cultural anthropology final exam

the culture concept: (4)

-culture is learned --> can be aquired by anyone -seemingly "natural" tendencies are cultural constructions -categories are not discree, but overlap -culture as a creative tool

problems with cultural imperialism

-denies agency -assumes movement occurs in only one direction -ignores exchanges that bypass the West

other career applications:

-economic development -education -public health -environmental quality -social justice / human rights

more generally, myth serves to: (3)

-legitimize the existing social order -reinforce cultural values -address fundamental aspects of the human condition

Not every religion:

-recognizes a supernatural presence -distinguishes the "natural" from the "supernatural"

rites of passage: (3 phases)

-separation -transition (often entails physical passage) -reincorporation

business applications:

-solving management problems -creating a more satisfactory work environment -figuring out the system so that you can operate more effectively within it -understanding/ better serving the customers

consider overlap between myth and history

-some myths have accurate historical information -all history have some parts of myth -typically present information that makes nation-state look good, final edited draft and get rid of bad details

Spirit Possession (2)

1. voluntary (spirit invited into living body to talk to the living.) → spirit medium 2. involuntary (Explanations: psychological and sociological)

EE Evans Pritchers in Africa

Advocate for the people he worked with against colonialists. Raised by an Anglican minister but later became roman catholic Considered one of greatest anthropologist of all kind He felt his ties to his own religion helped him empathize with the individuals he studied and their tie to their beliefs

How to access 3rd world voices -poem Watch Out

Aid travel with a bomb, watch out

significance of photo of men in New Guinea with tourist in the middle

All men from new guinea are wearing same costume, same stature/height, made to look distinctive from tourist in photograph Staged to look for differences rather than commonalities

Rastafari Haile Selassie = symbol

"Became central symbol, embodying value of cooperative work, respect for life, and unity of all ppl of african descent. Through belief that Haile Selassie is the messiah, the Rastas affirm blackness and their african roots. Through him, they proclaim their rejection of the values of capitalist society and the competitive marketplace" textbook

2. Psychological → "reducing anxiety and increasing control"

"Danger passed, God is forgotten", "There are no atheists in fox holes" Military personnel Bronislaw Malinowski, Trojan islanders (kula ring group): Engaged in navigational feeds in the ocean. Anthro noticed when they stay close to the land, they don't bother with any magical ritual. BUT when in open ocean with higher risk, more unknown, then engaged in prayer and tradition Malinovs conclusion: magical ritual and religion in general gives people a sense of confidence and gives them a feeling of calm over things out of their control.

Berlin conference photo

Dividing up africa like a cake

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal -dunk machine

Dunk the punk, dunking usually a teacher or person of higher status Symbolically challenge the prevailing order MOMENTARILY, but once it is over the order continues but a message has been sent/ warning has been issued

Drawing from ojibwa and totems:

Each clan is represented by their totemic animal species Think of team mascots even functioning as a similar role Political symbols as animals National symbols like the eagle, flags etc.

religion vs political identity

Ex: N Korea is technically atheist state yet have sacred images, grand public rituals, pilgrimage destinations → uin many way these beliefs resemble religions

ethnographic fieldwork, participant observation:

-better understanding --> more effective solutions -distinction between ideal and actual behavior -recognition of varying attitudes and opinions -best ideas do not always come from the loudeest voices

fundamentals of cult anthropology become useful occupational tools:

-culture concept -ethnographic fieldwork -cross-cultural perspective -hostic, integrated approach

Imperialism definition and 2 types

creating and expanding an empire (imposing on others) Cultural imperialism Linguistic imperialism

religion vs superstition

crossing someone's self before making free throw, driving with jesus statue in car, falls in the middle

most anthros understan gender as __________

cultural constructions Traits considered to be masculine or feminine have some basis in biology but are molded by cultural forces. Ppl in all cultures consider the ways that their fellow members express masculinity, femininity and other gender roles to be normal and natural as simply the result of the way people are.

Anthropologist Jim Igoe -->national parks and indigenous communities in E Africa

maasai--> pastoralists "when working w the maasai, found ideas and plans of W based conservation agencies were oversimplified and iignored local history. they were based primarily on western ideas about the place of human beings in nature and the ways in which society and economy should be organized."

The 'two-spirits,' among the Zuni and other Native North American societies, are best described as: -men who take on women's work and clothing and are considered to have supernatural powers -women and men who live with same-sex partners in a homosexual lifestyle -women who have become men through a surgical procedure -individuals who have no identifiable gender and work in society as partners to either gender

men who take on women's work and clothing and are considered to have supernatural powers

why do people mistake cultural and natural determination of gender

gender based roles are learned and channeled by culture. Because learning gender starts so early in people's lives and is so pervasive in other cultures people often mistake the cultural for the natural." textbook

example of myths addressing fundamental aspects of the human condition: edipus myth from greek mythology:

grows up to kill his father and marry his mother, repressed sexual desire for mother and rivalry with father.

6. Changeability in religion messianic vs millenarian vs syncretism

messianic outlook: focus on coming of a special individual who will usher in a utopian world millenarian: look to future cataclysm or disaster that'll destroy the current world and establish in its wake a world characterized by their version of justice" textbook syncretism: merge two or more religious traditions, hiding the beliefs, symbols and practices of one behind similar attributes of another. Religious syncretism found among deeply oppressed people"

cosmologies

models of reality. "Sets of principles or beliefs about the nature of the universe, the origin of society, the relationship of individuals and groups to one another, and the relation of humankind to nature. Give meaning to the lives of believers" textbook

Comparing religions we have our _________ and our __________ ____________

ideals; actual behaviors

Rastafara: accepts the bible but ________ in very different ways

interprets reverses direction of movement from west to the rest

kingdom of heaven

knight is very sick and just found out about his son and wants to knight him before he dies -father gives oath to his son, ends with slap in the face. slap represents what ritual does --> lends intensity to the action so that it is remembered sacred space for sacred event

what is religion: koyukon matagi east asia as conspicuous

koyukon: nature as a presence matagi: statue for bears they kill east asia: ancestor veneration conspicuous: crosses, attire, etc

Hopi creation myth in mexico and AZ, according to creation myth

originally lived underground -chose to cultivate blue corn. was established by god Maasaw. -narratives adds meaning to subsistence strategy and makes it more of a tradition

The trickster figure in myth and folk tales: st george

overcame adversities (slayed dragon)

communitas

people getting together and interacting on a basis of equality

arbitrary

random choice/personal preference, arguable

medium vs mediator

Medium = mouthpiece/ spirit speaks THROUGH them Mediator = speaks WITH spirits and negotiates almost with them

holistic, integrative approach:

recognize complexities and relationships understand the broader/ long-term consequences --> avoid hasty, ill-advised decisions

Rastafari globalization

More appeal to "peripheral" peoples Rastafari as 3rd world response to imperialism and reggae as its voice Globalization = multi-directional flow of information and ideas Still early but rastafari has affected music largely and jamaica's cultural heritage in the 70s

Liminal

refers to a threshold door, or portal marks transition from one category to another → from Latin "limen"

through ritual, people enact in their r____n

religion

"There are many kinds of religious practitioners, but anthropologists generally organize them into two broad categories: _______ and _______"

shamans; priests

"Resistance to prevailing _______ ________ is an important dimension in folktales and other oral traditions. Oral traditions may reverse, ridicule, or question the _______ ________" text

social structure

mary douglas on the middle/ overlapping grey categories

some are uncomfortable with remaining in the middle (grey overlap) apply mary douglas: some are uncomfortable with an overlap if youre in the middle, might feel forced to choose

japanese flag example of sacred story

sun goddess came down to establish earthly government. -gave message of rice being main cultivation strategy -agricultural ppl makes sense why son is deite -emperor still goes out to plant seeds as good luck

If you are looking for some kind of help for dealing with oppression, christianity offers you two options:

Passive reliance on God to vanquish evil Direct action to redress injustices --Religion sometimes inspires people to stand up for their rights --Bible's salvation message inspires resistance

status distinction in colonialism

Powerful country dominates others through force (identified through outfits from zulu war) Status distinctions = physical allocation and movement (higher status rides above or sits on large thrown, must bow to powerful)

Rastafari Prophet: Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

Publisher, journalist, and entrepreneur. Famous utterance "Look to africa for the crowning of a black king. He shall be your redeemer" Seemed to come true: Haile Selassie Emperor of Ethiopia. Pre-coronation name → Ras Tafari → Haile Selassie I Do not weep; for the Lion from the tribe of Judah, the Scion of David, has won the right to open the scroll and break its seven seals" → Haile Selassie traced ancestry back to king Salamen and was the Scion of David

in order to deconstruct categories you must..

REVERSE THE STEPS

intersectionality: intersecting social identities (6)

Race Gender Sexual orientation Class Age Ethnicity "thinking about intersectionality forces us to see gender, class, sex orientation, and other aspects of ppls experience of society dont exist independently. Rather, they are woven together in complex patterns" textbook

race vs ethnicity

Race: based on biological characteristics Ethnicity: shared cultural factors "Ethnicity is a cultural construction that changes over time. Ethnic identity is constructed by groups to differentiate themselves from other, similar groups. In other words, ethnicity is a quality that ppl experience as a group and in opposition to other people" textbook

Globalization Characterized by movement or flow of... (6)

Raw materials, Commodities Wealth People Music and art Information and ideas ... across borders → "transnational"

hidden transcript: disguising message

Recall the trickster figure in myth and folktales Raven is classic trickster → shapeshifter Folk Heroes that appeal to the underprivileged, roadrunner, bugs bunny

illness attributed to the supernatural: temporary loss of the soul

Related idea that disease represents loss of part of soul Goal of shaman is to find missing soul and bring it back to the person it belongs to

1) Ghost Dance Religion gov issues with the dance

Religion included healing rituals. Government became more sus as the dance continued to grow, became more rebellious, and the dancers started incorporating weapons into some of their dances Gov authority worried about an impending outbreak of hostilities. Sent soldiers to stop the ghost dance. Chief Bigfoot lied frozen in the snow after. thought ghost shirts would protect them from bullets

world upside down prints

Roles seem to be reversed: fish flying in air while birds are in sea. Sheep is eating wolf. Donkey leading the human. Hunter being chased by game animal. Peasant marked by hoe over shoulder rides horse and the king walks. The meek shall inherit the worth → bible too

Liminality Rites of passage (3 phases)

Separation- separated from rest of society Transition- left old society but haven't joined new society yet Reincorporation- welcomed back into society with new identity

sex vs gender

Sex: biologically determined -"Sex is the term used to describe bio diff between M and F, specifically visible diff in external genitalia and tole each sex plays in reproductive process" textbook Gender: social -"related cultural and social roles that individuals play. It si a social, cultural and psychological construct that society superimposes on the biological difference of sex and temperament"

Patricia Townsend, shamanism is not a religion but ____________

technique

reversal

the changing of roles. two ideas.

what did all of the following sources support? -"Danger passed, God is forgotten", -"There are no atheists in fox holes" Military personnel -Reading: "Baseball Magic" MLB players

the psychological aspect of "reducing anxiety and increasing control"

As mentioned in your textbook (and also referenced in the lecture) Margaret Mead's study of the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli showed that: -the relationship between gender and personality varies with cultural expectations -more timid women become mothers and more aggressive women choose other social roles -social power is negatively correlated with child care -women in all cultures have the same personality traits

the relationship between gender and personality varies with cultural expectations

medical anthropology main q

understandings of health and disease vary cross-culturally, as do approaches to healing how can we make our assistance more compatible with local needs and preferences? what can we learn (or recover) from them? --> likewise with environmental/ conservation efforts

"Many- perhaps most- anthropologists today work in ________ areas investigating the ways in which people have adapted to ________ lifestyles and cultural innovations that have resulted"

urban

Differing opinions on globalization: (3)

Unprecedented or nothing new → pace and impact have increased dramatically Homogenization (world is becoming increasingly homogenized) or diversification Process or project

The "supernatural": spirits / souls

Usually have human origins, ghosts etc. once occupied living body, now exist in non empirical form Ex: ancestral spirits as moral authority. Many parts of the world are particularly influential

The pun referenced in the lecture defined 'race' as: -hair today, gone tomorrow -skinship terminology -a pigment of our imagination -shades of uncertainty

a pigment of our imagination

education led to _________

assimilation erase the markers of ethnic identity

ritual as symbolic enactment

attach meaning to activity --> makes the message more intense directed outward toward an audience as well as inward toward the self

religion simple def

beliefs and practices relating to supernatural beings, powers, and forces

"After colonies were established, europe gov had to convince both their colonial subjects that colonial subjects that colonization was ____________. They attempted to do this by cloaking their actions in the ideology of social _____________. In the colonies, subjects were taught that they were colonized for _______ ______ _______ and that their societies would advance as well" textbook

beneficial; betterment; their own good

colonization: → co-opt local leadership = key component -native + colonial leadership

"Divide and conquer" "More often, colonialists ruled through native leaders. Promises of power and wealth and realizing colonial gov had more power persuaded subjects to support colonizers. Sometimes offered education, employment, status etc to those oppressed or outcast in society to particularly draw them in to support colonizers in hopes of achieving these promises" text

After WW2... independence movements -Eur nations were greatly weakened -led to 3 divisions

"Eur nations were greatly weakened, left the US and Soviet Union as dominant superpowers. Had idea to bring old colonies into their own econ and political orbit, promoted independence for colonial possessions and supplied money and weaponry to their supporters in the colonies" text Led to division of 3 categories: first world, second world, third world

Ex statue yamuga from N India: Personification of yamuga river that pours out of the glaciers of is considered to be sacred. Goddess holds pot of water, standing on tortoise, showing her life saving role.

"Even in cultures where artistic forms are not themselves spiritual power, the arts are always powerful means of symbolic communication. They convey knowledge and provoke emotions that have both individual and cultural dimensions. Each culture has specific artistic symbols that stand for things or events in nature and human society or that are associated with particular emotions. Thusm one needs to know the particular cultural meanings assigned to a particular artistic element to understand what it means within its culture of origin" textbook

Sell products back to the colony, expand markets -corps profit over way of life, textbook

"Finding ways to tax and create conditions where corps can make money often meant the systematic undermining of indigenous ways of life. Colonial subjects had to be made to produce the goods that colonizing societies wanted and to labor in ways that would be profitable to the colonizers" textbook

expressions of identity and resistance: art in relation to culture, textbook

"For anthropologists, art must be understood in relation to the culture in which it originates. In most societies, art is not produced or performed solely for the purpose of giving pleasure but is inseparable from other activities. In nonindustrial societies, art is embedded in many aspects of culture" textbook

6. Changeability in religion textbook

"Religion can cause social change, provides ppl with motivation for political involvement and personal renewal. Often, poor and powerless in society create religions that challenge mainstream. Such religions rationalize their lower social position and emphasize an afterlife in which their suffering will be rewarded" textbook

"Shamanism" Patricia Townsend

"Shamanism is a down-to-earth, practical method for the use of the supernatural to heal physical, psychological, and emotional illnesses, foretell the future, and improve the lot of the living" Townsend Not a religion but technique: "According to shamanic ideology, problems in this world are often caused by spirits, and they can be corrected by other spirits with the shaman acting as intermediary to bring about the solution"

"Revitalization Movements," by Shasta Gaughen Revitalization → subcategories = messianic and millenarianism

"Similar to millenarianism, revitalization movements spring up in times of social unrest, such as colonialism, war, or gov oppression of citizens or social groups. Purpose to usher in new type of society; restore social values that have been repressed or denied; or return life to the way it 'used to be'" Gaughen "We are living at a time of economic and social inequality not seen for generations. Many historical revitalization mvmts have arisen in similar times. Put all together, no reason to be surprised its happening again" Gaughen

shaman prerequisite: being "called" by the spirits

"Spirits determine who will become a shaman not the individual. Even if one aspires to become a shaman, in all instances selection is ultimately in the hands of the spirits. Most calls come unbidden (visionary experience, dream, spirit possession, spirit affliction through illness or mental condition until they respond" townsend Implication being member of society is needed for those to communicate with the others in society.

1) Ghost Dance Religion → dance as ritual, Gaughen

"The ghost dance was a ritual meant to cleanse the spirit, promote clean living, and reunite the living with the spirits of the dead. With the help of these spirits, the living would ultimately drive the white usurpers from the land; bring back the buffalo; usher in a time of peace, prosperity, happiness, and unity;m and restore the ways of life that had been crushed by colonialism" Gaughen reading "As the ghost dance spread, it changed somewhat in form deepening on the culture that adopted it; amongst the Lakota, it invoked the promise of a total transformation of society" Gaughen

Gender as a performance: leads back to the _______ factor

"The way we enact out biological sex and our psychological sexuality. However, it is a performance that is channeled by the social ideas and specific roles available in any specific society" -agency

what caveman drawings from 17000 years ago suggests

"This suggests that the ritual of painting the animal may have been more important than the finished image- the process was more important than the product" textbook Western art try to control the medium, (material used to create the art object) and force the material into the shape it wants

Shaman plural, root, shamanism def

"a part-time religious practitioner typical of tribal societies who goes into a trance to directly communicate with the spirit world for the benefit of the community" -Plural = shamans -Shaman = one who knows -"Shamanism" → not a religion per so; more like a technique that exists within various religious traditions

"Golden Arches East. McDonald's in East Asia" book -James L Watson Iowa Grad west to rest idea...

"argues mcdonalds has become diverosed from its american roots and become a 'local' institution for an entire generation of affluent consumers in Hong Kong, Beijing,, Taipei, Seoul, and Tokyo" reverses direction of movement from west to the rest

patriotism and political rallies → people who enjoy the energy of being surrounded by like minded people → ________ ___________

"collective effervescence"

colonial education

"convince subjects theyre inferior to those who ruled them culturally, morally, and intellectually." "teachers didnt tell of their own struggles" "schooling convinced everyone of their superiority"

margaret mead ethnographic research on 3 groups in New Guinea for gender

"from this study, she concluded that although many of the behaviors, emotions, an roles that go into being masculine and feminine may have biological roots, they are patterned by culture Sex = bio determined Gender = culturally constructed, "gender roles"

religion: myth and ritual: central and defining stories

"symbolic representation allows people to grasp the often ocmplex and abstract ideas of religion without mmuch concenrn for the specifics of theology that underlie them" -a picture is worth a thousand words

important about art: disunity, conflict, voice

"while the arts can help stabilize a society by validating its social hierarchy and expressing its common cultural elements, they can also provide powerful ways to express disunity and conflict within a society, to resist state authority, and give voice to members of oppressed or marginalized classes or social groups" textbook

ethnic conflict: -rhodesia → zimbabwe freedom -india and pakistan -"White ppl indians and highlanders" book

*-Lumped together two major ethnic groups by british. Robert ugabe led liberation movement and became zimbabwes president. Became shona and was accused of ethnic cleansing. Hero or villain?? -When britain left, left hindu on one end, muslim on the other. Used to be W and E pakistan. point → a lot of people found themselves on wrong side of the boundary side which led to terrible bloodshed. Modern day Syria being independent led to large amount of clamoring between original ethnic groups after loss of leadership -"White ppl indians and highlanders" → book that both highland clans and indians lived together and were forced from ancestral lands as bison were decimated. White people doesn't go along with skin color alone in this example *"Europe forced both the ppl whose lands they conquered and their own lower classes into vassalage (submission)" textbook*

how to enter ASC: hallucinogenic ex: Anomamo

+-Anomamo, blow drug into eachothers nostrils and puts them in headspace where they can talk to secora spirits, come from mountain and look like sparks of light to interact with the people

Shaman women or men? Patricia Townsend Reading foragers cultivation large/stratified societies tendencies from fieldwork korea ex compare to modern medicine

-Foragers: men predominate -Cultivation: men and women equally represented -Large, stratified societies: women predominate "The tendency for women more than men to be shamans in some large societies may be a reflection, in part, of the relegation of shamanism to the periphery when large universalistic religions are present. Men then tend to gravitate toward the greater power and prestige positions of the dominant religion, leaving women to conserve the 'folk' shamanic traditions as well as spiritual healing, mediumship, and mystical practices" townsend ----Large scale societies, men leave for more prestigious religion ----Korea example: leu dong is what a shaman is called. Used to be mostly men but as buddhism and christianity became more practiced, they left to help with that and women then took over shamanism How does shamanism stay present in large scale societies like korea?: "In the modern world, shamanic curing often exists alongside modern tech medicine. Ppl go to shamans for healing when they have diseases that tech med does not recognize, they lack money to pay for modern med treatment, or they have tried modern treatment and it has failed." textbook

illness attributed to the supernatural (3)

-Intrusion of a disease-causing spirit -intrusion of disease-causing object -temporary loss of the soul

shaman: common prerequisites (3)

-Propensity for altered states (inclination/ ability to enter in them) -Being "called" by the spirits -Marginality

what to focus on when comparing religions (3)

-Various forms of religious expression -The needs they fulfill -And their relationship with other social and cultural features.

transitions commonly marked by rites of passage:

-birth --> naming -puberty/ adulthood --> "coming of age" -initiation (becoming munk in buddhism or basic training in military) -marriage -retirement -death

The "supernatural"

-gods/ deities -spirits / souls -powers/ forces

meanings take root in the body, are enacted thorugh its postures and movements: how ritual is powerful

-unity (circular stance) (marching in line soliders< dressed alike, walk same) -subservience (bowing to acknowledge superior central figure) -authority and prestige (authority figured supported on massed) (board meeting the way ppl at head or other at table) -commitment/ devotion (to cause or partner like marriage or oath, or religious tradition) -resistance (colin cappernick) (summer olympics americans raising black power salute)

How to enter ASC? (6)

1 Hallucinogenic drugs 2 Tobacco 3 Fasting 4 Sleep deprivation +-Pulling allnighter and notice dream like state +-Ex: iditarod rider talked about how hallucinogenic he felt after going on his sled ride for that long, sleep deprivation, constant pressure of the wind 5 Breathing exercises 6 Rhythmic music and movement +-Particularly percussion: chanting, drumming, dancing Looking ahead to shamanism, they're all holding drums

6 features of religion

1. Central and defining stories ---"Stories that members believe are important" textbook Myths, sacred texts, scriptures 2. Symbols and symbolism 3. Extraordinary beings, powers, states, places, qualities The existence of Qualities that cannot be agreed upon scientific means, not empirical (verifiable through scientific searches) 4. Rituals 5. Specialists 6. Changeability

strategy for creating/maintaining distinct group identities (4)

1. Define the boundaries of a group based on selected attributes --Selected from wide range, we choose a few to the exclusion of everything else --Diagram: circle of group of people labeled "us", separated "us" from "them" but in reality there are many groups that overlap (venn diagrams everywhere) 2. Within the boundaries → emphasize commonalities; ignore differences 3. Across the boundaries → ignore commonalities; exaggerate differences 4. Invoke a threat from the outside to strengthen within-group solidarity -Frequently in the form of the outgroup itself to turn others against eachother

what religion does → dimensions: (3)

1. Intellectual / cognitive → "search for order and meaning" 2. Psychological → "reducing anxiety and increasing control" 3. Sociological → "reinforcing or changing the social order"

education led to assimilation of: (5)

1. Language 2. Religion --Converting ppl to religion of colonial power --"The desire of pious to christianize the world was a motivating factor" "We came here to serve God, and the King, and also to get rich" Cortes 3. Clothing --Before and after indigenous native american 4. Food 5. Livelihood (subsistence) --Ex: effort on part of american gov to convert native americans from herding buffalo to adopting agriculture. Tried to kill off bufallo.

Absorption into the global market economy → impact on local areas: (5)

1. Shift in focus: from local community to distant markets 2. People increasingly dependent on forces beyond their control 3. Breakdown of traditional subsistence activities and social relations 4. Increasing emphasis on the nuclear family and one's own economic self-interest rather than the community at large 5. Greater discrepancies in wealth → leads to social stratification and impoverishment

Basic strategy of colonialism

1. extract raw materials from the colony using local labor (corvee) → 2. took subsistence strategies → 3. products for export (like rubber, coffee, tea, etc.) → 4. Convert them to manufactured products in the home country → Sell products back to the colony, expand markets

"success" of cargo cults in melanesia

Anthros also interpreted the mvmts as symbolic of the melanesian desire for social equality w europeans. Cargo cults were form of religious resistance against colonial rule and postcolonial govs. The repressive colonial regime made it necessary to clothe resistance in the form of religion because political rebellion would have been immediately suppressed" In a sense they succeeded: → created an organizational structure to win independence achieve nationhood "Cults of this kind arent peculiar to melanesia. Ppl who feel oppressed have always been ready to pour their hopes and fears into dreams of a millennium to come or of a golden age to return" worsley

gender ideology instilled and perpetuated with flexibility: Balkans and Igbo of Nigeria

Continuation of a patrilineage is central to a society's kinship structure. one way of making sure there are people to fill all important kin positions is to permit women to take on male roles and also other male gender characteristics" textbook. → offers flexibility. If too rigid, lineage may die out. Rule = guideline or first in series of alternatives

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal: carnival

Depict participants running amuck, wild behavior to get food water rent reduction from elite. The whole event is surrounded by permissiveness, power in numb er in large group, anonymity in large group, also alcohol happens a lot. Behavior that would've been thought to be horrible and unallowed is sanctioned. Verbally settling social scores Much of social aggression during carnival is aimed towards those of high social power Usually have religious core, carnival comes before fasting for lent.

shaman technique

Enter trance → in the trance or altered state of consciousness Travel to the spirit world Communicate directly with the spirits -Speaking with spirits on their own turf -"Shamanic journey" = altered state of consciousness -Not a "medium", but a mediator

absorption into the global market economy -conrad kodak painting of boat owners -pesticides on farms

Ex: conrad kodak from fieldwork painting of boat owners that were given loans to buy boat motors. Owners needed to raise money for loans by selling fish. Used profits to invest in larger boats → kept going → developed into social stratification as a way of gaining wealth and status Ex: green revolution of high yield of these products that required expensive pesticides that produce more gain, richer farmers that could afford this produced more → made more → out performed poor farmers and ran them out of business. developed into social stratification as a way of gaining wealth and status

Not every religion: distinguishes the "natural" from the "supernatural" koyukon in Nelson reading

Ex: koyukon in Nelson reading: "For traditional Koyukon people, the environment is both a natural and supernatural realm. All that exists in both a natural and supernatural realm. All that exists in nature is imbued with awareness and power; all events in nature are potentially manifestations of this power; all actions toward nature are mediated by consideration of its consciousness and sensitivity. The interchange between humans and environment is based on an elaborate code of respect and morality, without which survival would be jeopardized" Textbook No clear distinction between natural and supernatural May be better off describing → the sacred as distinction is difficult

illness attributed to the supernatural: intrusion of a disease-causing spirit taboo ancestry jutswansi

Ex: sent by ones enemies through witchcraft, sent by ancestors, breach of taboo Shaman can detect presence and attempt to expel it Ex: ancestry: Why are you angry? What will it take to fix the problem? Germs ALSO invisible and we believe, also could be sent by enemies Ex: jutswansi shaman trying to find source of illness photo hands on back Earring is sardine can Healer from jamaica, hands on face Very hands on approach Mechanistic approach in western medicine → we have become a bunch of specialists

stories evoking betwixt and between, mary douglas belief of categorical anomalies (all evoke the liminal (betwixt and between)) -crossroads -animals

Ex: the "abominations" of Leviticus (lengthy series of animals you are not supposed to eat as they are seen as unclean or abominations) Mary noticed they are all somehow anomalies. Ex: pork is known as unclean, not a ruminant but has weird anatomical features, also snake, crow/raven as scavengers, fox that looks like a dog but also resembles cat, birds that don't fly.. She would say this is because they are considered "weird" animals Ex: crossroads, midnight, twilight. Crossroads: symbolizes uncertainty in decisions. Also artist "back to the cross-roads" and story was deal with the devil at the crossroads for his fame. Midnight: am or pm? We have decided am but in reality its weird. Twilight: scary, twilight zone magic, between daytime and nighttime. "An intermediate state that is not clearly defined" Ex: The "trickster figure in myth. Native americans: trickster takes form of the raven. In others might be coyote

shaman: film kadak

Family of pastoralists, main character is young man named Buggy who lives in a cave with his grandfather who has passed away. Rides to steps to look for missing sheep and he has a visionary experience (western med would interpret as a seizure) but from insider perspective it represents his soul being lost for period of time due to a traumatic event. His family brings in shaman to locate lost spirit to bring back into buggy. --Shaman shows up wearing an outfit. Playing string in mouth. Shaman wakes up and starts making calls. Hitting patient, makes weird noises. The boy goes sprinting in the spirit land the shaman sees him in. Shaman making terrifying noises. He can see the boyy running, he is calling for his spirit to stop running away. Shaman breaks down. Puts shaman hat back on. Boy wakes up as the soul has been found. Revived him by finding his sould but that something from his ancestors is within him. Says the boy must go see the shaman to deal with it. --She wants him to come and be her apprentice as a shaman

After WW2... independence movements India

Ghandi led movement for independence from british. Ppl from india couldnt make own cotton clothing and needed to buy from store. gandhi encouraged spinners to make own clothes. After independence, spinning wheel was middle of flag originally.

Rastafari response to colonial domination, cultural imperialism

Hairstyle, wearing of dreadlocks (rejection of western standards) European ideal is straight hair, adopted more natural hairstyle Former british colony that owned slaves on sugar plantations. Even after independence → poverty, descrimination Teachings of religion reminded many who were subjects to oppression of themselves and their experiences Many comparisons to israelites held captive in babylon. Historical place name where Jews were exiled and held in captivity BUT now moreso in general terms means corrupt, exploitative, and overly consumptive lifestyle Babylon = west and colonialism Rastifarians looked for return to "promise land" (africa)

Shaman applies special skills to specific needs (3) ex: inuit foraging band

Healing Protection from evil spirits Locating and enticing game animals (like foraging band) ----Ex inuit foraging band: important to maintain good relations with the animals you hunt. Stay on good terms with animals so they would be willing to give themselves up to you

Successful conquest → moral or cultural superiority (how its justified) In reality weren't more complex. Had to do with:

Industrial tech, professional military, diseases like "shock troops": part of military that goes in first to weaken opponents. Often went with diseases that colonizers had immunity to but precolonialized areas did not. Key advantage or eur = diseases they carried. Without disease, no control over large territory and would've had normal small areas conquered" text

goods from colonialism: ivory rubber railway French

Ivory for slaughter of elephants Rubber tree plantation in malaysia → converting these territories from subsistence crops → cash crops Railway by the french: "the mortality rates of workers on these projects were very high, making corvee labor one of the most hated institutions of colonialism" text

3. Sociological → "reinforcing or changing the social order" -karl marx

Karl marx → conflict theory of inequality (elite control economic base that controls the superstructure, (religion, politics, law) to maintain and justify their control. Marx believes religion is the "opium of the masses". Religion encourages people to accept their present circumstances by promising them a reward in the afterlife "However, religion may serve the powerless as well. Religion might also challenge the social order and be a catalyst for change" Textbook

Cultural imperialism (from the West to the rest)

Mcdonalds, movie making industry in hollywood very americanized → fears of homogenization Multinational corps "MNCs are problematic bc like all capitalist coprps their fundamental goal is to return wealth to their shareholders, the vast majority of whom are already wealthy" textbook "Thus they are generators of inequality. Through their actions, wealth moves from relatively poor to the relatively rich" textbook

why having words on the reversal cartoons didn't matter much in 16th 17th century

Most of the ordinary people of that time were illiterate but they could understand the pictures. History is written by the elite. Images were usually from the real common people

shaman prerequisite: propensity for altered states (inclination/ ability to enter in them)

Must be able to enter it on demand "Although learning to be a shaman may involve arduous training, study alone is never sufficient. To be a shaman, one must have direct personal experiences of the supernatural that other members of the community accept as authentic" textbook

After independence; domination often persists but less direct

Neocolonialism: control but through economic and political pressure rather than politcal force --Transnational corporations: ex mcdonalds, google, apple, etc assisted by economic development organizations: ex IMF, world bank (make loans to 3rd world countries but with "strings attached") --Company almost acts as a government

Ethnic conflict:

Often attributed to 'ancient tribal hatreds' but in reality were large product of colonialism Diverse peoples lumped together and left to sort things out

Shaman vs Priest (not just catholic) (6)

P = central S = marginal ----Priests are incorporated into the political society ----Shaman usually represents less privileged member of society P = full-time S = part-time ----Priests main form of employment ----Shaman is usually involved in normal everyday activities and are called in when needed P = authoritative S = egalitarian ----Priests tend to be authority figures ----Shamans are usually not possessing more authority in the community than others P = morality S = harmony ----Priests instill form of morality P = serve the gods S = negotiate with the spirits ----Priests with higher supernatural presence ----Shaman with more localized spirits P = prayer S = ASC/ trance

Ex: Evans-Pritchard -Grainery collapsed while doing fieldwork.

People used to sit under them. People underneath got hurt, explanation → result of witchcraft Evans-Pritchard:could explain to them that termites are the actual cause. Their response → we know, but why collapse while those people were underneath it? Witcraft for the azani provides explanation for what science cannot Evans Pritchard: witchcraft explains unfortunate events, once you accept witchcraft as true, its just as reasonable as our own beliefs Ex: funeral Someone dies from an accident, you can see ppl gathering around in shock asking why this had to happen. Scientific explanation but not enough.

who becomes a shaman and why?

Physically and emotionally demanding. Requires long rigorous training, usually under the tutelage (tutoring) of an older shaman → most people avoid it

Millenarian movements: → status reversal on a larger scale (from millennium) = one thousand is root

Refers to 1000 yr period of time aka long time Colonialism accompanies by missionary activity → convert the "heathens" More generally, millennium refers to an era of peace, happiness, and justice

Change vs progress -Ex Skolt Lapp case: negative aspects of modernization -Ex John Doe tv show:

Reindeer herders in finland who use slds drawn by reindeer to use their supplies → transitioned to snow mobiles → more dependent on outside market things or get better jobs to afford this type → may constitute modernizing but not necessarily better The One Straw Revolution, an Introduction to Natural Farming by Masanobu Fukuoka Created method to work with natures forces. Cartoon shown figures digging themselves in a hole = his representation of industrialization. Higher tech may benefit some and be detrimental to others

E.B. Tylor (1873) Religion -genesis Ch2 comparison

Religion: "the belief in spiritual beings" Spirit or soul → as something separable from the body "Incarnation" Spirit → latin root "spirare = to breathe" --Expire, respiration, inspiration Second chapter of genesis: Then the lord god formed a man from the dust of the grounded and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life and the man became a living being" -But breath also leaves the body at the time of death → two ideas are conflated -Spirits can flow into and out of the body

shaman prerequisite: marginality

Shaman could be seen as liminality through the transferring back and forth between living and realm of spirits" May have complicated personalities that make it difficult to be a part of normal society May also have a disability that offer them a special sort of power or insight as a shaman but may be extradited from society bc of it

shaman: images, symbolism combined with practical knowledge

Shaman is often equipped to deal with superficial injuries, medicinal abundances, and a lot that are supported by doctors as well. Can be an argument for why we should save the rainforest

Trickster animals as categorical anomalies

Snake, Fox, Raven Coyote, diurnal (most active at dusk and dawn), sly, highly adaptable Rabbit, chews cud but doesn't have hoof, tradition in africa and native american cultures in algonquin has rabbit as trickster. What appears to have happened is native americans and africans came up with cartoon "wear rabbit?" and bugs bunny, folk hero thats sly actions get them in and out of trouble

Ecstatic Religion, a Study of Shamanism and Spirit Possession- L. M. Lewis

Studies spirit possession around diff countries British anthropologist Focused on N and E Africa → found possession was more frequent in women than men --Many of the societies he studied were patrilineal, possibly gives women more power as the spirit acts as an advocate ------Spirit as advocate: spirit speaks on host's behalf, while host remains blameless ------→ allows possessed temporary license to do and say unusual things (ex: challenge authority, husband, friends) --Not linked to gender per se but to subordination, oppression. As an advocate, the spirit steps in demanding better treatment for the host. Almost like ventriloquism --→ offers some leverage in dealing with others

T or F, flexibility adds greater resilience to a lineage

TRUE balkans and igbo of nigeria ex: "Continuation of a patrilineage is central to a society's kinship structure. one way of making sure there are people to fill all important kin positions is to permit women to take on male roles and also other male gender characteristics" textbook. → offers flexibility. If too rigid, lineage may die out. "

Sell products back to the colony, expand markets: taxing colonial subjects to force them into the market system

Taxes had to be paid in colonial money indigenous ppl could only earn by working for them or making something they wanted to buy. Participation in the market and in wage labor was viewed as the essential precondition for "civilizing the natives" "immersed colonial subjects in global capitalist economy. Entered as producers of raw materials and consumers of manufactured goods. Low income high cost for products"

1) Ghost Dance Religion -Wovoka (1856-1932)

The prophet who was member of the Paiute in Nevada. Had vision that existing world would be destroyed from fire, flood, and upheaval. Oppressive white people and native americans who followed white ways would be wiped out but those who took part in the dance would be sav ed in salvation.

"Totemism"

The totem becomes an object of special reverence Serves as an identifying symbol for the group Like flags for countries Japan flag symbolizes rising sun, used to have clans and the clan that prevailed's totem was the rising Sun "sun goddess amatadasu" "lights up the heaven"

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal: halloween/xmas

Trick or treat. Trick if treats were not delivered. Usually would be egged or something if no candy brought -bring us figgy pudding we won't go till we get some. ppl used to loot and used xmas as an excuse to "level playing fields" and make rich give to them

"To grasp the potential and limits of diversity in human life, we must look at the full range of human societies, particularly those outside __________ historical, cultural, and economic traditions"

Western

Millenarian movements Widespread pattern: Prophets examples start:

Widespread pattern: -Appears among weak and oppressed seeking reversal of their conditions -Typically in third world countries under colonial domination; tribal societies under state's authority Usually begin with prophet: → has revelatory vision → truth is revealed → spreads message to others Examples: --Ghost Dance --Religion --Cargo cults --Rastafari

colonialism

a powerful country takes control of other countries or territories → uses their resources to enhance its power and wealth. (British, Spanish, America, Japan, a lot)

continuum

a progression from one thing to the next rather than an abrupt halt from one thing to another Ex: color scale = continuum, colors blend to one another, hard to tell where one color ends vs other begins, where the line is divided

Standard explanation for rebellious rituals: safety valve mechanism why not an implicit warning

a safety valve mechanism = component in steam engines. When pressure rises to certain level, steam is released to let pressure go down a bit. may even dress rehearsal for outright rebellion. You have many people recognizing power in numbers.

"Although all societies must be structured to provide order and meaning, according to Turner, _____________, is also important, helping ppl to more fully realize the oneness of the self and the other" Textbook on Turner

antistructure Felt for room for structure to change so when it is put back Ex: pilgrimage, dress alike, interact for a time as an undifferentiated mass of beings, same spiritual distinctions Sadu of india are perpetual state of liminality where they are outside of structured categories forever

fifth field of anthropology

applied anthropology -practical application of anthropological knowledge to real-life problems put to use

natalie zemon davis: influence vs disuade argument in disorderly women photos

believes they were used first to widen behavioral options within and outside of marriages and to start riots for more equality in societies where protesting was allowed

rites of passage: transition: korean bride pilgrimmage funeral

bring carried off from natal home to house of husband from haj to mecha funeral deceased being brought to cemetary

applying anthropology to a career (4)

business education government NGOs

selected attributes

conspicuous but arbitrary, easily seen but defined by the lens one chooses to view it through. Get to decide whats considered an attribute that is focused on

After WW2 independence mvmts Melanesia: cargo cults

could not figure out riches of white man → what is the basis of their wealth and power? (where does all this cargo come from) Form lines and march in unison (imitating behavior from europeans) Worship flags and flagpoles Build airstrips, model towers and airplanes Use "tin can" radios → contact gods of cargo "Melanesians were not irrational but worked with the info they had.

linguistic imperialism: -things fall apart (book by Chinua Achebe) -Montaigne

ex : things fall apart book by chinua achebe about what linguistic and subsistence imperialism was like. Talked about all changes "So many goodly cities ransacked; so many nations destroyed; so infinite millions of harmless people of all sexes states and ages, massacred and put to the sword; and the riches, the fairest and best part of the world topsiturvied, ruined for all the traffic of Pearls and Pepper: Oh mechanical victories, oh base conquest" Montaigne → written in late 1500s, not new.

medical anthro: what can we learn from them: local knowledge

gives us better understanding and appretiation for the natural world around you nature is recognized as a conscious presence. through syncratism, should be possible

those in mountains in japan (matagi): subsistence

had many many different subsistence strategies but were still looked down on for not growing rice -mountain people had their own mountain god figures and their own sacred narratives. helped mountain god in time of need and god let her hunt wherever she wanted anymore.

barriers to success of new programs:

ignoring proper channels misreading symbols ignorance of (or disdain for) core values and beliefs --> knowledge of the local culture will facilitate implementation

"Thus, art forms are not only mirrors of culture but also heighten cultural and social __________ by displaying and confirming the values that members of a society hold in common" textbook

integration Ex: myth of N America in one painting. Death of general Wolf -Benjamin West: French and indian war in quebec. This painting marks the beginning of a false beginning Ex folk art too

Emile Durkheim (sociology): -australian aboriginal studies of todomism

interested in discovering origins of religion. studied australian aboriginals and their practice of todomism. Tribal society that links lineages to form larger groups clan → "apical" ancestor: a figurehead symbol of collective identity the exact links are obscure. They know they're related as they share a name or an identifying symbol. May take on form of an animal like a bear

The presence or absence of that spirit or soul is what determines the difference between a _______ one and a ________ one

living; dead

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal: shrine festival Japan

local guardian deite is in a portable thing, deite likes to be entertained but is also revitalizing the community with its presence. Those involved, the bearers purify themselves drinking sake event. They get more drunk and sometimes the structure veers off path they will hit building but no one gets blamed bc its apparently the god that runs it so a group of ppl may take it off course. Usually ends up happening to ppl in communities that are not usually well liked. Everyone is very unrestrained, opportunity to grieve anger or poor feelings. Traditionally, women couldn't carry the shrine but as time has gone on a lot more women. Ritual is malleable.

myth is m______e

malleable --> can be altered as need arises --> can change overtime in response to changing religions

the Zuni and other Native North American societies

manly hearted women among native americans to montana (dominant, women known to be independent, strong willed) acquired greater wealth by developing masculine characteristics -became higher valued as they developed more masculine traits

Victor Turner: "betwixt and between" -major league sports -communitas

marginal, ambiguous, detached liminal stage gave opportunity to introduce new ideas or changes in the social order Ex: ML sports figures taking a knee during national anthem. national anthem itself is a liminal moment, brings everyone together allows temporary escape from structural complaints participants experience a generalized social bond that unites rather than distinguishes → "communitas"

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal: lathmar holi festival

may describe new end or beginning, takes place end of winter or beginning of spring men in town that try to place flag on something where women beat the men with sticks to make it difficult. Patrilineal society but role reversal where women can express themselves in a way that is typically not allowed.

fastest growing applied specialty in anthropology today:

medical anthropology Jim Yon Kin former person of bank

what culture concept has done for indigenous peoples:

must be preserved -our goal should not be assimilation, but accommodation to other cultures as well "we can continue to invent new cultural forms-- new designs for living" "understanding that culture is flexible and variable gives us hope for a better future. Anthropology gives us some of the analytical tools to act on that hope"

ritual has expressive symbolic quality: ex sake pouring meaning

mutual concern for one another must pour for those in your presence

how is gender ideology instilled and perpetuated (3)

narratives, enactments, performances

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: spirits speaking on behalf of their hosts -usual asks

often demanding better treatment hosts themselves remain totally blameless Like ventriloquist

Millenarian movements Look forward to complete transformation of the present world order,

often in the form of a catastrophic event → cataclysm: great upheaval that causes great change like flood, the apocalypse, etc. out of this comes something better.

cross-cultural perspective:

open minded about -other ways of doing things -diff points of view acknowledge commonalities, not just differences

example of myths addressing fundamental aspects of the human condition: st. george slaying dragon

patron saint of england. dragon almost eats kings daughter, he saves her. represents need to overcome fears and anxieties from some scholars

The "supernatural": gods/ deities

personified/ anthropomorphized→ assigned characteristics like bodily form, personality (can appeal to them for help, up to them whether they grant them, some cases come angry and seek vengeance)

Rituals reaffirm the social order, and encourage solidarity -ancestor veneration -patriotism

recall ancestor veneration, intercambian argument. ancestor symbolizes lineage and the living members encourage that it prevails through time patriotism and political rallies → people who enjoy the energy of being surrounded by like minded people → "collective effervescence"- Durkheim: an infectious excitement or enthusiasm that fosters group identity Feel presence of higher power, this power exists, it is society itself Ex: drum circles group, choir, group of rock concert → spiritual experience founded by the energy of a group.

4. Experiential

religion as a transcendent emotional experience the numinous: the mystical or the awe inspiring Ex: numinous experience while mountaineering. Talking about the rainbow around the mountain being interpreted as a manifestation from buddha. No matter what you believe, can be moving experience even with science involved

what distinguishes ritual from ordinary habit or behavior

ritual has expressive symbolic quality

rituals: rites of passage:

rituals or ceremonies that mark the transition from one social category to another -age (ex: graduation) -status -occupation

myth

sacred stories or narratives are often called myths, but this is problematic conveys fundamental values in symbolic form

"_______ claim the ability to directly contact the supernatural without certification by any institutionalized religion, and this challenges the authority of church and state" textbook

shamans ---Gov tend to be suspicious of nomadic people like foraging bands, pastoralists etc. very similar ---Shamanism was banned in china, mongolia, soviet union, and korea where it has now returned

Emile Durkheim concluded: the object of worship is a symbol for the ________ ________ itself

social group

"Applying _______ or _____________ marks one as a member of a group in a visible way that cannot be easily denied" textbook Ex nuer and dinka to ribal pastoralist groups

tattoos; facial scars Nuer marks are horizontal, dinga are v shaped Ex yakuza gangsters in japan that have full body tattoos. Can be concealed under their clothing except at the public bath house Ex: Skull from japan that show tooth ablation to mark clan identity

'Intersectionality,' as used in the textbook, refers to: -the emphasis on commonalities in defining group identity -the intersection of various social identities within the same person -the combination of various biological traits to form a single racial category -the mingling of various racial categories within a single community

the intersection of various social identities within the same person

In the lecture it was argued that biological attributes such as blood type and fingerprint patterns are not used as the basis for racial categories because -they are not conspicuous -they directly coincide with more obvious characteristics such as skin color and hair texture -they are basically the same for everyone -they are not as biologically significant as skin color and hair texture

they are not conspicuous

Combine concept of specific groups and structure/anti-structure with Mary Douglas: "categorical anomalies"

things that do not fit into established categories are deemed "unclean" or "dangerous"

Rastafari liinguistics

uses prefixes by their opposites {overstand}. Use of I-centered words focuses attention on the radical equality of all people and their identity with God "I-and-I" → recognizes the spiritual essence that connects all people (inity, ital food, "the power of the most I" Selassie I)

politics as a discrete category

voting map: discrete focus of making states fully red or blue even when the vote was split by 1-2% Rendering continuous data to discrete categories and exaggerating the difference Website made to show the different views (lib and conserv) about each problem how does one individual fall neatly on one side or the other. By looking at the sight you are asked to choose and extreme answer

problem with trying to compare religions

we try to compare their reality against OUR ideals → leads to dismissal of their belief

hidden transcript (2 ways)

what people really think and feel, but are reluctant to express openly Glimpses revealed under certain circumstances: Disguise the message → give the story but as if it takes place in another place and time but can pick up on surrounding places it would apply to authoritative figures, their lives, society etc Disguise the messenger → graffiti, putting on mask, form of disguise

Millennium --Colonial subjects associated stories more with themselves than with themselves → ppl consider the stories in the Bible, apply them to their own situation Drawn from the book of Revelation (Rev. 20: 1-5)

→ a period of 1000 yrs where Jesus and his faithful will reign over the earth "Said that those who were killed testifying jesus and gods message came to life and lived 1000 years" "then i saw new heaven and new earth. For first heaven and first earth had vanished. God comes through and says shall be an end to death and mourning and crying and pain; for the old order has passed away!" central notion

religion as conspicuous

→ clothing very typical amish women hats, Jews in NY, buddhism with shaved heads, cross symbols

The "supernatural": powers/ forces. -mana -photo from polynesia of man trying to not look directly at the chief as chief

→ mana: from polynesia, powers and forces that are impersonal --No will of their own but can be manipulated for good or evil by those who learn the power to use them "Mana is most often found in areas (spatial, temporal, verbal, or physical) that are the boundaries between clear-cut categories." textbook Photo from polynesia. Man trying to not look directly at the chief as chief is a source of mysterious power that could hurt you if you get too close to it. Mana → might be sen as metaphor for influence, authority, an charisma

politics as conspicuous

→ not hard to make obvious. Post certain things, protest in public,

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: "holy fool" -russian -forest gump

→ speaks truth to power, challenges abusive authority Russian tradition, mentally disturbed under gods protection, could even question authority. St Basil questioned them Similar to forest gump. Not so bright but very inspirational in much of what he says

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal: shrine festival Japan fights/ struggles and meaning

2 fights: neighborhood v neighborhood over who can beat the drum first. All neighborhoods challenging platform. Old goal used to be to beat down the platform making those on top and in society on top to fall. Originated from small little drum. The evolution can be explained through histories. Weird town where became unruly. Local police headquarters was smashed by the large drum. Kept going into the police station. Bystanders took cue to throw rocks at the police station. Most likely was premeditated as how did everyone randomly have rocks 1929. Police were widely disliked as they were outsiders

fourth dimension of religion

4. Experiential

shamanism: Religion → characteristic features: 1. Central and defining stories 2. Symbols and symbolism 3. Extraordinary beings, powers, states, places, and qualities 4. Rituals 5. Specialists 6. Changeability

5. SPECIALISTS

major role of shaman

= curing illness Physical, psychological, emotional Religious specialist and healter combined "In shamanic curing, the shaman, usually in a trance, travels into the supernatural world to discover the source of illness and what might be done to cure it." Textbook --The shaman is working for a client, a common member of their society who is living with an illness that is typcally attributed to some sort of spirit. Shaman finds out what causes the illness

1. Intellectual / cognitive → "search for order and meaning" -religion + science -cosmology

Appealing to the mind or intellect. Cognitive = to know/ understand. Satisfies human need for explanation "In a sense, religions are models of reality that serve as framework for interpreting events and experiences. Through religion, humans impose order and meaning on their world and often gain the feeling that they have some measure of control over it" textbook Cosmology → satisfies the need for explanation. Why are things the way they are. Many scholars believe science will eventually take place of religion as a means of explanation it hasn't happened yet → bc science cannot provide answers to the questions people find most

hidden transcript: disguising messanger (3)

Apply to spirit possession 1. Spirits speak on behalf of their "hosts," often demanding better treatment Hosts themselves remain totally blameless Like ventriloquist 2. "Holy fool" → speaks truth to power, challenges abusive authority Russian tradition, mentally disturbed under gods protection, could even question authority. St Basil questioned them Similar to forest gump. Not so bright but very inspirational in much of what he says 3. Rituals of rebellion or status reversal

"Disorderly woman" images and beliefs of their purpose -image of aristotle and phyllis -natalie zemon davis: influence vs disuade argument

Aristotle warns Alexander he is spending too much time with Phylis, she gets her revenge by having the old man get on all four and is riding him. Teaches alexander charm and sex appeal may overpower intellect and reason Some believe was used to influence women to NOT act like these "deplorable" women

Domination described as "good intention" britain, france, america, japan, berlin

Britain: "white man's burden" --British empire was huge "From cape to cairo" France: "civilizing mission" --"European nations colonized out of fear of each other. Each nation thought the others threatened its national commercial interests" textbook America: "manifest destiny" → --responsibility to take care of the rest of the world and introduce them to the "modern" world Political cartoon of white men and uncle sam on the backs of indigenous children. Irony being white mans burden as they ride their backs. Japan: "greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere" --Political cartoon supporting colonialism of japanese man shaking hand of indigenous person where the indigenous person is holding the shovel.

Matagi- liminal

Cross back and forth between village (realm of human beings), and deep mountains (realm of animals and mountain gods)

Not every religion: recognizes a supernatural presence -original buddhism

Ex: original buddhism, no God or deite, ppl tried to reach enlightenment through personal efforts

who made the point that theres often more overall differences WITHIN categories than BETWEEN them

Franz Boas believes step 2 and 3 are opposite sides to the same coin 2. Within the boundaries → emphasize commonalities; ignore differences 3. Across the boundaries → ignore commonalities; exaggerate differences

Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) aka "trance" "ecstasy"

Includes visionary experience Deities and spirits → how to communicate/ interact with them Whether the revelations exist or not are in eye of beholder Bible ex: Jacobs ladder, stairway leading to heather, shepherds in, being visited by angels in a dream, the revelation of st. John.

Critique of Western medical practice

Treats the body byt neglects the patients sense of --Balance, harmony, and integration with society at large --This critique is partly coming from W practitioners themselves → critique says mind and body are one and should be treated as so.

origin myth

a "culture history" account of creation origin of "our people" how we: -acquired our attributes -came to occupy our territory -adopted our way of life

"Neither Man nor Woman" book by serena nanda

about addressing the Hijras of India as an official third gender (biologically male or may be intersex but identify as women "when they enter politics, hijras explicitly construct themselves as individuals without the obligations of family, gender, or caste and emphasize that they are therefore free from the corrupting influence of nepotism, which plagues indian politics" Textbook staying neutral has its advantages, could mean you are a more effective politician or leader

hidden transcript: disguising messanger: rituals of rebellion or status reversal: "sacred transgression"

allowed to confront these people unlike typically (surrounded by wall, police will arrest you, etc)

Totem

animal, plant, or natural object. Serves as a symbol of the group and the source of its power In mythical sense, we descended from an animal like bear or wolf, or inanimate like the sun

"Two fundamental principles rule the cosmos; _________ and _________. ________ or harmony is the desired state but can be disrupted by the action, intentional or unintentional, of humans. When this occurs, the spirit world can retaliate with illness or disasters. It is part of the shaman's job to restore ________." Townsend

balance and reciprocity balance restore balance

shamans emphasis is to restore ______ , ______

balance, harmony → like conflict resolution with foragers --Practitioner and healer, like social worker too, and like doctor --Effects whole community and not just individual to heal --"Shamanic curing ceremonies work by cultivating an awareness that 'one's own body is located at a central intersection within a system of relations. Illness ruptures this pattern and healing restores the perception of harmony" Textbook

ritual baseball magic reading

baseball magic: rituals, taboos, -dangerous, risky, uncertain activities like batting and pitching is when it takes place -reproduces malinowski's findings

trickster

comical troublemaker who violates the norms but essential to creation by stirring things up. An instigator, a catalyst for change. Also an equalizer → turns the tables and outwits the opposition. Almost a folk hero. antihero, more ambiguous figure who sometimes gets involved and messes things up (as we all do). More in the middle than downright evil shape shifter, gender bender, transformer, usually seen as catalyst

contrast the cavemen drawings with the inuit bison dance masks

carverys try to free the image already within the thing. Dance ex: bison dance: could be looked at as prayer for the bison for their proliferation, respect for the bison Mask ex: masks may have spirit of their own, represent ancestors, or supernatural beings ----"The masked dancer does not represent the supernatural being but is understood to have become the supernatural being" textbook ----**In this case, dance has affinity to spiritual possession. Spirit enters hosts body and speaks through it

how to enter ASC: tobacco: more __________ than recreational used like incense.

ceremonial

ritual entails prescribed movement and speech but also opportuities for introducing c_____e (agency)

change -ritual too is malleable

Third world leaders (often in __________ with transnational agencies) and want foreign investment to... (3)

collusion -Stimulate their economies -Subdue opposition -Consolidate their power (→ bow to the wishes of transnationals, collude in destroying their own traditions)

rites of passage: transformation, metamorphasis

combined with images of rebirth or marking of new name to mark new identity

shaman: sleight of hand okinawa navajo sand tibet indians

deceiving someone almost. some cases, can catch shaman hiding crystal in mouth, pretending to pull out of the person Personal experience: okinawa in shaman, woman used lighting cigarette and putting lit end in her mouth and shotguns smoke into victims face. Smoke swirled over the patient's body and went up in the air. Ex navajo sand painting:Navajo have two healing, scientific healing (anatomy and phsy) and symbolic healing based on (culturally being that goes beyond human consciousness) -anthropologist sanders. Both may be required --Doesn't automatically mean someone denies scientific medicine, it just may not be sufficient enough ALONE Ex tibet indians: using sand paintings of order and balance, helps patient visualize restoring to those conditions/ good health → similar to placebo effect --Negative connotation but it is real and helpful

clan

descended lineage where they all think of themselves to come from a single ancestor but cannot recite exact links. focus on central figure at the top of it all

overall more ____diff/similarities_____ WITHIN categories than BETWEEN them

differences

categories

discrete boundaries (closed, self contained, usually qualitative matter, usually clear, yes or no, this or that), on continuous data (no obvious beginning or end, everything flows or blends together)

illness attributed to the supernatural: intrusion of disease-causing object technique

draw object out of body to restore patient usually done through sucking technique, literally sucked out of them, sometimes brought through the mouth and then will show the person the item after

ritual as symbolic enactment: directed outward toward an audience as well as inward toward the self: bedtime prayer

encouraging children to pray for themselves as well as other people do this to instill a presence of caring for others but also outward towards God

corvee

usually forced local labor as a form of taxation

west to rest reversed examples

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