Cultures of Islam Midterm
Umayyads
A dynasty that ruled the Muslim Empire from 661 to 750 and later established a kingdom in al-Andalus. Main opponents of Ali
Rightly Guided Caliphs(Rashudin Caliphate)
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
Rightly Guided Caliphs Era
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali (Rashudin Caliphate)
Early opponents of Muhammad
Abu Sufyan, Hind
Umayyad Era
Achievements Arabization new Arabic coinage effective financial administation post service from Damascus to provincial capitals translation of Greek, Persian, Latin works
Pre Islamic Gods and Goddesses
Al-Uzza Allat Manah Hubal
Fitna
Civil War among Muslims
Byzantine Empire
Eastern Christian Empire
Shari'a
Islamic law/set of rules that Muslims must abide by
Key Women of Islam
Khadija, Fatima, Aisha, Zaynab, Hafsa
Hijra
Muhammad's migration to Medina(previously Yathrib)
Al-Baladhuri
Muslim historian
Sasanian Empire
Pre-Islamic Persian Empire
Sources of Shari'a
Quran Sunna (words and deeds) of Muhammad through Hadith, consensus(ijima), Consultation(Shura), Anology (Qiyas), Ijithad (reasoning)
Ulama
Scholars of Islam that merged in the Umayyad dynasty, many opposed them studied predestination, hadith, necessary aspects of faith, legal issues
Five Pillars (Sunni Islam)
Testimony;Prayer;Alms;Fasting;Hajj
Isnad
chain of transmission of Hadith that validates it
Abbasids
claimed descent to Muhammad, the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad,
Hadith
collection of utterances and actions of Muhammad
Sahaba
companions of the prophet
Umru al-Qays
considered father of Arabic poetry
bint
daughter of
Quraysh
dominant tribe of Mecca during Muhammad's lifetime
Abi/Abu
father of
Iman
general term to mean a religious leader, but in Shia Islam it can refer to the leaders after Muhammad
Zakat
giving alms
Abbasid Era
golden age of Islam, founded city of Baghdad, Abbasid Alliance towards Mawali after they were view as second class by Umayadds
Kharijites
group of Muslims who do not believe that human beings should alter will of God and who objected to arbitration as a means to resolve the dispute between Ali and Muawiyah
Zoroastrianism
important religious tradition in Persia and other areas
Riddah Wars
launched by Abu Bakr against rebellious Arab tribes who felt no obligation to serve new empire
Twelver Shia
main branch of Shia Islam (believe in 12 Imans)
Um
mother of
Tawhid
oneness of God
Clan of Hashim
part of Quraysh tribe that Muhammad belonged to
Ansar
people of Medina who supported Muhammad
Mawali
people who were not Arab but converted to Islam
Jizya
poll tax paid by protected peoples to Muslim states
Yezid
powerful Umayadd calpih (first hereditary succession to caliphate)
Muayiwah
powerful Umayyad Caliph
Dhimmi
protected peoples
Qura al-Qurran
reciters of the Quran
The Kaaba
sacred Islamic site
ibn/bin
son of
Al-Tabari
wrote Quran commentary which formed basis for further study of the Quran
