cumulative sample questions cpsy
A paradigm in psychology answers all of the following questions EXCEPT: A. What types of training and degrees are needed by researchers? B. What methods should investigators use? C. What sorts of questions should be studied? D. What sorts of analogies and metaphors are appropriate? E. What assumptions may be made in studying a phenomenon?
A
A structure known as the _________ divides the frontal and parietal lobes. A. central sulcus B. lateral sulcus C. amygdala D. corpus callosum E. anterior commissure
A
Damage to the medulla oblongata would most likely result in: A. death. B. inability to speak. C. amnesia. D. loss of balance. E. blindness.
A
Damage to the thalamus might result in an inability to: A. relay information from one part of the brain to another. B. coordinate muscle activity. C. regulate hormones. D. processing visual and auditory information. E. remember information from one's early life.
A
Processes that occur simultaneously rather than one at a time are known as __________ processes. A. parallel B. serial C. sequential D. evolutionary E. central
A
The idea of natural selection is central to which paradigm? A. evolutionary B. connectionist C. information processing D. developmental E. ecological
A
The interdisciplinary field of cognitive science brings together all of the following fields EXCEPT: A. psychoanalysis. B. linguistics. C. anthropology. D. computer science. E. philosophy.
A
Which approach is most consistent with the way the brain functions? A. connectionist B. computer analogy C. evolutionary D. information processing E. ecological
A
Which of the following allows us to support claims about cause-and-effect relationships? A. experiment B. introspection C. controlled observation D. naturalistic observation E. case study
A
Which of the following controls the pituitary gland by releasing hormones? A. hypothalamus B. cerebellum C. thalamus D. medulla E. pons
A
Which of the following is NOT one of the four properties that Wundt proposed as the basis for any conscious thought or idea? A. quantity B. quality C. intensity D. duration E. mode
A
Which of the following is true regarding Watson's behaviorism? A. It rejected references to unobservable mental states such as consciousness. B. It is sometimes regarded as a branch of structuralism. C. It relies heavily on the technique of introspection. D. It never really gained popularity in the United States. E. It had a large positive impact on the development of cognitive psychology.
A
Evolutionary structures within the _________ are the most primitive. A. cerebral cortex B. thalamus C. midbrain D. hindbrain E. forebrain
D
About 95% of all human beings show a specialization for language in the: A. right hemisphere. B. left hemisphere. C. temporal lobe. D. occipital lobe. E. frontal lobe.
B
After a head injury, Sarah has trouble coordinating muscle activity. Sarah most likely suffered damage to the: A. medulla oblongata. B. cerebellum. C. thalamus. D. pons. E. hypothalamus.
B
All connectionist models share the assumption that: A. processing occurs serially. B. processing occurs in parallel. C. knowledge is stored in various storehouses. D. the computer is the appropriate metaphor for human cognitive processing. E. a central processor directs the flow of information.
B
An advantage of MRI as compared to CAT scans: A. MRI requires no exposure to radiation B. MRI requires no exposure to radiation and permits clearer pictures C. MRI can be used on people who have pacemakers D. MRI often permits clearer pictures E. MRI provides information about neuroanatomy
B
CAT scans are usually used to: A. measure the electrical activity of a single brain cell. B. pinpoint areas of brain damage. C. measure cerebral blood flow. D. track areas of brain activity while performing a particular task. E. detect different states of consciousness.
B
Damage to the hippocampus would result in: A. death. B. loss of the ability to form new memories. C. loss of balance. D. blindness. E. deafness.
B
Noam Chomsky believed all of the following EXCEPT: A. The rules of language operate implicitly; we do not necessarily know what all the rules are, but we know how to use them. B. Children learn grammar through the reinforcement and punishment of their utterances by parents and other adults. C. People routinely process enormously complex information. D. Generative rules allow speakers to construct all "legal" grammatical sentences in their language. E. An implicit system of rules underlies our language abilities.
B
The belief that psychological phenomena cannot be reduced to simple elements but must be studied in their entirety is central to the school known as: A. connectionism. B. Gestalt psychology. C. structuralism. D. functionalism. E. behaviorism.
B
Which of the following assumptions of phrenology was basically correct? A. The size of a portion of the brain corresponds to its relative power. B. Different parts of the brain control different functions. C. Different brain faculties are absolutely independent of each other. D. Bumps on the skull coincide with enlarged brain areas. E. The size of the overall brain is a good measure of intelligence.
B
Which of the following can detect different states of consciousness? A. MRI B. EEG C. CAT D. PET E. ERP
B
Which of the following was NOT instrumental in producing the "cognitive revolution"? A. Noam Chomsky's work in the field of linguistics B. B. F. Skinner's development of the Skinner box C. The development of the computer D. The development of human factors engineering E. Attempts to create an artificial intelligence
B
Who originated the idea of localization of function? A. Sigmund Freud B. Franz Gall C. William James D. Paul Broca E. Wilhelm Wundt
B
Wilhelm Wundt and his students used a technique known as _________ to study mental states. A. behaviorism B. introspection C. intensity measurement D. functional measurement E. componentialism
B
"Executive functioning" involves all of the following EXCEPT: A. making decisions. B. using working memory. C. basic sensory processing. D. inhibiting inappropriate behavior. E. planning.
C
All of the following are basic assumptions of the traditional information-processing approach to cognition EXCEPT: A. serial processing B. there are multiple stores where information can be kept throughout processing C. the fundamental question involves the function of consciousness D. people are general-purpose symbol manipulators E. information is processed in stages
C
All of the following statements are central to empiricism EXCEPT: A. Most of our human characteristics and capabilities are changeable. B. Learning takes place through the mental association of two ideas. C. Important structures of the human mind are present at birth. D. Environment plays a powerful role in determining intellectual ability. E. Knowledge comes from an individual's experience.
C
Damage to the occipital lobe could result in difficulty processing: A. sensations of pain. B. memories. C. visual information. D. sensations of temperature. E. auditory information.
C
Jane is taking part in a sleep study. Her brain wave patterns are being measured to determine her level of consciousness at various points throughout the night. The brain recording technique that is being used on Jane is: A. CAT. B. PET. C. EEG. D. ERP. E. MRI.
C
Muscle activity is coordinated in the primitive brain structure called the: A. thalamus. B. pons. C. cerebellum. D. hypothalamus. E. medulla oblongata.
C
One difference between functionalism and structuralism was that: A. structuralists drew more heavily on Darwinian theory. B. functionalists emphasized laboratory experimentation more than structuralists. C. functionalists wanted to study whole organisms in real-life tasks. D. structuralists were more interested in habit formation. E. functionalists wanted to study only observable behaviors.
C
Which of the following is a central tenet of the Gestalt school of psychology? A. The most important function of the mind is to allow the individual to adapt to his or her environment. B. The intellectual structures of a child differ qualitatively from those of a mature adult. C. Psychological phenomena cannot be reduced to simple elements, but must be studied in their entirety. D. Subjective phenomena such as remembering and expecting are not objectively testable and thus are not proper subject matter for psychology. E. The goal of psychology is to break down and identify the simplest mental elements that make up conscious experience.
C
Injury to Broca's area results in an inability to: A. understand written language. B. understand spoken language. C. write. D. produce language fluently. E. understand both spoken and written language.
D
Lashley's studies of ablation in rats suggested that maze running was related to: A. both the location and amount of cortex removed. B. both the age of the rat and the total amount of cortex removed. C. the rat's age at the time of cortex removal. D. the total amount of cortex removed. E. the particular part of the cortex removed.
D
The major disadvantage of naturalistic observation is the lack of: A. both ecological validity and participant training. B. ecological validity. C. both internal and ecological validity. D. experimental control. E. training given to the participants.
D
The term ___________ refers to the claim that neural structures supporting a particular cognitive process reside in a particular brain region. A. parallel processing B. synaptic transmission C. brain plasticity D. localization of function E. limited capacity processors
D
The thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus are all structures of the: A. hindbrain. B. midbrain. C. medulla. D. forebrain. E. spinal cord.
D
To measure an area of the brain's response to a specific event, we use: A. EEG. B. CAT. C. MRI. D. ERP. E. PET.
D
Which is NOT a function of the pons? A. acting as a neural relay center B. processing visual and auditory information C. facilitating the crossover of information between the left side of the body and the right side of the brain D. regulating homeostatic behaviors E. balance
D
Which of the following is NOT a region of the frontal lobes? A. premotor cortex B. prefrontal cortex C. motor cortex D. postcentral gyrus
D
Even rats have goals and expectations, and can form mental representations of mazes, according to whom? A. both Watson and Tolman B. Skinner C. Watson D. both Skinner and Tolman E. Tolman
E
Since the 1970s, various techniques of _________ have allowed us to construct pictures of the anatomy and functioning of intact brains. A. single cell recording B. neurosurgery C. genetic engineering D. brain lesioning E. brain imaging
E
The _______ is involved in the planning of fine motor movements. A. motor cortex B. frontal cortex C. prefrontal cortex D. occipital cortex E. premotor cortex
E
The _______________ was a rejection of the prevailing assumption that mental events were beyond the realm of scientific study. A. behaviorist rebellion B. universal grammar C. human factors movement D. psychodynamic theory E. cognitive revolution
E
Which of the following has the highest ecological validity? A. experiment B. introspection C. clinical interview D. quasi-experiment E. naturalistic observation
E
Which of the following is NOT associated with the work of Francis Galton? A. The study of mental imagery B. The inheritability of intellectual abilities C. The invention of statistical tests D. The measurement of individual differences E. The development of cognitive ability from childhood through old age
E
Which of the following is a basic assumption of the connectionist approach? A. multiple stores where information is kept throughout processing B. a central processor that directs the flow of information C. multiple stores and a central processor D. serial processing E. networks of connections among simple processing units
E
Which of the following neuropsychological method(s) provide(s) information about the amount of dynamic blood flow to various regions of the brain? A. CAT scans B. PET scans C. fMRI D. MRI E. both PET scans and fMRI
E
Because of the way they are coded in long-term memory, you are most likely to confuse pieces of information that are ______ similar. a. conceptually b. perceptually c. genetically d. phonologically
a
10) In the picture below, the brain is facing the left edge of the page. The cortical areas darkened in this picture are: a) A = motor; B = auditory; C = somatosensory; D = visual b) A = somatosensory; B = auditory; C = motor; D = visual c) A = motor; B = visual; C = somatosensory; D = auditory d) A = somatosensory; B = visual; C = motor; D = auditory
a
18) Neurotransmitters transmit information _____. a) across the synaptic cleft b) along axons c) inside cell bodies d) within neurons
a
19) Inputs to a neuron's soma travel through the _____ and outputs from the soma travel through the _____. a) Dendrites / axons b) Axons / dendrites c) Myelin / nucleus d) Nucleus / dendrites
a
24) According to the Gestalt principle of symmetry, objects that are symmetrical will tend to appear: a) In the foreground b) Inthe background c) Larger than they actually are d) Farther than they actually are
a
25)This theory of object perception postulates that objects in the world are composed of three-dimensional geometrical elements ("geons"). Recognition of objects depends upon our perception of the particular arrangement of the 3-dimenstional elements. a) Recognition-by-components theory b) Prototype theory c) Template theory d) Feature-matching theory
a
26)The perceived intensity of a sound is called ________, while the physical magnitude of displacement in a sound wave is called __________. a)loudness; amplitude b)amplitude; loudness c)pitch; frequency d)frequency; pitch
a
4) A radicalbehaviorist would dislike cognitive psychology because ________. a) Cognitive psychologists study theoretical entities such as memory that can never be directly observed b) Cognitive psychologists study theoretical entities such as memory that simply do not exist
a
5) Which of the following is not a reason for the decline of behaviorism? a) Behaviorist explanations apply only to animals and cannot explain any aspects of human behavior b) Philosophers and psychologists realized that mental processes can be studied scientifically because theories of mental processes can be falsified c) B.F. Skinner's account of language learning was refuted by Noam Chomsky
a
A certain computer can respond to a limited number of voice commands such as "Open file" and "Save data." However, it responds to only its owner's voice, and the owner must take care to pronounce the commands in a very precise manner. A command spoken by a voice of the wrong gender, the wrong accent, or in the wrong tone will not be recognized. This computer probably operates on a system of: a. template matching. b. top-down processing. c. pandemonium. d. featural analysis. e. prototype matching.
a
A patient with medial temporal lobe damage is taught to juggle on day 1. On day 2, he will remember ________, but he will not remember ________. a.How to juggle / the name of the person who taught him to juggle b.The name of the person who taught him to juggle/ how to juggle
a
According to ____ theory, we never actually acquire unattended material at all. a. schema b. filter c. attenuation d. capacity e. bottleneck
a
According to the _____ model, the word superiority effect occurs because a letter presented in the context of a word activates not only the relevant node for the word, but also each of the letters within the word. a. connectionist b. prototype c. direct perception d. template matching e. featural analysis
a
Connectionist models assume all of the following EXCEPT: a. Features are more abstract than letters or words. b. Connections between nodes can be excitatory or inhibitory. c. When a node reaches a certain level of activity, its associated feature, letter, or word is perceived. d. Input is processed at several different levels. e. Nodes of processing have a certain level of activity at any point in time.
a
Expert wine tasters are able to identify not only a cabernet sauvignon, but also the actual year that it was bottled and the vineyard that produced it. This is a good example of: a. perceptual learning. b. figure-ground discrimination. c. the Gestalt principle of Prägnanz. d. bottom-up processing. e. template matching.
a
Information is stored in iconic memory for: a. less than 1 second. b. 5-10seconds. c. about 20 seconds. d. up to 1 year.e. a lifetime.
a
Information stored in long-term memory appears to be primarily encoded in a ________ format. a.Semantic b.Acoustical c.Articulatory d.Visual
a
Parts of the frontal, parietal, and subcortical lobes are involved in: a. disengaging attention from where it was previously focused. b. generating top-down instructions to the visual system. c. refocusing attention to a new stimulus. d. implementing attention when a person has already decided where to focus. e. processing newly discovered information.
a
Peterson & Peterson (1959) attempted to provide evidence for rapid decay of information in short-term memory. They presented subjects with 3 letters to remember and then gave them a 3-digit number and asked the subjects to count backwards from this number by 3's. Why did they give the subject the 3-digit number and ask them to count backwards? a) To prevent active rehearsal of the 3 letters b) To prevent the use of mnemonic strategies such as visualization c) To prevent verbal encoding of the 3 letters d) To prevent the use of echoic memory
a
Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message? a. whether it is speech or simply noise b. whether it is spoken in English or Japanese c. multiple repetitions of the same words d. both the fact that it is speech and the language that is being spoken e. whether the words being spoken are nonsense or real sentences
a
The _____ component of working memory is thought to be a temporary storage system that interacts with long-term memory and the other components of working memory to facilitate the transfer of information to long-term memory. a.episodic buffer b.visuospatial sketchpad c.central executive d.the episodic buffer e.the semantic buffer
a
The _______ theory of attention states that there is a very limited amount of information that can be attended to at one time; unattended information is blocked out. a. filter b. attenuation c. schema d. cocktail party e. divided attention
a
The calling to mind of previously stored information is known as: a. retrieval. b. encoding. c. storage. d. forgetting. e. maintenance
a
The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a.directing the flow of information. b.controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. c.carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. d.maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. e.storing the meaning of complex verbal material.
a
The concept of fluid intelligence is highly related to: a. working memory capacity. b. iconic memory capacity. c. echoic memory capacity. d. anterograde amnesia. e. interference.
a
The famous patient H.M. had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. What brain areas were removed? a.The medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus b)The medial temporal lobes, excluding the hippocampus c)The medial diencephalic areas, including the hippocampus d)The medial diencephalic areas, excluding the hippocampus
a
The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT: a. It lasts about 20 seconds. b. It holds information in a relatively unprocessed form. c. It contains only visual information, not auditory. d. It can hold more information than can be reported. e. It can be "erased" by stimuli that are presented immediately afterward.
a
The production of stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs), such as daydreams, depends upon: a. the central executive. b. the phonological loop only. c. the episodic buffer. d. the visuospatial sketchpad only. e. the semantic buffer.
a
Which of the following is an example of a controlled process, for most people? a. sending a telegraph message b. driving c. finding a number in an array of letters d. playing a well-practiced video game e. reading
a
Your memory for the fact that Ebbinghaus studied forgetting is an example of: a. semantic memory. b. episodic memory. c. working memory. d. implicit memory. e. echoic memory.
a
Your memory of your first college lecture would be an example of: a. episodic memory. b. semantic memory. c. implicit memory. d. working memory. e. iconic memory.
a
_____ memory tasks involve the recall or recognition of learned material, while ______ memory tasks measure the effect of previous experiences on present performance of a task. a.Explicit / implicit b.Semantic / episodic c.Episodic / semantic d.Procedural / declarative
a
"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the: a. encoding specificity effect. b. spacing effect. c. state-dependence effect. d. context effect. e. chunking effect.
b
13) The functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique has good _____ resolution but poor _____ resolution. a) Functional / structural b) Spatial / temporal c) Structural / functional d) Temporal / spatial
b
16)Muscle activity is coordinated in the primitive brain structure called the: a. pons. b. cerebellum. c. medulla oblongata. d. thalamus. e. hypothalamus.
b
17) The thalamus, hypothalamus, and hippocampus are all structures of the: a. hindbrain. b. forebrain. c. midbrain. d. medulla. e. spinal cord.
b
2)The philosopher John Locke was a strong believer in ______, which rests on the assumption that knowledge comes from an individual's own experience. a. nativism b. empiricism c. introspection d. behaviorism e. structuralism
b
3)Historians date the founding of scientific psychology to the 1879 laboratory of: a. Williams James. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. John Locke. d. Edward Titchener. e. Edward Thorndike.
b
7) French (2000) proposed using "subcognitive" questions to probe the intelligence of a machine. Why? a) Because subcognitive questions probe subconscious knowledge b) Because subcognitive questions probe knowledge gained through real-world experience c) Because it is clear that no machine could ever answer such questions correctly d) Because this is a better test of artificial intelligence than the Turing test is
b
8) Spearman (1904) proposed the concept of general intelligence based on what observation? a) Different tasks on an intelligence test tend to share many of the same cognitive components b) People who perform well on one cognitive test typically perform well on other cognitive tests c) The same area of the brain is active no matter what cognitive task is performed d) There is no difference in performance on high-g and low-g tasks
b
14) Auditory processing takes place mainly in the _____ lobe. a) Frontal b) Occiptial c) Parietal d) Temporal
d
A person approaches you on the street and asks for directions. While you are talking, two people carry a door between you and the person to whom you are speaking. While the door is passing, the person you are talking to is replaced by a different person. If you are like the people in studies by Simons and Levin, a. you will only notice if the two people have noticeably different voices. b. you have only about a 50% chance of noticing the switch. c. you will only notice if the two people are of different heights. d. you will immediately notice the change. e. you will only notice if the two people are wearing different clothing.
b
According to feature integration theory, which two of the following search tasks should require serial search? (1) The target differs from the distractors by a single featuresuch as color. (2) The target differs from the distractors by a conjunction of two or more features, such as color and orientation. (3) The target differs from the distractors by the presence of a feature (i.e. the targets have the added feature). (4) Thetarget differs from the distractors by the absence of a feature (i.e. the distractors have a feature that the target lacks). a) 1 and 3 b) 2 and 4 c) 2 and 3 d) 3 and 4
b
Anne is driving down a residential street on a Saturday afternoon, and expects that she may see children playing outside on such a sunny, warm day. Out of the corner of her eye, she detects movement between two parked cars at the side of the road. She immediately presses the brake, interpreting the movement as that of a child. Later she is relieved to see that the movement came from an empty paper bag that is blowing in the wind. Anne's initial perception of the movement as that of a child can best be explained through the notion of: a. bottom-up processing. b. top-down processing. c. retinal image. d. template matching. e. size constancy.
b
Bahrick assessed memory for landmarks and buildings in the town in which participants went to college; 46 years after graduation, alumni still remembered about ____ of the information that current graduating seniors have. a. 80% b. 40% c. 10% d. 20% e. 60%
b
Bower claimed that a person would recall more information if he/she were in the same mood at recall time as at encoding time. This phenomenon is referred to as: a. the context effect. b. mood-dependent memory. c. state-dependent memory. d. the spacing effect. e. proactive interference.
b
Broadbent, in proposing his filter theory of attention, argued that an attentional filter lets some information through and blocks out the rest. This filter is based upon: a. the number of repetitions of the message. b. a physical characteristic of the message, such as its location. c. the language of the message. d. the importance of the message. e. the meaning of the message.
b
Five-year old George was taught the words "duck" and"dog" in class today. In one exercise, George's teacher asked him if "duck" rhymed with "cluck" and if "dog" was a type of animal. The next day, George was given a recall test of the words that he learned. According the levels-of-processing framework, George would be more likely to remember _________. a.duck b.dog c.George would remember both words with about the same accuracy
b
Imagine a perceptual experiment where participants are shown a stimulus consisting of letters (either one or four letters), with one of the letters being underlined. The stimulus is then masked. The participant is then shown two letters and asked to report the letter that was underlined in what s/he previously saw. Consider the following three trials in the experiment (which would occur separately, i.e. as different trials): Trial I: screen 1: K I N G screen 2: D or K? Trial II: screen 1: K screen 2: D or K? Trial III: screen 1: K G I N screen 2: D or K? What predictions would you make about the average participant's relative speed on these three trials? a. Trial II should be the fastest. b. Trial I should be the fastest. c. Trial III should be the fastest. d. All three trials should be equally fast. e. Trials I and II should be equally fast.
b
In Kahneman's model of attention, allocation of mental resources is affected by preferences for certain kinds of tasks over others. These preferences are known as: a. task difficulty variables. b. enduring dispositions. c. arousal states. d. late selection preferences. e. momentary intentions.
b
In Sperling's "partial report" tasks, subjects were shown a brief array of letters and numbers and were then given a tone cue that indicated which row they should remember. About how many letters and numbers could subjects report from one row in an array containing 3 rows of 4 letters? a) 1 b) 3 c) 8 d) 12
b
In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. When questioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, a. only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. b. overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all. c. only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. d. almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. e. only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman.
b
In the Stroop effect, participants have difficulty correctly naming the color of ink that a word is written in when: a. the word is unrelated to the topic of color. b. the word names a color which is not the ink color. c. the word names the color of ink. d. the "word" is not a word at all, but a pronounceable nonsense syllable. e. the "word" is not a word at all, but an unpronounceable sequence of consonants without vowels.
b
Information such as the name of the person who sat in front of you in the fifth grade is stored in: a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory. c. sensory memory. d. working memory. e. photographic memory.
b
Memories that are consciously recollected are called _______ memories. a. implicit b. explicit c. incidental d. context-dependent e. cognitive
b
More recent research has suggested a move from a _____ to a ______ metaphor to explain the basic nature of attention. a. apple tree; spotlight b. bottleneck; spotlight c. headlight; spotlight d. bottleneck; filter e. filter; bottleneck
b
Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobe: a. cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space. b. do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. c. can neither perceive nor pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space. d. can neither perceive nor pay attention to objects on the right side of visual space. e. perceive and pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space, but cannot reproduce them in a drawing.
b
Posner and Keele's research on prototype formation suggests that: a. participants can learn the classifications of previously studied dot patterns, but cannot correctly classify novel patterns. b. people can form prototypes very quickly. c. participants can only classify prototypes when the prototypes have been explicitly identified during the study period. d. participants can classify prototype faces, which are meaningful, but cannot classify prototype dot patterns, which are abstract. e. participants cannot learn to classify abstract dot patterns with any accuracy.
b
Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? a.the visuospatial sketchpad b.the phonological loop c.the episodic buffer d.both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop e.both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer
b
Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate ______ memory. a. visual b. implicit c. explicit d. olfactory e. cue-dependent
b
Subjective contours are thought to: a. require no active participation on the perceiver's part. b. be the result of simplifying a complex display. c. require both awareness and active participation. d. result in a more complex understanding of a simple stimulus. e. occur only with the perceiver's awareness of the process.
b
When common objects such as kitchen utensils are presented in a jumbled display, a. people cannot recognize them at all without a proper context. b. people recognize them slower than in a normal kitchen scene. c. recognition performance is predictable on the basis of bottom-up perceptual processes. d. people recognize them in the same amount of time as in a normal kitchen scene. e. people recognize them faster than in a normal kitchen scene.
b
Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? a. the central executive b. the icon c. the episodic buffer d. the phonological loop e. the visuospatial sketchpad
b
Which of the following is NOT true about distracted driving? a. In 2007, about 6000 fatalities occurred, but Wilson and Simpson's research suggest that 4000 of these would not have occurred if text messaging had not been a factor. b. Most drivers who text only do so while at a stop sign or stop light. c. About one in six fatal vehicle accidents involves distracted driving. d. Having a passenger in the car results in less accident risk than driving alone. e. Seventy percent of undergraduates report sending text messages while driving.
b
Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference? a)Confusing your voicemail password with your email password when both were obtained at the same time b)Forgetting your old phone number after getting a new one c)You try to remember your new phone number, but you keep remembering your old number d)All of the above e)None of the above
b
Which of the following is direct evidence that information is stored in an acoustic form in the articulatory loop? a.Concurrent articulation impairs recall for a visually presented list of words b.Short-term memory for a list of words is worse if the items sound similar to each other (e.g., rat, bat, cat, mat) c.Recall of items on a list is worse if the words are long d.Subjects can store four multiple-feature objects just as easily as four single-feature objects
b
Which of the following is not an attribute of short-term memory? a) Directly accessible b) Unlimited storage capacity c) Used to store information for current tasks d) Can be maintained by means of rehearsal
b
Which of the following is true regarding controlled processing? a. It is used with routine or familiar tasks. b. It requires attention. c. It usually operates in parallel. d. It is not capacity limited. e. It is unaffected by massive amounts of practice.
b
Which of the following is true regarding retinal images? a. They are known as distal stimuli. b. Their size depends on the distance between the perceived object and the perceiver. c. They appear in black and white. d. They are three-dimensional. e. They appear right-side up.
b
Which of the following is true regarding retrograde amnesia? a. Memories of the most distant past are most likely to be lost. b. The time span for which memory is lost varies enormously. c. All retrograde amnesia patients exhibit at least some anterograde amnesia symptoms. d. No information is spared, not even information that has been "overlearned" in the past. e. It has a more drastic effect on skill learning than anterograde amnesia does.
b
Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons? a. They are both very resistant to erasing by stimuli that are presented afterward. b. They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information. c. They both rely heavily on the meaning of the stimulus. d. They have relatively small capacities for information. e. They both hold information for the same length of time.
b
You had just heard some bad news and were very sad when you listened to a lecture on levels of processing. Now it is time to take a test on that lecture material. According to the mood-dependent memory effect, you should: a. attempt to visualize the material. b. watch a sad movie just before the exam. c. try to associate the lecture with your own life. d. spread your study time into several short sessions instead of one long one. e. sit in the same seat in the classroom as when you listened to the lecture.
b
You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are LEAST LIKELY to recall the a. 20th word. b. 10th word. c. first word. d. second word. e. word that reminded you of something you ate for breakfast.
b
23) What does it mean to say that "perception is constructive"? a) We have direct access to objects in the world b) We usually construct inaccurate representations of the world c) We construct mental representations of the world by applying various types of cognitive processingto our sensory inputs d) We construct 2-dimensional representations of a 3-dimensional world
c
6) In what sense is the human brain like a termite colony? a) Both can pass the Turing test b) Both consist of a complex set of interconnected passageways c) In both cases, complex behavior results from interactions between many simple units d) All of the above e) None of the above
c
According to Gibson's theory, viewers directly perceive: a. shapes. b. nothing-all perception involves several steps of processing and interpretation. c. shapes, objects, and their affordances. d. whole objects. e. each object's affordances.
c
According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where: a.you have never parked before. b.you have always parked in the same place. c.you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces. d.you parked a year ago, but not more recently. e.you parked yesterday.
c
All Gestalt principles follow the law of: a. good continuation. b. common fate. c. Prägnanz. d. proximity. e. closure.
c
As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT: a. Length of retention in long-term memory is a function of the level of original learning. b. It has virtually unlimited capacity. c. It primarily uses acoustic coding. d. Information stored within it is not always easily accessible. e. It comprises a permanent or at least semipermanent store.
c
As classically conceived, long-term memory is held to have all of the following properties EXCEPT: a.It comprises a permanent or at least semipermanent store. b.It has virtually unlimited capacity. c.It primarily uses acoustic coding d.Information stored within it is not always easily accessible. e.Length of retention in long-term memory is a function of the level of original learning
c
Bahrick's study of retention of Spanish vocabulary words showed that large portions of information remained in long-term memory for: a. several months. b. up to 20 years. c. over 50 years. d. 1-2 years. e. up to 5 years.
c
Because of how they are stored in long-term memory, you would ______ confuse words like "cat" and "hat". a. be likely to b. be equally likely to c. be unlikely to d. always
c
Before going to the grocery store, your roommate reads you a long list of items to buy. At the store, you try to remember all of the items but you forget a few. Which items are likely to have been forgotten? a.Items at the beginning of the list b.Items at the end of the list c.Items in the middle of the list
c
Damage to the frontal lobe of the brain often disrupts processing by: a. the visuospatial sketchpad. b. echoic memory. c. the central executive. d. the phonological loop. e. iconic memory.
c
Encoding variability is a potential explanation for: a. mood-dependent memory. b. context effects. c. the spacing effect. d. retroactive interference. e. state-dependent memory.
c
Hemispatial neglect is usually found after damage to the ________ parietal lobe and usually consists of a lack of attention to the ________ side of space. a) Left / Left b) Left / Right c) Right / Left d) Right / Right
c
Imagine that you are brought into a dark room and the lights are turned on for 1 millisecond and then off again. It will seem like you can still see some of the objects in the room for a few hundred milliseconds after the lights are turned off. This is an example of: a) Working memory b) Long-term memory c) Sensory memory d) All of the above e) None of the above
c
In Treisman's experiments on feature integration, the number of distracters did not matter when participants were asked to spot: a. a green X among green O's and pink X's. b. a blue T among blue X's and green T's. c. a T among O's. d. any stimulus that was presented in pink. e. a pink T among blue T's and pink X's.
c
Long-term memory would allow you to recall ______. a. the timing of various events b. what someone looks like c. all of these d. relationships between individuals
c
Most studies of sensory memory have focused on memory for information from which sensory modalities? a. vision and taste b. vision and smell c. vision and hearing d. taste and touch e. smell and hearing
c
One basic physiological mechanism for learning is the ____ rule, which states that if a synapse between two neurons is repeatedly activated at about the same time the postsynaptic neuron fires, the chemistry of the synapse changes. a. icon b. Baddeley c. Hebb d. Tulving e. Carlson
c
Researchers attached light bulbs to the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, and ankles of a model wearing black clothing. In a dark room, with only the light bulbs visible, a. viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model. b. viewers could recognize the unmoving model as human. c. viewers could recognize the gender of a moving model as well as what the model was doing. d. viewers could recognize a moving model as human, but couldn't tell what the model was doing. e. viewers could recognize what a moving model was doing.
c
Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, he/she notices which of the following features of the unattended message? a. multiple repetitions of the same words b. whether it is spoken in English or Japanese c. whether it is speech or simply noise d. both the fact that it is speech and the language that is being spoken e. whether the words being spoken are nonsense or real sentences
c
Roediger's work on the testing effect tells us that taking tests: a. increases forgetting. b. is less effective as a study aid than re-reading or highlighting the material. c. actually improves memory for material. d. may cause proactive interference. e. has no real effect on memory; it is just a tool for assessment.
c
The famous patient H.M. had brain surgery to relieve his epilepsy. What kind of a memory impairment did he have? a)A profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a profound retrograde amnesia b)A mild anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a profound retrograde amnesia c)A profound anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia d)A mild anterograde amnesia, accompanied by a mild retrograde amnesia
c
The main distinction between "short-term memory" and "working memory" hinges on: a. the type of forgetting (decay vs. interference). b. the kind of coding used (acoustic vs. imaginal). c. the emphasis on static structure vs. active processing. d. the capacity (limited to 7+2 items vs. unlimited). e. the kind of storage (short vs. longer term).
c
The segregation of a whole display into objects and background is known as: a. shape constancy. b. size constancy. c. figure-ground organization. d. retinal imagery. e. bottom-up processing.
c
The term "anterograde amnesia" refers to: a. the loss of short-term memory. b. the loss of the ability to recall old events. c. the loss of the ability to form new memories. d. the loss of sensory memory. e. the loss of all memory ability.
c
Vesuvian creatures fly in from outer space, and their sensory receptors are studied. It is observed that their dominant sensory system is haptic (touch), and that certain receptors seem to respond selectively to softness, others selectively to certain temperatures, and others selectively to smoothness. Knowing only this information, you might conclude that the best explanation for Vesuvian perceptual experience may come from: a. Gestalt theory. b. prototype theory. c. featural analysis theory. d. direct perception theory. e. template-matching theory.
c
Which of the following is a conjunction search? a) Looking among blue and orange apples for a red apple. b) Looking among red and green apples for a yellow apple. c) Looking among red apples and green limes for a green apple. d) Looking among oranges and green apples for a red apple.
c
Which of the following is an example of a feature search? a) Looking for the Big Dipper in the night sky b) Looking for a yellow carton of milk in a refrigerator filled with yellow mustard containers and green orangejuice cartons. c) Looking for a red apple in a bowl of green avocados d) Looking for a movie to watch on Saturday night
c
Which of the following processing contexts would lead to the greatest probability of recalling the target word "DISH"? a. "Does the word rhyme with Fish?" b. "Does the word contain four letters?" c. "Does the word fit into this sentence: He passed her a ______ full of steaming, homemade pasta and rich tomato sauce." d. "Is the word written in capital letters?" e. "Does the word fit into this sentence: She broke a ______."
c
1)The _____ approach maintains that the best route to knowledge is through meticulous observation of the world. a) Introspectionist b) Rationalist c) Structuralist d) Empiricist
d
11) Positron emission tomography (PET) scans are usually based on differencesin _____ across different regions of the brain. a) phosphorylation b) neurotransmitter properties c) hemoglobin characteristics d) blood flow
d
12) The event-related potential (ERP) technique has good _____ resolution but poor _____ resolution. a) Functional / structural b) Spatial / temporal c) Structural / functional d) Temporal / spatial
d
15) The thalamus plays an important role in _____. a) Controlling bodily functions b) Emotions and motivation c) Memory formation d) Relaying sensory information to the cortex
d
20) Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus? a. a book on a shelf b. a tree in your yard c. a building on the horizon d. the retinal image formed by a tree e. the light rays reflecting off a tree
d
27)The ossicles are three tiny bones in the _____________. a)auditory nerve b)outer ear c)inner ear d)middle ear
d
9) Why do cognitive psychologists sometimes compare the brain to a computer? a) Both a brain and a computer use electrical impulses to do their job b) Both a brain and a computer use software to solve problems c) Both a brain and a computer can perform complex tasks such as playing chess d) Both a brain and a computer represent and process information
d
A patient with anterograde amnesia fails to remember ________, whereas a patient with retrograde amnesia fails to remember ________. a.Short-term information / long-term information b.Long-term information / short-term information c.Information from before the onset of the amnesia / Information from after the onset of the amnesia d.Information from after the onset of the amnesia / Information from before the onset of the amnesia
d
According to Feature Integration Theory: a) Features are stored in spatially organized feature maps b) Feature maps are created automatically and in parallel c) Without attention, we have access only to the total amount of activity in a feature map, and not to the locations of the features d) All of the above e) None of the above
d
Among the following methods, which is the most effective means of learning the Spanish equivalents of English words? a)Repeating the word pairs over and over again out loud b)Repeating the word pairs over and over again silently c)Studying all of the word pairs in one 2-hour period rather than 4 30-minute periods d)Creating imaginary scenes in which the word pairs are visually associated
d
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a. affects 10%-15% of the general school-age population. b. is more common in girls than in boys. c. has been suggested to involve an inability to devote mental resources to any task. d. has been suggested to involve an inability to inhibit an ongoing response such as talking or playing a game. e. involves an inability to be alert.
d
Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a. are more likely to be girls than boys. b. cannot switch attention from one task to another. c. cannot maintain alertness. d. cannot sustain vigilance on repetitive or dull tasks. e. cannot devote mental resources to tasks.
d
Daydreams are a type of: a. episodic buffer. b. stimulus loop. c. icon. d. stimulus-independent thought (SIT). e. visuospatial sketch.
d
In David Marr's model of vision, which stage of the process incorporates top-down knowledge? a. the primal sketch b. the primal, 2 ½ D, and 3-D sketches c. both the primal sketch and the 2 ½ D sketch d. the 3-D sketch e. the 2 ½ D sketch
d
In addition to its original description in Atkinson and Shiffrin's modal model of memory, long-term memory can be characterized as having ______. a. infallible accuracy b. a very limited capacity c. an inability to retain much information d. subcomponents
d
Information is held in _____ for 20 to 30 seconds. a. none of the above b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. short-term memory e. secondary memory
d
Memory ability can be defined as: a. encoding of information in the past b. maintenance of information from the past c. remembering a past event d. having information from the past
d
PET scan studies: a. show that long-term memories are stored in the frontal lobe. b. show that short-term memory function is contained within the frontal lobes. c. do not tell us anything about short-term memory. d. support Baddeley's notion that verbal and spatial working memory are different systems. e. demonstrate that massive brain damage in several regions is necessary to cause amnesia.
d
Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory? a. both the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop b. both the visuospatial sketchpad and the episodic buffer c. the visuospatial sketchpad d. the phonological loop e. the episodic buffer
d
Research on divided attention suggests that: a. there are no limits on the number of things that we can successfully do at once. b. some people can multitask without any drop in performance. c. the ability to multitask is an essential skill in the 21st century. d. if you think that you are doing two things simultaneously, you are probably really rapidly switching attention back and forth between the two. e. as individual tasks become more demanding, multitasking becomes more efficient.
d
Stroop interference lessens when: a. participants are girls rather than boys. b. participants are better readers. c. participants are encouraged to focus carefully. d. participants are given more practice at naming colors. e. participants are given more practice at reading color names.
d
Studies using the odd-quadrant discrimination task have shown that perception of the "odd stimulus out" is: a. just as fast in a complex stimulus display as in a base stimulus display. b. dependent upon the number of stimuli in a display. c. faster in the base stimulus display than in a complex stimulus display. d. faster in a complex stimulus display than in a base stimulus display. e. simple in a base stimulus display, but impossible in a complex stimulus display.
d
The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when _______ is embedded in the unattended message. a. backward speech b. a switch in language c. music d. the listener's name e. a section of repeated words
d
The capacity of short-term memory was thought by George Miller to be: a. about 75% of a visual display. b. 12 (plus or minus 3) chunks of information. c. 7 (plus or minus 2) letters or numbers. d. 7 (plus or minus 2) chunks of information. unlimited.
d
The main conclusion of the Kingstone & Friesen (1998) article was that: a) When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically look at the eyes of the face b) Reaction times are faster when subjects shift their gaze toward the target location than when they shift their gaze away from the target c) Reaction times are faster when the target is presented at an uncued location than when a target was presented at a cued location d) When subjects see a face with eyes that are pointing in a particular direction, they will automatically shift their attention in that direction
d
The meaningful interpretation of a proximal stimulus is called the: a. sensation. b. retinal image. c. illusion. d. percept. e. distal stimulus.
d
The more facts that you learn about a particular topic, the longer it takes you to retrieve any particular fact. This is referred to as the _____ effect. a. encoding specificity b. context c. interference d. fan e. flashbulb
d
The phenomenon of attentional capture: a. normally depends upon the perceiver's goals, but can be overridden by bottom-up processes under certain circumstances. b. is driven almost entirely by the properties of the stimulus. c. Can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances. d. is driven by the properties of the stimulus, but can be overridden by top-down processes under certain circumstances. e. primarily depends upon the perceiver's goals.
d
The primacy and recency effects in memory: a. are thought to be due to the action of short-term memory. b. are thought to be due to the action of long-term memory. c. are thought to be due to the action of sensory memory. d. can be independently manipulated, indicating at least two types of memory at work. e. have recently been discredited in cognitive psychology.
d
The primal sketch in David Marr's theory allows viewers to: a. derive information about surfaces. b. know what visual information means. c. derive information about depth. d. detect boundaries between areas. e. recognize objects.
d
The recency effect is thought to result from participants' use of: a. both short-term and long-term memory b. short-term memory. c. sensory memory. d. either sensory or short-term memory. e. long-term memory.
d
The surgery performed on patient "H.M." involved removal of most of the: a. occipital lobe b. corpus callosum c. frontal lobe d. hippocampus e. cerebellum
d
Which of the following is not a component of the working memory system? a.Articulatory Loop b.Visuospatial sketchpad c.Episodic buffer d.Procedural buffer
d
Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus? a. a building on the horizon b. the light rays reflecting off a tree c. a book on a shelf d. the retinal image formed by a tree e. a tree in your yard
d
You are studying for a midterm exam in your French class. After several hours of review, you take a break by reading through your Spanish vocabulary items. The next day, on the French exam, you are dismayed to discover that the appropriate French words keep eluding you, whereas the Spanish words "pop into your head." You are experiencing the effects of: a. the tip-of-the-tongue effect. b. the context effect. c. proactive interference. d. retroactive interference. e. encoding specificity.
d
A general approach that explains perception as the pickup of environmental invariances that require little or no active interpretation: a. template matching b. theory-driven processing c. bottom-up processing d. top-down processing e. direct perception
e
A patient with prosopagnosia has difficulty recognizing: a. moving objects. b. drawings of objects. c. sounds. d. flavors. e. faces.
e
A retrieval cue will be most effective when it is highly distinctive or unusual, according to the principle of: a. encoding specificity. b. mood dependence. c. state dependence. d. the spacing effect. e. cue overload.
e
A stencil provides a good analogy for the theory of: a. featural analysis. b. good continuation. c. prototype matching. d. top-down processing. e. template matching.
e
According to Gibson's theory, the acts or behaviors permitted by objects, places, and events are called: a. consequences. b. functions. c. direct processes. d. interpretive products. e. affordances.
e
According to the retrieval cue explanation of interference, you are more likely to forget where you parked your car in a lot where: a. you have never parked before. b. you parked yesterday. c. you have always parked in the same place. d. you parked a year ago, but not more recently. e. you have parked frequently, but in many different spaces.
e
Brain surgery patient "H.M." suffered after surgery from: a. a severe decrease in intelligence. b. an inability to remember faces. c. an inability to use language. d. an inability to remember events in his distant past, several years or more before the operation. e. an inability to form new memories of new events.
e
Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve demonstrates that: a. no forgetting occurs until 24 hours after learning. b. forgetting reaches a peak about 3 days after learning. c. forgetting is slow at first and then speeds up. d. forgetting occurs at a steady pace, beginning immediately after learning. e. forgetting is rapid at first and then levels off.
e
In a study of inattentional blindness, Daniel Simons and colleagues presented an unexpected event, such as a woman with an umbrella crossing the room from left to right, to a group of participants who were trying to monitor the number of passes that a particular basketball team made in a film. Whenquestioned later about "anything unexpected" that happened in the film, a. almost all participants noticed the woman with the umbrella. b. only participants with an easier pass-monitoring task noticed the woman. c. only participants with a more difficult pass-counting task noticed the woman. d. only participants monitoring the black team (as opposed to the white team) noticed the woman. e. overall, 46% of the participants failed to notice the woman at all.
e
In the second stage of feature integration theory, a. we notice the background of objects. b. we register features of objects such as their shape or color. c. we break unified objects down into identifiable features. d. we switch from serial to parallel processing. e. we combine features into unified objects.
e
Learning a rhyme that begins "One is a bun, two is a shoe" is part of the mnemonic technique called the: a. mediation technique. b. technique of interacting images. c. method of loci. d. keyword method. e. pegword method.
e
Research suggests that talking on a cell phone while driving: a. does not cause errors or slow reaction time. b. does not slow reaction time any more than does listening to the radio. c. actually improves driving performance. d. does not impair driving as long as the driver is using a "hands-free" telephone. e. causes significantly more errors and slows reaction time significantly more than listening to the radio.
e
Retrieval involves: a. the decay of information in memory. b. the translation of information into a form that can be stored. c. the activation of the senses. d. the storage of information over time. e. the calling to mind of previously stored information.
e
Reversible figures illustrate the principle of: a. retinal imagery. b. size constancy. c. dimensionality. d. bottom-up processing. e. figure-ground organization.
e
Spelke, Hirst, and Neisser attempted to teach participants to simultaneously take dictation and read with comprehension. Their results suggests that: a. people could eventually reach accurate performance on the dictation task, but reading comprehension still suffered. b. people could eventually reach accuracy in reading comprehension, but in doing so they sacrificed accuracy in dictation. c. no amount of practice can teach people to do two things at once without a drop in performance. d. people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension, but only after 2 years or more of practice. e. after 6 weeks of practice, people could simultaneously take dictation accurately and read with normal comprehension.
e
The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of: a. storing the meaning of complex verbal material. b. maintaining visual material in memory through visualization. c. controlling an unlimited amount of resources and capacity. e. carrying out subvocal rehearsal to maintain verbal material in memory. e. directing the flow of information.
e
The suffix effect relates to which type of memory? a. iconic b. working c. short term d. long term e. echoic
e
The word "cat" is ______ by the phrase "The dog chased the?." That is, the word cat is especially ready to be recognized or attended to. a. attenuated b. selected c. filtered d. suggested e. primed
e
Unattended information is stored briefly in: a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory. c. working memory. d. secondary memory. e. sensory memory.
e
When information is first translated into a form that other cognitive processes can use, we say that _______ has occurred. a. forgetting b. storage c. remembering d. retrieval e. encoding
e
Which of the following factors does NOT influence the allocation of mental resources in Kahneman's capacity model? a. enduring dispositions b. momentary intentions c. the state of arousal d. the difficulty of the task e. the lateness of selection
e
Your memory for how to ride a bicycle is an example of ______ memory. a. implicit b. declarative c. episodic d. explicit e. procedural
e