals the presence of cells that appear to have abnormalities in shape and size. Carcinoma is suspected because these cells possess the characteristics of: loss of differentiation. angiogenesis. cell density--dependent inhibition. cohesiveness and adhesion.

loss of differentiation.