CSU SOC 205 Test 2
Measures of Segregation
1) evenness (Dissimilarity Index): 2) exposure (Isolation Index) 3) Concentration 4) Centralization 5) Clustering
Social Security Act of 1935
excluded domestics and agricultural workers
Bonilla-Silva racialized society
"After a society becomes racialized, racialization develops a life of its own (and) becomes an organizing principle of social relations in itself." You don't need to have racists to have a racialized society, only one group needs to have an advantage from the start, and nothing has to change, to keep a raciailized society.
BANANA
"Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anything"
NIMBY
"Not In My Backyard" No matter what, it is going to go into someone's "backyard"
PIBBY
"Put In Black's Backyard"
TINA
"There Is No Away"
De facto
"concerning fact"
De jure
"concerning law"
Executive Order 12898
(1991 Clinton) Federal Actions to Address Environmental Justice in Minority Populations and Low Income Populations, Environmental Justice; dealing with concerns that populations at high risk because of social or economic factors also face elevated impacts from environmental hazards
Wagner Act 1935
(National Labor Relations Act) gives workers the right to organize a union and bargain with management. however, it excluded many jobs that blacks and other minorities had
Exposure (Isolation Index)
-Degree of potential contact, or possibility of interaction, between minority and majority group members. -Depends on group size (unlike evenness). -Isolation index: probability that a minority person shares a unit area with a majority person or another minority person.
Evenness (Dissimilarity Index)
-Distribution in space. -Percentage of a group that would have to change residence for each neighborhood to have the same percentage of that group as the metropolitan area overall -Ranges from 0.0 (Complete integration) to 1.0 (Complete segregation)
Residential Segregation and Jim Crow in the South
-Since Jim Crow and other forms of segregation already existed in the South, there was less need for residential segregation. -Whiteness already existed; didn't need to be based in neighborhoods.
Ethnic enclaves
-Urban areas where groups of new immigrants would settles (i.e.: Chinatown, Little Havana, etc.) -Reasons: support, cultural affinity, affordability
Methodological difficulties in proving environmental injustice
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Neighborhood and education
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Neighborhood and joblessness
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Networks and jobs
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Segregation correlates with race
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Segregation correlates with wealth
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Social segregation VS. residential
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Environmental justice
1) Process: 2) Outcome:
Bertrand name study
1) Study Design: responded to 1,300 help ads with the same resume (s) only with different names. (some white like Barbara, others Black like Tyrone.) 2) Findings: If you have a white name you are more likely to be hired.
Pager study race and record
1) design: White and Black applicants randomly assigned non-violent drug charge for cocaine possession and applied for entry level low, education jobs. 2) findings: 17% of Whites with criminal record received calls back while only 5% of Blacks with criminal records did. (34% Whites without criminal records got called back v. 14% of Blacks without records getting called back)
Race and a criminal record
2/3 of newly released prisoners will be charged with new crimes and 40% will return to jail within three years. (ex. Kimberly Prude, Pager Study)
Redlining
A discriminatory real estate practice in North America in which members of minority groups are prevented from obtaining money to purchase homes or property in predominantly white neighborhoods. The practice derived its name from the red lines depicted on cadastral maps used by real estate agents and developers. Today, redlining is officially illegal.
Difficulties re-entering society following incarceration
A history of incarceration is linked to lower employment an income because you have the stigma of a felon.
Thomas Theorem and race
A thing is real if its real in its effects
1965 Immigration Act
Act passed in 1965 that abolished national origin quotas and established overall hemisphere quotas. • Act intended to redress grievances of Eastern & Southern European ethnic groups who had been largely shut out since 1924.
How Mediterraneans became White
After WWII America found strength in its diversity, to be in opposition of Japan and Germany; whiteness STILL in opposition of blackness
Highway System
Also part of residential segregation. Gave (usually white) people that could afford cars and houses the ability to live outside the city, but still have access to its jobs/resources
Environmental Racism
Any policy or practice that differentially affects or disadvantages people based on race
Sites of hazardous facilities
Blacks are 79% more likely than Whites to live in neighborhoods where industrial pollution is suspected of posing the greatest health danger. Race is MOST POTENT variable in predicting where toxic facilities are located. More than: Land Values Home Ownership Rates or Poverty
Names and race background
Both white and black's have names that are of Biblical origins. Black's are often Arabic or Arabic influenced (ex. Rasheed) which can affect a person's opportunities
Thomas Theorem
If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
Wealth and link to housing in US
If you own a house, you are automatically wealthier because your estate is worth more.
Culture and poverty
Culture, the shared way of life or social heritage, has been the source of many ethnic (cultural) differences and conflicts.
Centralization
Degree to which a group is spatially located near the center of an area.
Importance of neighborhood
Employment, Schools, Peer Groups and Social Networks, Exposure to Crime, Services and Amenities, and Home Values all vary depending on neighborhood.
FHA
Federal Housing Authority (FHA) institutionalized race as part of neighborhood and house appraisal. Whites now given education, housing opportunities, wealth, networks and continued political power.
Current wealth gap
Many blacks cannot afford to own a house, therefore their net worth is dramatically lower.
Jobs and networks
Often getting hired has very much to do with a person professional and personal connection
Institutional Discrimination (with examples)
Policies and institutions that are race neutral in intent but which have a differential or harmful effect on minority (race/ethnic/gender) group ex:women professors are at a disadvantage since they may want to have kids
"Affirmative Action" for Whites
Positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and busniess from which they have been historically excluded.
Hegemony
Power achieved through consent rather than coercion
1830 Indian Removal Act
President Andrew Jackson passed a law that forced Indians out of their lands and into reservations to make room for Westward Expansion
Dr. Regina Benjamin
Race is not biologically real
Class vs. Race
Race is the biggest factor in environmental injustice; even higher-income black households face high levels of pollution
Concentration
Relative amount of physical space occupied by a minority group.
GI Bill (exceptions for race)
Returning GIs were subject to redlining and segregation; GI Bill specifically written to allow Jim Crow application in the south; Black GIs were excluded from predominantly white schools because even though the GI bill paid for their education, it did not offer acceptance to a University.
Persistence of segregation
Segregation persists because of majority preference. Whites dont want to live near blacks, not the other way around. Blacks would prefer to live near whites because of access to more resources.
Hispanic Segregation
Since 1970s, rapid in-migration and slow socio-economic integration; migration to Southeast and Midwest; Hispanic segregation not decreasing in the Sun Belt
Doug Massey
Sociologist and co-author of American Apartheid. Pointed out that almost all racial and ethnic groups are highly segregated in the U.S. and that racially integrated neighborhoods are an anomaly. (See book pg. 158-175)
Structural discrimination (with examples)
Structural Discrimination is when certain communities and societies have discriminatory views about certain people and other societies. They tend to pass their discriminatory views down through their generations. They have a certain set of beliefs that they follow and have preconceived ideas.
Levittown
Suburban communities with mass-produced tract houses built in the New York and Philadelphia metropolitan areas in the 1950s by William Levitt and Sons. Typically inhabited by white middle-class people who fled the cities in search of homes to buy for their growing families.
Segregation in the North vs. the South
The North has high levels of residential segregation. Segregation in the South scores 10 points lower than in the North.
Clustering
The extent to which units inhabited by minority members adjoin one another, or cluster, in space.
Racial Isolation by class
The most affluent blacks are still more segregated than the poorest hispanics or asians
Sociological level of analysis
a way of determining
How the Jews became white
They were a poor immigrants, after WWII antisemitism declined, opened small businesses through which they aquired wealth and status; after WWII more were allowed entrance to college
Warren County PCB case
Toxic Waste Dump Siting for PCB Soil Community not involved in decision Normal regulations Ignored
Quantitative Sociology
Turning People into numbers to see broad patterns and measure segregation
White flight
White (and Latino/Asian) Preference: "When the percentage of Black residents reaches 30%" 33% of Whites "unwilling to enter the area" 30% would "feel uncomfortable" 15% would "seek to leave"
Segregation and Whiteness in the North
Whiteness = not-black. A person's race depended on where someone lived in the North; red-lining and high residential segregation
Audit Studies
You are more likely to be hired if you are white with a cocaine charge than if you are black and without.
Redlining
a discriminatory practice by which banks, insurance companies, etc., refuse or limit loans, mortgages, insurance, etc., within specific geographic areas, especially inner-city neighborhoods; leads to residential segregation.
Prejudice
a negative attitude about an entire category of people. 2 dimensions: 1) Affective: feelings and emotions attached to groups 2) Cognitive: The way we think about a group
Social Security Act of 1935
an act to provide for the general welfare by establishing a system of federal- old age benefits and enabling several states to make more adequate provision for aged persons, blind, dependent and crippled children, public health, and administration for unemployment compensation laws to establish a social security board. Excluded all agricultural and domestic workers.
Discrimination
behavior that excludes individuals or entire groups from certain rights, opportunities, or privileges because of prejudice
40 Acres and a mule
former slaves were promised land that was never granted to them, promised (but not delivered) to newly freed slaves, 40 acres and a mule towards westward expansion
Stereotype
generalizations about a group that are exaggerated, overly simplistic, and resistant to change. Selective perception is when you find what you are looking for
GI Bill
law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations
New Deal Housing Policy (differential outcomes by race)
loans were only given to whites; minorities could not own a home
Vicious Cycle
polluting industry arrives - property values decrease - non-polluting industries leave - more polluting industries enter
Great Migration
movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920
Housing Projects
part of black segregation; housing projects = a high concentration of racial and ethnic minorities living in one (usually inner-city) building/area
Racism
prejudice and discrimination based on race. Links selected aspects of phenotype to sociocultural capabilities and behaviors. Based in societal belief system.
Blumer's thesis of race as social position (elements of)
prejudice is a matter of social relations ; not analyzed on personal or psychological level; emergent property Conditions must exist: 1) Natural superiority 2) Fundamental difference (exclusion) 3) Sense of propriety claims on resources 4) Fear/threat that subordinate group wants to change
Individual discrimination (with examples)
prejudice put into action based on race
Ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that ones culture and way of life is superior to all others