CST Ch. 24

What is a "begging the question" fallacy?

A "begging the question" fallacy is a fallacy in which one does not present any evidence to prove their argument, and using an argument that is stated in a way that it cannot help but be true (using circular reasoning, think about god)

What is "an explicit appeal to take specific action" called?

A call to action is an explicit appeal to take specific action.

What is a claim and what question does it answer?

A claim states the speaker's conclusion about some state of affairs. A claim answers the question "What are you trying to prove?"

What is an argument that uses an isolated instance to make an unwarranted general conclusion?

A hasty generalization is an argument that uses an isolated instance to make an unwarranted general conclusion.

What is the logical fallacy in which one incorrectly deems an isolated case true for all individuals or conditions concerned?

A hasty generalization is the logical fallacy in which one incorrectly deems an isolated case true for all individuals or conditions concerned.

What is a "false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning"?

A logical fallacy is a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning.

What is a non sequitur fallacy?

A non sequitur fallacy is an argument in which the conclusion does not connect to the reasoning.

What is the difference between a one-sided message and a two-sided message?

A one sided message does not mention to opposing claims. A two sided message mentions opposing points of view and sometimes refutes them/

What is a message that does not mention opposing claims?

A one-sided message is a message that does not mention opposing claims.

What kind of organizational pattern do you use when it requires more than two points to adequately explain the problem and to substantiate the recommended solution?

A problem-cause-solution pattern is a kind of organizational pattern you use when it requires more than two points to adequately explain the problem and to substantiate the recommended solution.

What kind of organizational pattern do you use when arguing a claim of policy and when it is important to demonstrate the proposal's feasibility?

A problem-cause-solution-feasibility pattern is a kind of organizational pattern you use when arguing a claim of policy and when it is important to demonstrate the proposal's feasibility.

What is the red herring fallacy?

A red herring fallacy introduces an irrelevant/unrelated topic into the discussion to divert attention from the issue at hand (think politicians).

What is a faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions?

A slippery slope is a faulty assumption that one case will lead to a series of events or actions.

What is a speculative claim?

A speculative claim is a claim that addresses an issue for which an answer does not yet exist.

What is a message that does mention opposing claims and sometimes refutes them?

A two sided message is a message that does mention opposing claims and sometimes refutes them.

Which is more persuasive: a one-sided message or a two-sided message?

A two-sided message is more persuasive than a one-sided message.

What does a warrant do?

A warrant provides reasons or justifications for why the evidence supports the claim, allowing audience members to evaluate whether or not the evidence is valid or warranted for the claim.

What is an argument that targets a person instead of the issue at hand in an attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person?

An ad hominem argument is a logical fallacy that targets a person instead of the issue at hand in an attempt to incite an audience's dislike for that person.

What is a stated position, with evidence and reasoning in support of it?

An argument is a stated position, with evidence and reasoning in support of it.

What is an argument that states an argument in the terms of only two alternatives, even though there may be additional alternatives?

An either-or fallacy is a logical fallacy that states an argument in the terms of only two alternatives, even though there may be additional alternatives

What is another name for a claim?

Another name for a claim is a proposition.

What are authoritative warrants?

Authoritative warrants appeal to the credibility the audience assigns to the source of evidence (ethos).

What is an argument in which one uses unsubstantiated, general opinion as its false bias?

Bandwagoning is the logical fallacy in which one uses unsubstantiated, general opinion as its false bias.

What is causal reasoning?

Causal reasoning is a form of inductive reasoning where the speaker offers a cause-and-effect relationship as proof of the claim, arguing that one event/circumstance/idea (the cause) is the reason (effect) for another.

What are claims of fact?

Claims of fact focus on whether or not something is true or will happen.

What are claims of policy?

Claims of policy recommend a specific course of action.

What are claims of value?

Claims of value address issues of judgement (right or wrong) and claims of value tend to be more subjective.

What is deductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning begins with a general case (major premise) supported by at least one specific examples of the case (minor premise) which leads to the conclusion.

Fill in the blank: Ethically, a deductive argument's premises must be ____ and ____.

Ethically, a deductive argument's premises must be VALID and TRUE.

What is "supporting material providing grounds for belief" called and what question does it answer?

Evidence is supporting material providing grounds for belief. Evidence serves as proof and answers the question "What is your proof for the claim?"

What is inductive reasoning?

Inductive reasoning is a form of reasoning in which you build from specific cases to a general case or claim supported by them. The conclusion appears to be but is not necessarily true.

Fill in the blank: many claims of policy fit into the _________ organizational pattern.

Many claims of policy fit into the problem solution organizational pattern.

What are motivational warrants?

Motivational warrants offer reasons targeted at the audience's needs and emotions. (pathos)

What does non sequitur mean?

Non sequitur means "does not follow"

Fill in the blank: Offered in conjunction with other forms of evidence, _______ _______ can encourage audience identification and add credibility to a claim.

Offered in conjunction with other forms of evidence, SPEAKER EXPERTISE can encourage audience identification and add credibility to a claim.

What is reasoning by analogy?

Reasoning by analogy is a form of inductive reasoning where the speaker compares two similar cases and implies that what is true in one case us true in the other.

What is "the process of drawing conclusions from evidence"?

Reasoning is the process of drawing conclusions from evidence.

What is speaker expertise?

Speaker expertise is the own speaker's experience and knowledge.

What are substantive warrants?

Substantive warrants target the audience's faith in the speaker's factual evidence as justification for the argument and it appeals to the audience's rational thinking on a matter (logos).

What is the form of deduction in which, if you accept the general and specific cases, you must accept the conclusion?

Syllogism is the form of deduction in which, if you accept the general and specific cases, you must accept the conclusion. Conclusions reached by syllogisms may be deemed valid/invalid and true/false.

What are the 5 organizational patterns for persuasive speeches?

The 6 organizational patterns for persuasive speeches are: problem-solution, problem-cause solution, problem-cause-solution-feasibility, Monroe's motivated sequence, comparative advantage, and refutation

What organizational pattern is most effective when your audience is already aware of the issue or problem and agrees that a need for a solution/alternate view exists?

The comparative advantage pattern is most effective when your audience is already aware of the issue or problem and agrees that a need for a solution/alternate view exists.

What are the core elements of an argument?

The core elements of an argument are the claim, evidence, and warrants.

List the kinds of warrants.

The kinds of warrants are: motivational, authoritative, and substantive.

In which organizational pattern do you organize points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and then to provide justification for a proposed solution?

The problem-solution pattern is an in which you organize points to demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem and then to provide justification for a proposed solution

What organizational pattern addresses each main point and then refutes (disproves) a strong (rather than weak) opposing claim to your position?

The refutation pattern addresses each main point and then refutes (disproves) an opposing claim to your position.

What are the three different types of claims?

The three different types of claims are: claims of fact, claims of value, and claims of policy.

What are the three kinds of evidence?

The three kinds of evidence are external (secondary sources), expertise, and the audience's pre-existing knowledge/opinions

What are the two basic forms of reasoning?

The two basic forms of reasoning are deduction and induction.

What are the two kinds of substantive warrants?

The two kinds of substantive warrants are warrant/reasoning by cause and warrant/reasoning by analogy.

What are the two other names for secondary sources?

The two other names for secondary sources are external evidence and external sources.

True or false: both inductive and deductive reasoning can be weak.

True, both inductive and deductive reasoning can be weak.

When offering your own expertise or that drawn from secondary sources, you should try to select material that appeals to what?

When offering your own expertise or that drawn from secondary sources, you should try to select material that appeals to the audience's needs, attitudes, and values.

When should you use Monroe's motivated sequence and what are its steps?

You should use Monroe's motivated sequence when you are trying to get the audience to do something. The steps of Monroe's motivated sequence are: 1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action

What part of your speech is framed as a claim?

Your conclusion is framed as a claim.

What are the two common forms of inductive reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches?

the two common forms of inductive reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches are reasoning by cause and reasoning by analogy.