Cultural Anthropology Chapter 10; Kinship and Descent

What percentage of the population practices matrilocal residence?

13%

Matrilineal descent makes __ percent of unilineal descent found among contemporary societies

15

What percentage of the population practices avunculocal residence?

4%

Multilineal descent groups make up __ percent of the world's kinship systems

40%

in 2011, Facebook found that 69 million users were connected by _ degrees of separation

5

Double descent is practiced by _ percent of the world's societies

5%

Neolocal residence is practiced by _ percent of the world's population

5%

What percentage of the population practices neolocal residence?

5%

What percent of all systems based on the unilineal principle are clear-cut and unambiguous (by birth)

60%

What percentage of the population practices patrilocal residence?

69%

Patrilineal descent makes up what percent of unilineal descent groups?

85%

What percentage of the population practices ambilocal residence?

9%

In Kinship diagrams, a shaded in circle or square is

EGO

What are the six types of primary kinship systems based on how a society distinguishes different categories of relatives?

Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois, Omaha, Crow, and Sudanese

a kinship system associated with unilineal descent in which the father and father's brother are called by the same term, as are the mother and the mother's sister

Iroquois system

Geographical distribution of matrilineal descent

SE Africa, Ashanti, Trobiand Islands

kinship ties formed through marriage (that is, in-laws)

affinal relatives

small scale societies have kinship relations that are

all encompassing

a form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or the female line

ambilineal descent

a residence pattern in which a married couple may choose to live with either the relatives of the wide or the relatives of the husband

ambilocal (bilocal) residence

a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's mother's brother (great-uncle)

avunculocal residence

The USA has a descent system of

bilateral

a type of kinship system in which individuals emphasize both their mother's kin and their father's kin relatively equally

bilateral descent

Most societies recognize some type of fictive kinship, whereby kinship terms and obligations are applied to people who have no

biological connection

The male child's authority in patrilineal descent is

biological father

In Kinship diagrams, the female symbol is a

circle

unilineal descent groups, usually comprising ten or more generations, consisting of members who claim a common ancestry even though they cannon trace step by step their exact connection to that ancestor

clan

The 2 kinds of kinships groups based on unilineal descent are

clans and lineages

a form of descent trades through both females and males

cognatic descent

kin relationships traced through a linking relative

collarterality

Kinship is based on both _______ relationships and ______ relationships.

consanguineal and affinal

ones' biological or blood relatives

consanguineal relatives

In Kinship diagrams, circles or squares crossed out signify

deceased

A persons kinship connections traced back through a number of generations.

descent

How does the Iroquois system emphasize the importance of the unilineal descent groups?

distinguishes between member's of one's own lineage and members of other lineages

In Kinship diagrams, a crossed out = is

divorce

a system of descent in which individuals receive some rights and obligations from the father's side of the family and others from the mother's side

double descent

Cognatic descent can be divided into three subgroups:

double, ambilineal, and bilateral

What are the three basic types of multilineal descent groups?

double, ambilineal, bilateral

the person in kinship diagrams from whose point of view the relationships are traced

ego

the kinship system most commonly found in the US; it is associated with bilateral descent. Usually a mother, father, and their children live together

eskimo (inuit) system

T/F: Ambilineal descent groups are less flexible than other types of multilineal groups

false

T/F: Relationships based on blood and marriage are culturally recognized by some societies

false (all)

In highly urbanized, technological societies, fewer/more systems are based on kinship

fewer

relationships among individuals who recognize obligations even though the relationships are not based on either consanguineal or affinal ties

fictive kinship

Bilateral descent is found primarily in which societies?

foraging and industrialized

What is the role of women in patrilineal societies?

give birth to husband's kin; minimal

the ways in which all kinship systems, by requiring people to marry outside their own small kinship group, function to integrate the total society through marriage bonds between otherwise unrelated kin groups

horizontal function of kinship

Eskimo system most likely found in societies in which economic conditions favor

independent nuclear families

all of the relatives a person recognizes in a bilateral kinship system

kindred

What is the single most important aspect of social structures in all societies?

kinship

The description of kinship systems, coined by Malinowski

kinship algebra

Those relationships found in all societies that are based on blood or marriage.

kinship systems

a unilineal descent group whose members can trace their line of descent back to a common ancestor

lineage

kin relationships traced through a single line, such as son, father, and grandfather

lineality

What is the different between lineality and collaterality?

lineality distinguishes between father and father's brother

In matrilineal societies, male authority is weak in ________ but strong in _______

marital, sister's

In Kinship diagrams, the = sign is

marriage

a system of governance whereby women rule over man or are empowered to make decisions over men

matriarchy

Unilineal descent can be divided into two subgroups:

matrilineal and patrilineal

a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their mothers

matrilineal descent group

a residence pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife

matrilocal residence

Who is the male child's figure of authority in matrilineal societies?

mother's brother (uncle)

Geographical distribution of patrilineal descent?

native americans, traditional chinese, india, new guinea

a residence in which a couple has its own place of residence apart from the relatives of either spouse

neolocal residence

In preferential cousin marriage, the ______ sex of the father is/is not marriagable

opposite, is

In patrilineal descent groups, women marry

outside their own lineage

a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their fathers

patrilineal descent group

a resident pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father

patrilocal residence

What are the five basic residence patterns?

patrilocal, matrilocal, avunculocal, ambilocal, and neolocal

recent developments, such as in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, and sperm banks, make the reckoning of kin relationships more complex

reproductive technologies

Many societies have sets of rules that affiliate people with different sets of kin. What are these set of rules called?

rules of descent

In parallel cousin marriage, the ______ sex of the father is/is not marriagable

same, is not

In matrilineal societies, the most important relationship a man has is with his

sister's son

In Kinship diagrams, the unspecified gender is a

square

Why are the relationships between husband and wife more fragile in matrilineal systems?

the mother's brother is the social father of the woman's children

Why are kinship systems important?

they help people adapt to interpersonal and environmental challenges

In Kinship diagrams, the male symbol is a

triangle

T/F: Bilateral systems are symmetrical

true

T/F: Patrilineal descent groups are more common than matrilineal descent groups

true

What are the two rules of descent?

unilineal and cognatic

tracing descent through a single line (such as matrilineal or patrilineal) as compared to both sides (bilateral descent)

unilineal descent

Iroquois system emphasizes the importance of the

unilineal descent groups

The 2 important functions of well-being of society served by kinship systems?

vertical and horizontal function of kinship

the ways in which all kinship systems tend to provide social continuity by binding together different generations

vertical function of kinship