CTC US HIST I Ch. 7

Shays's Rebellion (p. 255)

In late 1786 and early1787, crowds of debt-ridden farmers closed the courts in western Massachusetts to prevent the seizure of their land for failure to pay taxes. They called themselves "regulators" - a term already used by protesters in the Carolina backcountry in the 1760s.

Treaty of Greenville (p. 274)

1795, the result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers, in which twelve Indian tribes ceded most of Ohio and Indiana to the federal government. The treaty also established the "annuity" system.

"open immigration" (p. 276)

A result of the Naturalization Act of 1790.

Land Ordinances of 1784 and 1785 (p. 252)

A series of measures approved by Congress during the 1780s defined the terms by which western land would be marketed and settled. Drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the Ordinance of 1784 established stages of self-government for the West. A second ordinance, in 1785, regulated land sales in the region north of the Ohio River, which came to be known as the Old Northwest.

Battle of Fallen TImbers (p. 274)

In 1794, 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle's forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

ethnic nationalism (p. 272)

Defines the nation as a community of descent based on a shared ethnic heritage, language, and culture.

civic nationalism (p. 272)

Envisions the nation as a community open to all those devoted to its political institutions and social values.

Letters from an American Farmer (p. 276)

Hector St. John de Crevecoeur published in France in 1782. Strikingly illustrated the exclusion of slaves in liberty. He popularized the idea, which would become so common in the twentieth century, of the United States as a melting pot.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (p. 254)

In 1787, Congress decided to sell off large tracts to private groups, incuding 1.5 million acres to the Ohio Company. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 called for the establishment of 3 to 5 states to the north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi

Notes on the State of Virginia (p. 277)

Jefferson, published in 1785, claimed blacks lacked, party due to natural incapacity and partly because the bitter experience of slavery had (quite understandably, he felt) rendered them disloyal to the nation.

Miami Confederation (p. 274)

Led by Little Turtle in 1791, inflicted a humiliating defeat on American forces led by Arthur St. Clair, the American governor of the Northwest Territory. With 638 dead, this was the costilest loss ever suffered by the United States Army at the hands of the Indians. In 1794, 3,000 American troops under Anthony Wayne defeated Little Turtle's forces at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.

Bill of Rights (p. 267)

Offered a definition of "unalienable rights" which Jeffereson had mentioned in the Declaration of Independence - rights inherent in the human condition. Most valued today - the freedoms of speech, the press, and religion; protection against unjust criminal procedures; equality before the law - were not in the original document. All but the last (enshrined as the 14th amendment) were contained in the first ten amendments.

"empire of liberty" (p. 254)

Principle named by Jefferson on the heels of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Rather than ruling over the West as a colonial power, the United States would admit the area's popluation as equal members of the political system. Territorial expansion and self-government would grow together.

federalism (p. 259)

Refers to the relationship between the national government and the states.

separation of powers (p. 259)

The Constitution embodies two basic political principles - federalism, sometimes called the "division of powers," and the system of "checks and balances" between the different branches of the national government, also known as the "separation of powers."

checks and balances (p. 259)

The Constitution embodies two basic political principles - federalism, sometimes called the "division of powers," and the system of "checks and balances" between the different branches of the national government, also known as the "separation of powers." Refers to the way the Constitution seeks to prevent any branch of the national government from dominating the other two.

gradual emancipation (p. 274)

The North states were left free to determine the boundaries of liberty. The North's gradual emancipation acts assumed that for more slaves would remain in the country, not be colonized abroad. Northern statesmen like Hamilton, Jay, and Franklin worked for abolition, and some helped establish schools for black children.

three-fifths clause (p. 261)

The act in which three-fifths of the slave population would be counted in determining each state's representation in the House of Representatives and its electoral votes for president.

Anti-Federalists (p. 265)

The opponents of ratification. Insisted that the Constitution shifted the balance between liberty and power too far in the direction of the latter. Lacked the coherent leadership of the Constitution's defenders. They included state politicains fearful of seeing their influence diminish, among them such revolutionary heroes as Samuel Adams, John Hancock, and Patrick Henry. Repeatedly predicted that the new government would fall under the sway of merchants, creditors, and others hostile to the interests of ordinary Americans.

The Federalist (p. 263)

To generate support of ratifying the Constitution, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay composed a series of eighty-five essays that appeared in newspapers under the pen name Publius and were gathered as a book, The Federalist, in 1788. Hamilton wrote 50, Madison 30, and Jay the remainder.

"annuity" system (p. 274)

Yearly grants of federal money to Inidan tribes that institutionalized continuing government influence in tribal affairs and gave outsiders considerable control over Indian life.