Cultural Anthropology Final Study Guide

There is growing interest among Western Europeans and Americans in music from other parts of the world, and combining musical styles and forms from different cultures. This is category of music is called?

"World Music."

According to the World Bank, about how many people in the world in 2006 were living on less than $1 per day?

1 billion

"Orientalism" refers to:

A fantasy view of the Middle East as the European "other."

A sacred narrative is:

A story held to be holy or true by members of a religious tradition.

The economy of state societies is generally based on:

Agriculture

Fear of witchcraft accusations would best be categorized as:

An informal mechanism of social control.

Archaeologists call objects that were made or modified by human beings:

Artifacts.

The trade of arm shells and bracelets among trading partners in the Trobriand Islands is an example of:

Balance Reciprocity

Which development approach focuses on projects aimed at giving the poorest people in the world access to clean water, education, and health care?

Basic human needs approaches.

Marking the body as an expression of cultural and personal identity is known as:

Body art.

The work of anthropologists has helped to:

Challenge and correct our tendency towards ethnocentrism.

Conflict theory holds that the natural condition of society is:

Conflict and change.

Culture is made up of learned behaviors which are learned:

Continuously

A god is a spiritual being who:

Created or controls some aspect of the world.

The idea that anthropologists should approach understanding each culture on its own terms, in light of its own notion of worth and value is called:

Cultural relativism.

Two principal themes found in anime and manga are:

Cuteness and violence.

One of the critical goals of cultural anthropology as an academic discipline is to:

Describe, analyze and explain different cultures.

The process of movement of culture traits from one society to another is called:

Diffusion

The rule requiring marriage within a particular group is called:

Endogamy

Ethnocentrism is the tendency for:

Every society to view itself as superior to others.

All economic behavior can be explained by the desire for profit.

False

Anthropology is most interested in what is abnormal and atypical in human populations.

False

Culture is human behavior that is genetically transmitted.

False

Diffusion is generally a peaceful process that benefits all of the cultures involved.

False

Ethnicity is based primarily on biological ties and remains constant over time.

False

Even a child brought up in isolation will automatically be able to speak the language of his/her parents.

False

In a unilineal kinship system, one is affiliated with family members on both the father's and mother's side

False

In an egalitarian society, no individual is recognized as having special skills or talents.

False

Industrialism has increased equality among people throughout the world.

False

Male initiations and rites of passage such as the Shellback Ceremony in the U.S. Navy serve no practical purpose and are just excuses for bullying helpless victims.

False

People are likely to use magic where the outcome of events is known in advance and they are sure of the success of their efforts.

False

The physical environment affects culture, but culture does not affect the physical environment.

False

The defining characteristic of horticulture is that:

Fields are not used permanently but remain fallow for some time after being cultivated.

Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:

Foraging societies.

The earliest human food-getting strategy was:

Foraging.

The primary influence on American anthropology in the early 20th Century was:

Franz Boas.

The view that it is necessary to pay a surgeon a large amount of money so that this important job will get done in society is part of:

Functional theory

Which of the following is an example of a rite of passage?

Getting married.

A religious cosmology, or world view, functions primarily to:

Give meaning and order to the world.

The principal resource that Spanish Conquistadors sent back from the Inca Empire was:

Gold.

The hijra subculture:

Has a ritual role in Indian society.

"Nacirema" ritual centers around

Health and cleanliness.

A positive value of ethnocentrism for a society is that it:

Helps bind members of a society together.

Human speech is infinitely productive. This means that:

Humans can combine words into new, meaningful utterances that they have never heard before.

All of the following are subfields of Anthropology except

Hydraulic Anthropology.

Which of the following is an example of displacement?

I might go out tomorrow if it doesn't rain.

A tribal society:

Imagines all of its members to be related by kinship

Under most conditions, foraging requires:

Independence and mobility.

In a patrilineal society:

Inheritance and succession flow in the male line.

A major characteristic of industrialism is that it:

Invariably expands beyond its own boundaries.

One of the world's most sexually repressed societies is the:

Irish of Inis Beag.

What role did disease play in European colonization?

It decimated native populations leaving little resistance to European incursion.

What is mana?

It is religious energy that is believed to be in certain people or objects.

One critical factor that distinguishes anthropology from other fields of study is:

Its interest in describing humankind throughout time and in all parts of the world.

A practice, value, or aspect of social organization that results in a lessening of the true disparities of wealth in a society is called a(n):

Leveling Mechanism

The rise of plow agriculture has generally:

Lowered women's status.

The two-spirit are best described as:

Men who take on women's work and clothing and are considered to have supernatural powers.

Ethnicity as a national issue in the United States has mainly discussed in relation to:

National origin of immigrants.

A national identity succeeds to the extent that citizens consider it:

Natural

State societies are generally characterized by:

Occupational specialization, Long-distance trade, and Rise of cities

According to the textbook, pasture land among the Maasai is:

Owned collectively rather than individually.

The fieldwork technique at the heart of anthropological data collection is called:

Participant observation.

Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called:

Peasants.

Which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism?

People sell their labor for wages in order to survive.

Preindustrial agriculture uses all of the following techniques EXCEPT:

Pesticides.

The rule permitting a woman to have several husbands at a time is called:

Polyandry

The competitive feast of the Kwakiutl at which chiefs distribute and destroy goods to validate their claims to prestige is called a(n):

Potlatch

The nonhuman animals most likely to be studied by biological or physical anthropologists are:

Primates.

The three main systems of exchange in human societies are

Reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange.

When a group collects goods and then gives them out to their own members or members of other groups, they are participating in:

Redistribution

Agriculture (intensive cultivation) is characterized by a:

Relatively complex techniques of water and soil control.

The transition of an individual from one social status to another is often surrounded by religious rituals called:

Rites of passage.

The profits of colonization primarily went to:

Shareholders of colonial companies.

Which of the following is NOT a subsystem of language:

Symbology.

Elements found in all cultures include

Technology, social organization, economic organization, and political organization.

A high degree of specialization of labor:

Tends to correlate with high population and agricultural intensification.

A critical hallmark of prayer is:

That its results depend on the will of the spirit world.

From an anthropological perspective, power is:

The ability to control resources in one's own interest.

In the text, art refers to:

The application of skill that meets a culturally defined standard of beauty.

Which of the following is associated with the assimilationist model of immigrant adaptation:

The melting pot.

Prayer and magic are most likely to be used when:

The outcome of an event is uncertain.

The relationship between language and culture is illustrated by the fact that:

The vocabulary of a language emphasizes those features of the environment that are culturally most significant.

The functionalist perspective on social stratification holds that:

The whole society benefits because a class system provides motivation for all necessary jobs to be filled.

As culture traits move from one society to another:

Their meanings tend to change.

A chiefdom is a ranked society, usually based on horticulture or pastoralism.

True

A very important function of art is symbolic communication.

True

All human societies have some normative system for dealing with people who break the rules.

True

All humans live within the context of cultures.

True

Band-level societies are mainly found among foragers.

True

Capital is the financial resource that can be used to increase wealth.

True

Cultures are systems, so a change in one aspect of a culture is likely to result in changes in other aspects of the culture.

True

Education plays a role in social mobility in the United States.

True

Endogamy is the social rule that you must marry within your own group.

True

In patrilineal descent groups, inheritance moves from father to son.

True

Karl Marx and Max Weber were both social theorists who focused on the conflicts that underline complex societies.

True

Manga has a widespread and influential role in the popular culture of the global community.

True

One anthropological explanation for the incest taboo is that such taboos prevent sex with close relatives from causing disruption within the family.

True

Pastoralism can be either transhumant or nomadic.

True

Pastoralism is mainly found in areas that are too dry or otherwise unsuited for farming.

True

Pillage was one of the main ways that Europeans transferred wealth from newly discovered areas to their home countries.

True

Political organization refers to the patterned ways in which power and authority are used in a society to regulate behavior.

True

Priests are generally associated with gods believed to have great power.

True

The United States is an accurate example of a class-stratified society.

True

The most important ethical responsibility in anthropological fieldwork is to protect the interests of the people whom you are studying.

True

The vocabulary of a language reflects the culture of the people who speak it.

True

Archaeologists are principally interested in:

Understanding and reconstructing the cultures of past societies.

Corvee labor was:

Unpaid labor demanded by colonizers of native populations.

Cultural relativity requires that:

Values and customs be understood in terms of the culture of which they are a part.

Which of the following correctly describes the position of the Dutch East India Company?

While it made enormous profits for its shareholders, the company was embroiled in wars and eventually went bankrupt.

Musical styles from cultures throughout the world is represented in:

World music.

The International Phonetic Alphabet is a means of:

Writing all of the sounds of all human languages.

The ties on which kinship systems are based

are culturally specified ties that rest on biological and conjugal relationships..

In a society with matrilineal descent, the person with the most authority and responsibility for a woman and her child is her:

brother.

Individuals who serve as guides and teachers for anthropologists in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called

consultants & informants

Historically, the greatest source of environmental degradation has been:

consumer desires and energy needs in wealthy nations.

At one time in several states in the United States, Blacks and Whites were not permitted to marry. This was a rule of

endogamy

Generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in

foraging societies.

The American kinship system

is a unilateral system.

The following are all characteristics of culture except

it can be practiced by as few as one person.

Industrialism is most properly called a revolution because

it led to major changes in social organization.

Individuals who serve as guides and teachers for anthropologists in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called by all of the following terms except:

managers.

If you live in a society that practices exogamy, you must

marry outside of your social group.

Incest taboos are universally applied to:

mothers and sons.

Labor value theory, or "the surplus value of labor" argues that

profit comes from the difference between the cost of labor and the value of labor.

The dominant system of exchange in band societies is

reciprocity.

"Art" or aesthetics can function to

reinforce social values, express religious sentiments, express opposition to the social order, and create or reinforce solidarity among a group

Margaret Mead's study of Arapesh, Mundugamor, and Tchambuli showed that:

the relationship between gender and personality varies with cultural expectations.

A central function of kinship in almost every society is that it provides for

the transfer of property between generations.

Social stratification is the result of

unequal distribution of resources.