Cumulative Final Exam BioPsy 220

31. Why is the speed of conduction through a reflex are slower than the speed of conduction of an action potential along an axon? A. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons B. The longer an axon, the slower its velocity C. Interneurons have thicker axons than other neurons D. There are greater amounts of myelin involved in the reflex arc.

A. Transmission between neurons at synapses is slower than along axons

58. COMT and MAO are: A. enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals B. enzymes that make catecholamines C. neurotransmitters in the same group as serotonin D. the inactive fragments of catecholamines

A. enzymes that convert catecholamines into inactive chemicals

35. Depolarisation is to ____ as hyperpolarization is to ______. A. excitation; inhibition B. inhibition; excitation C. increasing the threshold; decreasing the threshold D. decreasing the threshold; increasing the threshold

A. excitation; inhibition

48. Exocytosis is the process by which neurotransmitters are: A. excreted into the synaptic cleft B. synthesised C. destroyed D. secreted into synaptic vesicles

A. excreted into the synaptic cleft

33. An EPSP is a(n): A. graded depolarisation B. depolarisation with a rebounding hyperpolarisation C. graded hyperpolarisation D. action potential in a reflex arc.

A. graded depolarisation

21. What is the result if a stimulus shifts the potential inside a neuron from the resting potential to a more negative potential? A. Hyperpolarization B. Depolarization C. an action potential D. a threshold

A. hyperpolarization

19. When a neuron's membrane is at rest, the concentration gradient tends to move sodium ____ the cell and the electrical gradient tends to move it ______ the cell. A. into, into B. into, out of C. out of, into D. out of, out of

A. into, into

Exam 1 Review: 1. What are the two kind of cells in the nervous system? A. neurons and glia B. dendrites and axons C. ribosoms and lysosomes D. neurons and axons.

A. neurons and glia

28. The presence of an all-or-none law suggests that neurons can only convey different messages by changing their: A. rate or pattern of action potentials B. size of action potentials C. speed of action potentials D. sodium-potassium pump activity

A. rate or pattern of action potentials

32. Sherrington found that repeated stimuli within a brief time have a cumulative effect. He referred to this phenomenon as: A. temporal summation B. spatial summation C. synaptic summation D. saltatory summation

A. temporal summation

37. A temporary hyperpolarization is known as an: A. EPSP B. IPSP C. ISPS D. EPIP

B. IPSP

56. "Second messengers" carry their messages to: A. the presynaptic membrane B. areas within the postsynaptic cell C. areas within the presynaptic cell D. the surrounding glia

B. areas within the postsynaptic cell

24. A drug that blocks the sodium gates of a neuron's membrane would: A. decrease the threshold B. block the action potential C. cause repeated action potentials D. eliminate the refractory period

B. block the action potential

51. Glutamate opens sodium gates, enabling sodium ions to enter the postsynaptic cell. What is this effect called? A. metabotropic B. ionotropic C. modulatory D. orthodromic

B. ionotropic

55. Which effect is consistently associated with a "second messenger"? A. ionotropic B. metabotropic C. inhibitory D. excitatory

B. metabotropic

17. When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the potassium channels: A. permit potassium ions to pass quickly and easily B. permit potassium ions to pass slowly C. prohibit any movement of potassium ions D. help to open up the sodium channels

B. permit potassium ions to pass slowly

29. The primary feature of a neuron that prevents the action potential from travelling back from where it just passed is the: A. concentration gradient B. refractory period C. sodium potassium pump D. phospholipid bilayer

B. refractory period

44. The presynaptic terminal stores high concentrations of neurotransmitter molecules in: A. axons B. vesicles C. peptides D. dendrites

B. vesicles

18. When the neuronal membrane is at rest, the sodium channels: A. permit sodium ions to pass quickly and easily B. permit potassium ions to cross instead of sodium. C. are closed. D. fluctuate rapidly between open and closed.

C. are closed

47. When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it evokes the release of neurotransmitters by opening ___ channels in the axon terminal. A. chloride B. bicarbonate C. calcium D. oxygen

C. calcium

38. Which of the following would most likely result in an IPSP? A. potassium ions entering the cell B. sodium ions entering the cell C. chloride ions entering the cell D. chloride ions leaving the cell

C. chloride ions entering the cell

46. Vesicles are located: A. in postsynaptic terminals B. in dendrites C. in presynaptic terminals D. outside of the neuron in the extracellular fluid

C. in presynaptic terminals

15. What is the difference in voltage called that typically exists between the inside and the outside of a neuron? A. concentration gradient B. generator potential C. resting potential D. shock value

C. resting potential

43. After a meal that was rich in the amino acid tryptophan, which neurotransmitter level would be increased the most? A. dopamine B. endorphin C. serotonin D. nitric oxide

C. serotonin

9. Myelin covers: A. all axons B. most dendrites C. some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates D. all vertebrate axons and some invertebrate axons

C. some axons in vertebrates and none in invertebrates

49. What determines the effect that a neurotransmitter has on the postsynaptic neuron? A. the speed the action potential traveled down the axon B. the number of branches of the presynaptic axon C. the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane D. the distance between the synapse and the cell body

C. the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane

3. Which of the following contributed most to Cajal's ability to find that neurons are separate from one another?

Camillo Golgi's cell staining method

39. Speaking, piano playing, athletic skills and other rapid movements would be most impaired by damage to which structure?

Cerebellum

45. Although slower than an action potential, synaptic transmission is still relatively fast because: A. the synaptic cleft is very narrow B. sodium ions are transported quickly C. neurotransmitters diffuse faster than electricity D. EPSPs travel faster than IPSPs

D. EPSPs travel faster than IPSPs

42. Which of the following is NOT a catecholamine? A. Dopamine B. Epinephrine C. Norepinephrine D. Serotonin

D. Serotonin

25. After the peak of an action potential, what prevents sodium ions from continuing to enter the cell? A. There is no longer a concentration gradient for sodium B. The sodium-potassium pump greatly increases its rate of activity C. All the available sodium ions have already entered the cell D. The sodium gates in the membrane close

D. The sodium gates in the membrane close

59. Activation of autoreceptors tends to: A. increase further neurotransmitter release B. stimulate GABA release C. increase sodium-potassium pump activity D. decrease further neurotransmitter release

D. decrease further neurotransmitter release

50. A receptor can directly open a channel exerting a(n) ____ effect or it can produce slower but longer _______ effects.

D. ionotropic; metabotropic

39. The "decision" for a neuron to fire is determined by the: A. number of EPSPs only B. spontaneous firing rate C. number of IPSPs only D. ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs

D. ratio of EPSPs to IPSPs

16. When stating that the neuron's membrane is polarised, you are referring to a difference in electrical potential between: A. the axons and the dendrites B. the axon hillock and the cell body C. sodium ions and potassium ions D. the inside and the outside of the membrane

D. the inside and the outside of the membrane

34. The primary difference between an EPSP and an action potential is that:

EPSPs are sub threshold events that decay over time and space

4. What is the name given to a cluster of neurons outside the CNS?

Ganglion

57. What is the relationship of genetics to Huntington's disease?

It is caused by a dominant gene on the X chromosome

12. ____ in the brain and spinal cord and _____ in the periphery are specialised types of glia that build the myelin sheaths that surround neurons.

Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells

26. Just after the peak of the action potential, what movement of ions restores the membrane to approximately the resting potential?

Potassium ions leave the cell

EXAM 2 1. Which plane shows brain structures as they would be seen from the side?

Sagittal

9. Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing are all controlled by which structure?

Thalamus

2. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe?

The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron.

2. Which of the following means "toward the side, away from the midline?"

Ventral

41. The basic building blocks for the majority of neurotransmitters are:

amino acids

11. As a general rule, where do axons convey information ?

away from their own cell body

40. The structure composed of the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus is the

basal ganglia

The basil ganglia work together to initiate movement by

ceasing to inhibit movement

40. Loewi demonstrated that synapses operate by the release of chemicals. He did this by:

collecting fluid from a stimulated frog's heart, transferring it to another frog's heart and measuring that heart rate.

3. If one structure is on the left side of the body and another is on the right, they are said to be _____ to each other.

contralateral

38. Most of the axons of the pyramidal tract go to which side of the body?

contralateral

13. The membrane of a neuron is specialised to:

control the exchange of chemicals between the inside and outside of the cell.

8. Which of the following is the correct order of transmission of information within a neuron?

dendrite, cell body, axon

6. The tree-like branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons are called:

dendrites

57. Reuptake is an alternatic to which other process?

enzymatic breakdown of neurotransmitters

14. The membrane of a neuron is composed of ___ with ___ embedded in them.

fat molecules; proteins

7. A greater amount of branching on dendrites allows them to:

have a larger surface area available for receiving information from other neurons.

20. An individual has difficult remembering certain things after brain damage, but all memories stored before the damage are intact. The brain area most likely damaged is the

hippocampus

60. The gene for Huntington's disease codes for a protein called

huntingtin

17. An impairment of eating, drinking, temperature regulation, or sexual behavior suggests possible damage to which brain structure?

hypothalamus

33. Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?

if an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies

52. The neurotransmitter GABA exerts ___ effects, and its effects are almost always ______.

ionotropic; inhibitory

35. The premotor cortex:

is active during preparations for a movement and less active during movement itself

60. What is one factor in determining whether a drug that readily attaches to a receptor will have agonistic or antagonistic effects?

its efficacy

8. The hindbrain consists of the

medulla, pons and cerebellum

22. Meningitis is an inflammation of the

membranes surrounding the brain

12. The term mesencephalon refers to the

midbrain

6. In the spinal cord, white matter is comprised mostly of ________, while gray matter is mostly ____________

myelinated axons, cell bodies

32. The stages of neurogenesis that occur for the longest duration are

myelination and synaptogenesis

22. Voltage-activated channels are channels for which a change in the voltage across the membrane alters their:

permeability

23. At the peak of the action potential, the electrical gradient of potassium:

pushes potassium out of the cell

53. Which of the following characterises ionotropic effects?

rapid, short-lived effects

16. One function of the thalamus is to :

relay sensory information to the cerebral cortex

27. A drug that decreases the flow of potassium through the potassium gates of the membrane would:

slow the return of the membrane to its resting potential

54. Compared to ionotropic effects, metabotropic effects are:

slower and longer-lasting

36. Like an action potential, an EPSP results from:

sodium ions entering the cell

20. The sodium-potassium pump repeatedly transports three ___ ions out of the cell while drawing two _______ ions into it.

sodium; potassium

5. Chemicals that cannot flow freely across a cell membrane enter a neuron through:

specialised protein channels

56. Which parts of the brain deteriorate most strongly in Huntington's disease?

the caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus

4. What structure is composed of two layers of fat molecules that are free to flow around one another?

the membrane

10. What is the point from which an axon releases chemicals into the synapse?

the presynaptic terminal

30. To what does saltatory conduction refer?

the transmission of an impulse along a myelinated axon

55. What is a common symptom of Huntington's disease?

twitches, tremors and writhing that interfere with voluntary movement

13. Superior colliculus is to ________ as inferior colliculus is to ___________

vision; hearing