Cycle 2 Global 10 Study Guide Voight

Nationalism, Decolonization, and Independence

Colonialism so far...Berlin conference that divides everything up and all of africa are taken up except ethiopia and liberia - 1845. Height in 1914.

• Nationalism, Decolonization and Independence *THIS SECTION WILL BE UPDATED*

o African nationalism- When did independent states emerge in Africa? Why? Key leaders? o What benefits came from the long period of colonialism? o Independence- why? Differences for different nations- explain (violent v. non-violent; negotiated independence v. incomplete decolonization; settler v. non-settler). Timeline of independence. Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya (Mau Mau Rebellion), Belgian Congo, Algeria, Angola o Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, Patrice Lumumba, Mobutu Sese Seko, Nelson Mandela o Pan-Africanism, Pan African Congress, Negritude, OAU, Neo-colonialism o What varying models (political and economic) were attempted by Africans in the wake of independence? o What problems (internal and external) have plagued African states after independence?

1810: Mestizo Revolution

"My children, this day comes to us as a new dispensation. Are you ready to receive it? Will you be free? Will you make the effort to Recover From The Hated Spaniards the lands stolen from your forefathers three hundred years ago?" Sept. 16 1810 - what they say is independence Father Hidalgo - parish priest, educated and familiar with enlightenment There was also a famine - landlessness (no open food) and a large group of meztizos attach the spanish because they are angry at peninsulares and the colonial government and they couldn't tell the difference with creoles and many turned against mestizos Rebellion was crushed, Hidalgo was executed and they are fearful of Haltan, French Revolution 1821 - they actually achieve independence Agustin de Iturbide - 1st emperor of Mexico, but this only benefits the creole elites - 1821 to 1919 and you have a series of military dictators known as CAUDILLOS Santa Anna Years 1825-55: This leads to your santa anna - who was a general from 1825-55: He created chaos - stop reforms, misused funds, and initiated unnecessary war which lead to...

A Vision for South America

*Concentrate on simon bolivar aka the liberator:* Great general and was able to get independence for most of south america and also called liberator - george washy boi - He is a creole and wealthy and orphaned early and studies enlightenment in europe nd interested and inspired by nationalist movements. Decides to help patriots in venezuela to overthrow spanish. 1810 - proclaim independence from spain - seize caracas and kicked out and retake and kicked out and he is forced to retreat new granada - colombia. Able to use colombian forces and take back and then kicked out and is kicked out from south america and flees to jamaica and re-equips and enforces and heads back to venezuela and when he gets there he is able to take over angostura (ciudad bolívar) then becomes dictator. (Becomes dictator- he wasn't a horrible tyrant, he just has complete power; no legislature - comes back though to set up real gov and makes congres sand make republic of colombia and gran colombia including venezuela and ecuador and elect him as pres.) By 1819 they march into Colombia and he is able to defeat the spanish there. Organizes the republic of colombia, elect bolivar as the first president. Spanish still sort of in Venezuela, he kicks them out, he adds Ecuador to this new republic. *Jose de San Martin- a member of the Spanish army* who wants to help Argentina become free at the same time in the south - Member of military and he decides in 1812 to help argentina be free: They are already liberated so he continues and in 1817 over the andes he goes to chacabuco and he has help from bernardo o'higgins who is one of his military leaders- becomes the supreme dictator of Chile. He then moves north because as bolivar moves south and lima is the stronghold for them and so they wanna go get rid of spanish so they know to meet up at lima, peru - when they meet up they have a conference at guyachil, but jose turns everything over to simon bolivaar and eventually goes and lives outside of paris. 1822 - simon bolivar works to kick out spanish and ayacucho is the big battle and they defeat spanish in 1824 Upper peru is a separate state called bolivia 1810: Caracas seized by Patriots 1813: Recapture Caracas 1814: Capture Bogota 1814: Flees to Jamaica 1816: Re Invades Venezuela 1816: Takes Angostura 1817: Battle of Chacabuco 1819: Liberation of Colombia 1819: Bolivar becomes President 1821: Battle of Carabobo 1821: Attempts to take Lima 1822: Guayaquil Conference 1824: Battle of Ayacucho

Dates Location Important Leaders, and what'd they accomplish Hierarchy Peaceful? Warlike? Why? How did it become a major civilization? City structure Economic activities Social Activities Monumental Architecture Religion and Practices Unique and Important Accomplishments How'd it decline? Influence on future civilizations Influence on Latin America (Long-term) Status of descendants today Why?

*Mayans* 2600 BC-1800 BC - Southern Guatemala, Northern Honduras, Yucatan Peninsula >Itzamn and Kukulcan>>Itzamn led the first Mayan migration into the Yucatan from the far east and Kukulcan led the second (Halach uinic (True Man) at the top). Hereditary position - Ruled both domestic and foreign affairs > Ah Kin Mai (The Highest One of the Sun) head of the religious hierarchy. Ruled over the priests below him, Ah Kin (The One of the Sun). They were initially seen as a peaceful people, but eventually got involved in multiple wars over captives for a human sacrifice, land, natural resources, and control of trade networks. Developed the first written language in the Americas. Also developed a highly sophisticated system of art, science, architecture, and writing. Majority of the urban centers were built in tropical rainforests (poor agricultural land and no more than 30 people per square mile "Slash and burn agriculture" >Labor done by native americans in Guatemala. Played a game called Pitz (similar to soccer and sacrifice). >Stelae (stone, flat columns) and corbelled vaults >Urban centers built in tropical rainforests >cities and temples > Tikal, Temple 1 >Polytheistic >Focused on the cycles of the universe (Human beings can exploit that cyclical nature by accommodating themselves to the universal cycles) >Time was a great factor in the Mayan religion - Developed multiple calendrical systems to keep up with the cycles of time >Religious ceremonies involved dancing, competition, dramatic performances, prayer, and sacrifice >developed first written language in the americas >advanced numeral system with place values >complex calendars >built monumental structures including palaces >earliest civilization to comprehend and use the concept of zero >astronomical knowledge was more accurate than Europe's >overpopulation led to social unrest and revolution >Toltec invasion of Chichen Itza forced the Mayans to flee their city >Colonized by the Spanish Architecture and art influenced other civilizations including the Aztecs and Incas with the religious temples>art still used in contemporary works >mayan religion is still practiced in some areas>over 6 million mayans still live today in Guatemala, Mexico, and Belize *Aztecs* 1168 - 1524 A.D. The Valley of Mexico Itzacoatl - won their freedom, built temples & roadways, established hierarchy >Pilli, the top 6 / noble calpulli >Macehualles, the commoners / remaining calpulli Originally peaceful, but their human sacrifice revolted peoples who crushed their tribe, so after they later escaped and founded a city, their became warlike and began to take over their neighbors. It was a militarily and economically powerful urban center with hundreds of thousands of people, the motivation to conquer others, and technology such as their calendar system. Its central city, Tenochtitlan, consisted of at least half farmers but still had a large amounts of priests and merchants. It became so large that it needed aqueducts to bring water into the island city. Chinampa agriculture - reclaiming lake areas for agriculture using flat reeds Performing duties of calpulli, Played Tlachtli as well, Pyramid-shaped stone temples - Aqueducts and other water-related innovations, such as bridges and marsh foundations Centered around human sacrifice -> 1. Voluntary blood letting, e.g. from hand or genitals. 2. Human sacrifice: Ripped out victims' living hearts and pushed their dying heartless body down steep stairs Main gods -> Huitzilopochtli, Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl > Built their largest/original city on swampland, leading to innovations such as completely straight causeways with drawbridges, creating foundations in lake water stronger than many on solid land, adding aqueducts to the entire city, and creating artificial farming islands called chinampas > First to provide universal compulsory education > One of the most powerful empires in Mesoamerica - It was conquered by the Spanish when they took over its capital city in 1521, with Cortez possibly impersonating Quetzalcoatl. Unfortunately, up to 75% of the Aztecs died of disease shortly after the Spanish arrived, and the Spanish ended up deciding to erase Aztec culture in favor of Spanish, so they influenced little to no later civilizations. Their capital city, Tenochtitlan, is now the site of Mexico City. Some of their traditions such as "Mexican" food and huge street markets have been preserved, but most of their culture and legacy was erased when they were conquered. There are all kinds of groups of people, since Aztec descendants occupy the vast area of central Mexico. Their status has less to do with their heritage as much as their status as a Mexican citizen. *Incas* 1425 CE- 1560 CE Ecuador to Northern Chile (Mainly in Peru) Manco Capac: Founded the Inca Empire Mayta Capac: Started conquering neighboring tribes, gave Incas a distinct ethnicity Viracocha Inca: Began permanent conquest of the neighboring tribes conquered, expanding empire >Inca at the top, who exercised absolute power, seen as divine >Royal family of the Inca Immediate family & children) >Tribal Heads >Clan Heads >Common people Warlike, as they constantly conquered other peoples for money and power - It became strong through conquering other peoples and taking their lands while absorbing them into their empire through proxy, and rewarded conquered peoples heavily when they cooperated and participated in the military Cities were built around a central plaza, which was surrounded by temples and government offices, as well as homes for priests and nobles >They also had fortresses built beside it so people could run to it for protection, but mainly military personnel resided here >The city also had roads and bridges and aqueducts >Agricultural society, a large percentage of the land was allocated to farmand (in the Andes) >Raised Llamas and Alpacas >They looted conquered cities >Played sports/games such as Tlachtli, which is a mix of basketball, kickball, and soccer >They also wrestled, and a good wrestler could potentially gain political power >They also had a wide variety of musical instruments that they used for festivals and entertainment >They also gambled >Macchu Picchu, Peru >City of Cusco, Peru >12 cornered stone of Cusco >Didn't use mortar, mainly made out of stone >Polytheistic, but central god was the sun-god, and was the only god that had temples built...>Supposed father of the royal family >Believed in Heaven, Hell, and Resurrection in after-life >Sacrifice of animals and humans >Engineering feats that are still standing today (stone buildings) b/c they don't require mortar >Most advanced in medicine and surgery >Built aqueducts in their cities like the Romans >Many roads and bridges throughout the mountains >Extremely efficient and widespread agriculture due to terracing in the Andes >Conquered many peoples and became a very large empire, arguably a stronger and more powerful civilization that the Mayans and Aztecs >Incas had a strong centralized government, so the Spanish could step into power if it defeated the government >Francisco Pizarro invited the Incan leader, Atahualpa, to a conference, and kidnapped him to make him a puppet ruler >That didn't work, so he executed him in 1533, and fought with the Incas until conquering them in 1560 >Terracing was done by the Inca peoples and is still used today for efficient agriculture >Inca central government was very powerful, used by the colonizers (Spanish) to control the Incas >Practice of gradually conquering new lands and assimilating the conquered into your culture was used by the French in Africa >Spoke Quechua, which was imposed on their conquered people, and is still spoken by large numbers of Native Americans in the Andes >Inca architecture mixed with Spanish architecture in building big building with many compartments in modern day Peru >Some of the polytheistic aspects of their religion is mixed with Roman Catholicism and practiced by the people of the Andes >They are peasants of the Andes, who constitute 45% of the population in Peru >They do farming and herding with their traditional technology >Live in close knit communities

Apex of African Empires - Ghana Mali Songhai Spread of Islam in Africa

-Look at Map - Spreads from arabian peninsula to middle east and east and northern africa and asia -Under the umayyad caliphate is spreads across N africa but it makes its way into SSA, and notice that it follows the trans saharan trade routes down -Writing by oral tradition -Mansa musa - ruled W african and made hajj pilgrimage: Tells us there were african kingdoms ruled by rich kings. W africa - much more connected than lead to believe: He knew about the places he was visiting. -First empire - ghana, then mali (mansa musa) with more islam and more islamic virtues and writings, songhai -In west africa you have bantu - language, tradition, culture *Islam in Africa Today* Today, we can see it stops after the sahara, and past that you see different religions like christianity because colonial legacies - east coast, some spread of islam down the coast of africa

Essential Questions

1. What is Latin America? Why/How is it considered one region? Group of nations that all speak the romance languages in the western southern hemisphere, categorized by their history of colonization by the iberian peninsula 2. What are the major geographic features of Latin America? What are some problems caused by Latin American geography? What factors affect the climate? How have the continents used rivers? Will we see similar problems as in Africa? How have climate and geography helped to determine development patterns in Latin America? Full of rivers and plains. Central south america is full of huge rain forests. Causes seperation of people leading to the creation of tribes similar to Africa.people in the Plains in mountains had wider access to clear land and thus allowed for the creation of civilization rivers were used for travel and trade. 3. Where was the center of Mayan/Aztec/Inca civilization? When? How was the civilization organized - politically & socially? How do we know/How much do we know about this civilization? Mayan and aztecs were centered mostly in the deserts/plains of mexico and central America. The Inca were clustered in Modern day Peru and the mountains of south America, We know about them from the art and architecture that was left behind and the living members of these civilizations that were still around when europeans invaded. These civilizations were similar to the egyptians in political structure with religions focused on a pantheon of nature gods and human sacrifice. The incas are famous for their use of socialism 4. How did the Aztecs rule or control areas? What was the structure of their society? Government similar to egyptians, ruled through conquest and forcing those they conquered to pay tribute. Kept rule through human sacrifices 5. What ingredients existed in Inca civilization that allowed it to grow and prosper in such an inhospitable environment? They had a lot of food. 6. Why was there such a strong "Iberian" influence to European exploration from 1450-1650? Was recently united into nations. Surge of nationalism and desire to spread god and power 7. What are the "Three G's?" How did they motivate European settlement? God, Gold, and Glory. Want money love sky daddy and gotta get the king to love you 8. What were the results in America of Iberian arrival? Genocide and plague. Creation of a new civilization built on a mix of old and new world structures 9. What impact did the Columbian Exchange have on the Native Americans? On Europeans in America? On Europeans in Europe? Subjugation of natives and mass plagues. Cheap labor for the settlers and a new market for goods for Europeans 10. What was the nature of class structure as it emerged in Latin America? What did it affect? Built on race differences, natives and slaves on the bottoms mulattoes and mestizos in the middle and pure Europeans on the top. It affected everything from how you could marry to what you had to do for work 11. Between 1804 and 1824, what changes occurred in Europe's Latin American colonies? After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Between 1808 and 1826 all of Latin America except the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico slipped out of the hands of the Iberian powers who had ruled the region since the conquest. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. 12. Late 18th century reforms by Charles III of Spain caused what type of changes in who wielded power in Spain's colonies? ......:) 13. Who (what group) led the revolutionary movement against Spanish rule? Why? Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin because they wanted freeeedom 14. What important ingredients were lacking in Latin America for true revolutionary success? The results? Backing from other nations, access to weapons, structure of government to replace the old one 15. Who were the major players in Mexico's Revolution in 1910-1920? Priests 16. What key issues and problems arose in Mexico's Revolution? The fact that everyone was fighting each other. 17. What is one economic theory presented to explain the lack of stability and prosperity in Latin America? Neo colonialism 18. What triggered "neo-colonialism" or an economy dominated by outsiders? What forms did it take? Increase in economic power of western nations and a weakening of latin america because of revolutions and war leading other nations to try to step in and "fix it".

Essential Questions

1. When, where, and how did the slave trade develop? Most slaves were taken from the west coast of Africa, This was because Europeans would land here and set up port cities in which they paid local people to sell their fellow African into slavery. From about 1400s to 1700s when North America outlawed the north atlantic slave trade 2. Who were the first Europeans to explore Africa? How did they become involved in the slave trade? The portugues followed by the dutch. As said before they set up port cities (portugal in the north dutch in the south) and they guns and other products for slaves 3. What were the initial responses to and effects of the European entrance into African slave trade? At first africans "happily" traded slaves with the Europeans because it helped them defeat enemy tribes and get wealth 5. What were the chief causes or reasons for a prolonged Trans-Atlantic Slave trade? Slaves were an economic asset to North Americans and were the main work force for plantations throughout the south and south America 6. What were the chief regions of Africa involved in the trade? The west north coast (transatlantic) and the east coast (islamic slave trade) 7. What parts of the world were the principal recipients of African slaves? American south, caribbeans, and south america (brazil being the largest) 8. Who were the chief players and methods involved in this trade? Europeans trade finish products, Africans trade slaves and Americans trade raw material 9. Why was this slave trade somewhat unique in human history? Purely based on ethnicity and exploitation of one continent (earlier slaves were usually captured enemies of war) 10. What were the initial responses and effects of the European entrance into African slave trade? How did this change over time? At first africans "happily" traded slaves with the Europeans because it helped them defeat enemy tribes and get wealth. Over time it lead to aggression towards Europeans and a drain of young men and women because they were being shipped to the Americas 11. Why did colonialism/imperialism sweep into Africa in the late 19th century? African Nations were weakened after centuries of the slave trade, also Europeans were searching for wealth (gold salt and ivory) 12. What is the Scramble for Africa? What was the role of the Berlin Conference? Nations dividing up Africa and taking whatever they can, drew up the mad and legitimized Europeans nations claims to Africa. 13. What methods were used to occupy and rule Africa? Economic control of trade and allying with tribes to defeat other tribes. 14. What were the effects of European colonialism? What benefits came from the long period of colonialism? Economic turmoil (from years of dependence and being left to deal with the effects of decolonization without help). Violent governments. But lead to a large population that is developing and can lead to many new developments in the coming decades. 15. How and why did the system of apartheid develop? Aggression between the small ruling white class and the subjugated black majority creating laws separating blacks and whites. 16. What types of restrictions were placed upon black South Africans in the apartheid system? Who they could marry, where they could live, what facilities they could use. 17. When and why did blacks begin to resist apartheid? Why was it effective? Stating in the 1980s blacks began to resist after international backlash to the system, also after internal pressures of citizens fighting back against the Nationalist party. It was effective because of a strong internasional push

Other african kingdoms

1200 CE - 1500 CE -Gap because it is deepest africa - the congo -Congo Forest Region (Congo Civ) ----Really dense rainforest - not good for wide scale settlement - there are small groups, but the pygmies of africa live in here, dense - hard to have agriculture in these regions, you will get eaten by something, disease - because it rains: mosquitos and breeding ground for lots of diseases ----No centralized states there ----More easily accessible areas are nearby places -Great lakes Region ----Kingdom of rwanda, buganda, etc ----You have kinds but again more rural areas that you are dealing with - much more local - not as expansive, you have iron and salt trade but mostly agriculture

Algeria

1830 france invaded algeria after 300 years of ottoman rule. Establish trade routes and spread french culture and religion. Diplomatic tension with algerian leader. We administered how they lived. They saw algeria as an extension of mainland france. Also distinction - settler colony - white settlers came over and would establish colonies. People were living here better because they were treated as a different class - class above natives and muslims. Discrimination - islam subhuman, punishments for speaking against the french government, forced french culture upon algerians thinking of improvement and saving them from subhuman practice but in reality oppressing algerians. Life in the colony was bad for africans who were subhuman. France had several other colonies and lost a 9 year war in indochina and so they start fighting back. FLN - lead to algerian war started in 1954 - fought was brutal and aggression built up and exploded, they use bombs and terrorist blew up buildings and so the french had to react. Bombs are bad - france reacted by having mass executions and torture sessions and imprisonment. In the end 1 million algerians died while 10 thousand french men did. Algeria gained independence - french annihilated them Everyone is hypocritical because their own colonies barely rescued from hitler so disapproving looks on france from the rest of the world and that's actually how it got its independence - rest of the world started to let go their own colonies - france didn't colonize algeria they went in and didn't intend to leave. French saw as validation their economic and expansion as seeing these people as barbarian - the counter argument to that is that they focused on the benefit . No islam so they had to abandon their culture to become french and citizens. Lost identity. Wins its independence around 300 thousand people died but over a million white french people left ¼ of their population had devastating effects after. They struggle with religious and ethnic conflicts. They have various islamic activist groups. Issues with ethnicity - the berbers The nomads that were taking islam and bringing it through the sahara desert - they are prominent minority and wanna be autonomous. Unreliable water supply and pretty bad. French invaded Algeria in 1830. Thereafter, they considered their colony of Algeria to be a province of mainland France. French leaders viewed their culture as superior and instituted policies to assimilate Algerians - for example, by encouraging people to speak French, limiting the influence of Islam, and educating Algerians about French history, literature, and political ideas. Many Algerians worked hard to protect or regain aspects of their culture that came under attack from French colonialism. Algerians gained their independence from France in 1962, after a long and bloody war for independence.

THe Mexican-American War

1846-48: Texas fought a war to be annexed into the US and mexico was like no. The mexicans lose, and they in the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo, they lose half of their territory but get compensation of 15 mil and some from gadsden purchase. As a result, relationship between mex and US is tense for decades afterwards

Spanish American War

1898 (3 month war): USS Maine explodes - Spain blew up our ship for no reason. US not only supported war, but wanted it and you have yellow journalism and it was everywhere. April start and august done: Fighting in Cuba and Philippines - Roosevelt lead a volunteer cavalry group called rough riders - popular and written about - charged up san juan hill - a few days after the charge, the spanish fleet leaves cuba - they are making a big difference - and roosevelt writes a lot about this and how glorious they are, and so yea...we feel good about this war, we were awesome, spain loses, war is over in august, and in december of 1898, they sign a treaty of paris. American has puerto rico, philippines, and guam after this - we are an imperialist power after this.

Chile's Marxist Adventure

1970 Marxist Salvador Allende (1908-73) elected prez of Chile and attempted to create a socialist society by constitution. Chile with econ. problems like wealth with large landowners and few large corps, inflation, foreign debts, decl. mining industry of copper (80 perc. export income). Right wing control of govt failed with solution, especially since foreign investment allowed to expand. Growing resent for US corps controlling copper industry (Anaconda/Kennecott). 1970 election split in moderate forces made prez Allende with socialist , communist, and catholic radicals. He inc. wages of industrial workers and moved to socialism by nationalizing large domestic and foreign owned corps (with copper, no compensation for owners and Nixon cut all aid to Chile which hurt the econ.) Govt. had 1/2 hearted resistance to radical workers taking control of landed estates. Upper and middle class strike against govt. with CIA, Allende tried stopping it with 3 military officers brought into his cabinet. Succeeded in ending strikes, but when Allende's coalition icn. vote in congressional elections (Mar. 73), Chilean army under General Augusto pinochet (15-2006) = coup d'etat Sept. 1973 Allende and supporters killed. Military in power with dictatorship. Outlawed polit. Parties and restored nationalized industries to original owners. Human rights abuses = unrest against govt. mid 80s. 1980 free election lead to prez. Patricio Aylwin = free market econ but with improvement, still high unemployment 2004 CHile = free trade agreement with US hope for econ. growth 2006: Michelle Bachelet moderate socialist = 1st women prez of Chile with platform of inc. social welfare measures for nation's poor

THe Haitian Revolution

1st one - Toussaint L'ouverture: Born a slave and had liberal master allowing him to read and write. He reads about enlightenment philosophers - individual rights and equality (questioning slavery??) and is very educated 1789 french rev starts - moderate or bourgeoisie (moderate revolution) - Inspired by enlightenment thinkers questioning slavery but not willing to end it outright. They instead applied decl. Of man and citizen to all french men including free blacks and mulattos - plantation owners had a fit saying it caused powers and they fought back so much that revolutionaries gave in and retracted measures in 1791 and kicks off slave revolts. Toussaint leads this slave rebellion and the french are succumbing to yellow fever. 1793 - radical revolutions insisting on equality and ending slavery in all french colonies. Spain and Britain are also trying to take advantage of France's turmoil so they are also trying to take over Hispaniola. DE FACTO leader - Toussaint agrees to help the British get rid of the French/Spanish . 1799 napoleon takes over and he decides to listen to plantation owners and reinstates slavery and reignites a slave rebellion - involved in a war against slaves and napoleon is trying to ned in troops to put it down. 1803 - distraction and wants to go take over more and so they be peaceful and toussaint gets haiti independence. ^^^ Didn't wanna deal with foreign possessions, Louisiana Purchase. Killed Toussaint Ouverture 1789: French Revolution, moderate period 1791: Slave Revolts 1793: Radical Revolutionaries in France abolish slavery 1794: Radicals Lose Power in France 1799: Napoleon takes Power 1801: Napoleon Reinstates Slavery 1803: Peace Settlement

Valleys and plains The great rift valley Great rift valley

3000 miles long The active area is splitting up east africa It is moving cms per year - It is growing They get to find new stuff all the time Lots of really early hominids were here. So they find really ancient humanoid thingies. Seismic activity in africa - Not a lot to be honest

Stages of Early Human Development

4 mil BCE - 1 mil BCE -We have different hominids --Any member of the primate family that walks more or less on 2 legs --Paleolithic age (Old stone age) 2.5 mil BCE to 8k BCE -Australopithecus africanus - one of the earliest hominids - lucy trying to help the evolutionary path -Man of skill - stone tools - E Africa 1.5 mil BCE - .25 BCE -Almost always walking upright -Upright man - homo erectus --Different primitive tech, first to use fire, moving out into europe and asia .25 mil BCE - .03 mil BCE -Homo sapiens - sapient, wise humans -Neanderthals are actually died out:We found some of their DNA in modern humans, so we know there was interbreeding -Late - homo sapien sapiens - or chromagnan man: All modern humans are descended from this .03 mil - .01 mil -Changes habits - from hunting and gathering to agriculture

Early History Timeline

5-3 mil BC - First hominids walk E and S Africa, known as Australopithecines or "Ape-Men" 3-1.5 mil BC - Early Stone Age and Emergence of Homo habilis - the toolmaker - using flaked stone scrapers 1.75-1 mil BC - Evolution of Homo erectus with the use of hand axes and shaped stone scrapers I mil-40k BC - Middle Stone Age and Evolution of early form of Homo sapiens - modern man. Shaped stone points used for spearheads 40-10k BC - Later Stone age and Rise of Homo sapiens with the development of bow and arrow and we have evidence of rock painting and a hunter gathering lifestyle 9-3k BC - Last major wet period in Africa. The Sahara is habitable with savannah, grassland, and rivers. Baked clay pottery found in African stone age communities and this is the beginnings of agriculture and domestication of animals 500 BC - Evidence of iron smelting in Nigeria and central Niger and this spreads to the rest of W Africa by 1k AD 200-500 AD - Movement of Bantu peoples to E and S Africa - the Bantu Migration 1925 - Discovery of Australopithecus near Taung, S Africa 1960's - Homo habilis skulls found in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, and Lake Turkana, Kenya 1974 - Semi-complete skeleton of Lucy found in Omo Valley, Ethiopia 1975 - 13 Australopithecus remains found in Hada, Ethiopia and Homo Erectus skull found Lake Turkana 1976 - Australopithecus footprints found in Laetoli, Tanzania Once you have these settlements you start farming efficiently Some people specialize when you good at farming Then you have urban focus Then you develop civilization

Spanish Rule - Viceroyalties

6 big regions - 5 spanish and one portuguese La Plata: Argentina, Paraguay, uruguay, parts of Bolivia 1776 - 1810 Brazil: 1549 - 1822 Nueva Espana: Central America, the Caribbeans, Mexico, the Philippines, Venezuela 1534 - 1821 Peru: Chile, Peru, parts of Bolivia 1543 - 1821 Santo Domingo: The Caribbean 1509 - 1526 Nuevo Granada: Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela o 1717 - 1724, 1740 - 1819 These are governed by viceroy - spain controls the province through them. THe people that are appointed as viceroys are peninsulares - loyal directly from spain originally, but if you are generations in then you may not feel the need to be so loyal to spanish.

Father Bartolome de Las Casas

A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE DESTRUCTION OF THE INDIES Church + state = linked Church is conservative and uphold status quo. Support from government by this. There are missionaries that rebel against the systems they see. They rebel against abuses, encomienda, etc. This dude is one of those people - comes here and is appalled and writes down the abuses and atrocities by all of these people in the encomienda system. He has some support behinds him because you have a papal bull (you follow it bc of the pope) that said natives are people too. Barty has this support. He has part of the writing of the new laws and pushed for reforms even after that. (Maybe 1550) he is back in spain and is trying to convince the king (CHARLES V- Holy Roman Emperor) ...in a city called bayogonigue? He debates with the king saying we have to protect them and then you have Sepulveda called the just causes of the war against the indians and how they are terrible and deserve it. You have them in front of the king and eventually you have some more reforms anymore protections but not a great system. The black legend- about the spanish about how the spanish are inhumane and cruel. Bartholome is relentless in his support for natives. He is trying to protect them and say no labour. BUt he also writes don't use natives but africans. He is in favour of the african slave trade, acknowledge natives as maybe human not equal, but not the same for africans.

Decline of Spanish Dominance

A lot of this is due to European Warfare - spain gets itself involved in a lot of things that they aren't very good at. Spanish armada. Philip II is mad about a lot of things and sends the spanish armada to get rid of this protestant witch. Not very well equipped, but the biggest problem is that once they got up around england, there was a storm that destroyed a vast majority of their stuff and it was a huge impact if your navy got destroyed. They are constantly engaged in warfare, 30 years war, and wars of intrigue so succession crisis and Arian succession, Austrian succession. They aren't good at it. THEY EXIST. War of jenkins ear - england gets the right to continue the slave trade between US/Africa spain vs great britain - and as a result britain can continue slave trade between latin america and africa Competition - Other countries are better and on top of that you have pirates (legal and privateer and illegal bois) - any ship they lost was hugely detrimental to their economy. Economic Politics - excellent military, stable politics- Mercantilism doesn't work well; it protected economic ministry is too hard to complete with an empire that large. MErcantalism doesn't work weeeeellll. Protected economic policy is hard to do with a large empire that spain has. In the 1760s they make some reforms that allows them to take control more for a few more decades...annd.. Enlightenment- American revolution French revolution - napoleon and now when napoleon takes over and causes spain disarray and it allows colonies to be like yeet let's take over Ideas about merit and who should be in power and why, inspiring to the Creoles- you are right to CHALLENGE the political system if they are not being fair to you

1. What are our preconceptions about Africa? Where do these come from? 2. How do the unique traits of African geography impact the development of civilization? 3. What factors contribute to Sub-Saharan Africa "lagging behind"? 4. Why did human evolution take place in Africa? What unique aspects of Africa helped foster the earliest human development? 5. What are the central characteristics of a civilization? How can we decide whether or not a particular group is a civilization? What are the precautions we must take when thinking about civilizations? 6. What are the main characteristics of the Kingdoms of Axum, Kush, and Great Zimbabwe? How do they fit into our understanding of civilization? 7. When and how did Islam enter Africa? Where did it have the biggest impact? 8. How did Islam impact the West African empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai? How did it allow these kingdoms to flourish? Other effects? 9. What was the reaction to Islam on the part of many Africans? How does this reaction relate to our ideas of communal ethos?

A tribal land often associated with poverty and famine. Most of these perception arise out of the real world economic problems that have faced Africa after decolonization, they also arise from racist viewpoints that try to paint africans as lesser developed and "savage". Propaganda and stereotypes. Africa has two major sections, the saharan and the sub saharan. Because of this many different distinct civilizations were created. In places like Egypt, a river valley civilization grew that had easy contact with the middle east and the mediterranean, but in the jungles and grasslands of sub saharan Africa. these tribes are far more isolated, leading to them flourish in their own unique ways such as unique languages and religions. As stated before sub- Saharan Africa is very cut off from the more "developed" world and thus has developed in its own unique ways. Huge grasslands and jungles are examples of barriers that cut them off. Also, colonization taking away their valuable resources that they may have needed. Africa is home to many ape species one of which obviously developed into us humans. In the past Africa's great grasslands use to be full of trees and jungles but as these cleared away for open land our ancestors had to adapt to walking between these long stretches without trees. This eventually lead to bipedalism and a loss of our tails. Things such as organized government, division of labor, agriculture, art and music are all signs of civilization. We must not write of a group of people as "uncivilized" or "savage" just because they may lack one of these traits. Look up in notes! Islam entered africa through trade routes in the savanna through their connection on the east coast of Africa.... islam flourished there and spread through the continent. These nations were brought into the Arabic trade network which offered them a whole new world of riches. Other effects was the creation of the east African slave trade through the Arabic seas Many Africans accepted the new religion and converted to Islam because of the easy of trade and salvation that was promised. Many African tribes began to combine their ancestral animism and spiritual religions to create a completely African version of Islam

Khoi and San African Empire

A unifying name for two groups of peoples of Southern Africa who share physical and putative linguistic characteristics distinct from the Bantu majority of the region. Culturally, they are divided into the foraging San, or Bushmen, and the pastoral Khoi, or more specifically Khoikhoi, previously known as Hottentots. The San (also called Bushmen) are generally assumed to have been the earliest inhabitants of the region comprising today's Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. Until about 2,000 years ago, they were the only inhabitants in Namibia, but around that time the Nama (also known as Namaqua), the Khoikhoi, and the Hottentots settled around the Orange River in the south, on the border between Namibia and South Africa, where they kept herds of sheep and goats.

Role in government and rise of empires

Africa was the first continent into which Islam spread from Southwest Asia, during the early 7th century CE. Almost one-third of the world's Muslim population resides in the continent. Muslims crossed current Djibouti and Somalia to seek refuge in present-day Eritrea and Ethiopia during the Hijrah (Arabic: هِـجْـرَة‎, 'Migration') to the Kingdom of Aksum.[2] Most Muslims in Africa are Sunni; the complexity of Islam in Africa is revealed in the various schools of thought, traditions, and voices in many African countries. The practice of Islam on the continent is not static and is constantly being reshaped by prevalent social, economic, and political conditions. Generally Islam in Africa often adapted to African cultural contexts and belief systems forming Africa's own orthodoxies.[citation needed] In the government you had a lot of Muslim scholars because they could read and write and document laws and things. In empires, it was a unifying sort of factor and major religion that spread throughout.

Brazil

After military end to authoritarian regime of Getulio Vargas in 45, Brazil = republic. Next 2 decade democ prez (including Vargas) struggled with econ. problems like inflation with little success. 64 military took over govt. lead to direct control of country 20 years lead to new econ. direction: less state control of econ and more market forces 68: policies working lead to econ miracle lead to self sustaining econ. growth (modern). Growth included exploitation of Amazon for farming, but destroyed it hehe. DRAWBACKS: ordinary Brazilians not benefitted, wider rich poor gap, inflation, and big foreign debt. miracle=nightmare. Generals retreated and democracy returned. New dem. govt. faced big debt and runaway inflation, lack of social consensus 90s. some stability as dem. elect. committed. Rich poor gap lead to elect Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva who pursued a policy of inc. trade.

Back to Cuba

After spanish american war, cuba is independent, but US dominates econ and politics (particularly US owned sugar plantations): Platt Amendment: The Platt Amendment stipulated the conditions for U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs and permitted the United States to lease or buy lands for the purpose of the establishing naval bases (the main one was Guantánamo Bay) and coaling stations in Cuba. Fulgencio Batista - this is the guy that the Cuban revolution overthrows in 1959

DIsmantling APartheid - Truth and Reconciliation

All black and white were guilty of crimes The state was the primary perpetrator fo gross violations of human rights in South Africa Racism constituted the motivating core of the South African political order...this created a climate in which gross atrocities were seen as legitimate. Reparations paid in 2003 and still working through it and overall the truth and reconciliation is a success... THey have a constitution and is seen as hugely successful, rising economic power, and they have three capitals, pretoria (executive), cape town (legislature and parliament), blume fonane (judiciary).

Empire of Mali 13th cent to 15th cent

Almost were like hey we didn't succeed with the islamic kingdom we wanted, they preach through the sahel, and ruling families converted, keita was a family and a new kingdom under them was forged Mali is getting its wealth with the monopolization of the trade routed through the sahara More agriculturally fertile land and control of upper niger and they include even more people: Soninke, mande, ghao, mandinge, and adding to people The founder was sundiata keita, legendary, epic was oral traditions passed down, bit people wrote it down - EPIC OF OLD MALI SUNDIATA - he began as a royal slave among the soso people but gradually accomplish having an army and seizes major territories that are gold rich and is able to build a foundation for mali empire, but the most important and influential is mansa musa Mali is a landlocked nation in West Africa, located southwest of Algeria, extending south-west from the southern Sahara Desert through the Sahel to the Sudanian savanna zone.

Causes of latin American Revolutions

American and French Revolution American and french rev. American inspired french. American is inspiring because it works - we are special. The french revolution was also inspirational because they push ideas of equalities and they write about liberties and equality - declaration of rights of MEN Napoleonic wars: Takes over in 1799 at end of revolution. He is a great general and has ideas about spreading the revolution - megalomaniac and take over europe. Spreads into italy and other places and spain makes perfect sense - spain invasion (this whole time period is called the peninsular campaign) and this provides a model for a good general and tactics until russia and also provides a distraction. Both spain and portugal are preoccupied with trying to get rid of napoleon and the deposition of their king All of this contributes to the latin american revolution and the first independence of the colonies - all make it out within 20 years. They were distracted and their power was weakened, so then this sparked a system of revolt and rebellion.

Strengths and weaknesses of GZ Interesting facts about GZ

Architecture like a huge city with many stones still remaining and the wall, spread of the shona religion with mwari, control of gold trade, trade of cattle resources, and the soapstone sculptures were huge strengths Weaknesses were ill planned housing in the city, crowded and poorly built houses, too many people in a small area and overpopulation, too much farming in a small area and overgrazing, hierarchical government and different rankings within the community It collapsed partly due to environmental issues like drought and overgrazing, internal conflicts, overpopulation, and decline in trade Bark cloth created Instrumen called the Mbira played and the players were called guardians Green parrot symbols in the bible Women had jobs

1528 - Aztec Account of Conquest

Aztecs looooost From the account, everything is destroyed and they are utterly annihilated. Broken spears lie in the roads; we have torn our hair in grief. The houses are roofless now, and their walls are reddened with blood. Worms are swarming in the streets and plazas, and the walls are splattered with gore. The water has turned red, as if it were dyed, and when we drink it, it has the taste of brine. We have pounded our hands in despair against the adobe walls, for our inheritance, our city, is lost and dead. The shields of our warriors were its defense, but they could not save it We have chewed dry twigs and salt grasses; we have filled our mouths with dust and bits of adobe; we have eaten lizards, rats and worms....

Competition and Rule

Because of this, and rapid exploration, missionaries and others are going deeper and deeper within africa and this leads to territorial grabs in the late 1800s and is called the scramble for africa

Central Africa DRC

Belgium - THought they were helping but in reality making things much worse Particularly interesting : They are able to gain independence in 1960 - anti colonial strikes that leads there - first pm is patrice lumumba. First prez is kasavubu. Democratic gov almost immediately. Lumumba like many of the new african leaders had the tendency to agree with socialism, fits with communal ethos and helping each other out - there are however many groups that don't want to become socialist. So while lumumba gets support from USSR, The US is pushing to push lumumba. 10 weeks after taking power he is deposed in a coup and imprisoned and murdered in his prison cell. He is murdered by belgians but evidence that came out that we had a lot to do with it - not CIA but we set it up. Joseph mobutu - mobutu sese seko. Takes power in 1965 - military dictator for next 32 years - power for long time as a result of his gov and systems that they set up, politics theorists set up a new term - kleptocracy One party state for years and years and stays that way but there are some questions about them. They deals with all kinds of resource issues - rebellion going on with different groups in the congo with mineral resources and cell phones and other tech so lots of issues in the DRC. The region that is today the DRC became the personal possession of King Leopold II of Belgium after the Berlin Conference in 1885. Leopold's top priority was to make money from his colonial venture and the colony became infamous for its harsh abuse of the African population. Fierce international criticism of this brutality forced Leopold to cede control to Belgium in 1908. The Belgians believed that their colonial subjects were happy with colonial rule and considered the Belgian Congo to be a model colony. But Africans knew well the abuse, violence, and humiliation they suffered as a result of the colonial system. Africans in the Congo gained their independence from Belgium in 1960.

Berbers

Berber, self-name Amazigh, plural Imazighen, any of the descendants of the pre-Arab inhabitants of North Africa. The Berbers live in scattered communities across Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Mali, Niger, and Mauretania. They speak various Amazigh languages belonging to the Afro-Asiatic family related to Ancient Egyptian. At the turn of the 21st century, there were perhaps 14 million in Morocco, 9 million in Algeria, and much smaller numbers in Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, and Mauretania; in the Sahara of southern Algeria and of Libya, Mali and Niger, the Berber Tuareg number about 1 million.

British

Boer Tensions Increase: 1877- British Annex the Transvaal 1883- First Boer War (Transvaal War of Independence): Paul Kruger: THey win and this dude becomes president. The british lose and the boers can keep the transvaal but the british annex transke, natal, zululand, and in addition to bukanaland then...they find more gold. In 1886 they find more gold in the transvaal and this is too much of a temptation for the british and so they start the second boer war to take over the transvaal again. 2nd Mineral Revolution 1899-1900- Second Boer War (South African War): Lord Horatio Kitchener - he is not a good guy. Used torture tactics, a lot of time scorched earth we think how russians where they scorched their own land so they can't take anything from them. In this case the scorched earth tactics are used on the other side so they burn farms and villages down and so they don't care about civilian protection in this war. The other thing they do is they bring boers into restricted fenced off labor camp areas where they are not fed enough and beaten and so concentration camps now. The british win and they are able to annex the transvaal and pretty much whatever they want. They take customs and duties and tariffs between all that and take away so its one colony. They also have bukanaland and swaziland that are included with that. Transvaal before the british but this time the different have different tactics that they are gonna use. The british hang onto them for a few years, in 1910 they can be their own colony now.

Beginnings of Anglo Boer Conflict

British coexist alright with boers and make them angry in 1853 when the british are like slavery has more uncomfortable things and so abolition acts and end slave trade in all british colonies. (Britain takes Cape Colony (1815)) Great Trek (1836-1838) Natal, Orange Free State, South African Republic (Transvaal): Trekboers are not happy at all so they have to pay these workers and so they are like we will just leave...and find other territory for us to live in. Most of the trekkers settle in orange free state, south african republic (transval) and natal. They are creating new states, white people in control in all three of those areas, economic and agricultural, growth racism and segregation. South africa economy is going and cape colony has gold and diamonds. Leader of cape colony - cecil rhodes particularly concerned with diamonds and gold (changed names to debeiers now). They coexist for a while through 1870s and something changes this....

SHiny

British find diamonds in orange free state in the 1870s and more gold and so they decide that they are going to decide they are going to annex these states and they offer to make a confederation with everything and the boers say absolutely not and so in 77, british are like we will annex. People are not happy and so tensions increase.

Empire of Ghana 4th cent to 11th cent

Built on trade - gold and salt A bunch of different peoples that come together, sonike, monde, but they combine with some of the berbers that made their way south Not islamic sahelian kingdoms: Some people do convert towards the end and some at the height but not all the way Capitol on kumbi sale - Kumbi, also called Koumbi Saleh, last of the capitals of ancient Ghana, a great trading empire that flourished in western Africa from the 9th through the 13th century. Situated about 200 miles (322 km) north of modern Bamako, Mali, Kumbi at the height of its prosperity, before 1240, was the greatest city of western Africa with a population of more than 15,000. Within its boundaries there were—as was the custom of the early kingdoms of the western Sudan—two cities, one of which was occupied by the king, the other by Muslim traders. Kingdom ruled by hereditary king - ghana: Favourite thing is matrilineal king-ship, but the next king is determined by king's sister and her son. If you didn't have a sister, it would proceed through matrilineal line and aunt's line. They conquered chieftain areas and tribute system of sorts They acquire gold from gold and salt and copper and slave trade The leaders themselves never converted to islam, but they let muslims to settle with cities and encouraged them to government and courts because they were literate -Written - records -Oral - stories -2 traditions At the end, the berbers - almoravids became islam and declared jihad on a variety of places and then ghana and lead to the downfall - awdaghust Around 1100 we no longer see gahana as commercial or military power The Mande speaking peoples were one of the groups that made up the empire of Ghana.

Spain in Cuba

CUba is one of those colonies that was not free by 1823, so spain kept that and they had puerto rico still. Cuba had a civil war over in 1878, but pain still there. In 1895, they have a revolution - you have JOse Mari orchestrating it. He is able to get military leaders, organize expeditions, raise funds, and most of the funds were raised in key west. Even though we did not get involved in the cuban revolution - we supported it. 95 is open rebellion - mckinley said we will mediate for you and spain said no. all of this would've been low key except that there were a variety of things to change the US perception of what was going on in cuba.

Cuba after revolution

Castro is a marxist leninist and he nationalizes industry, collectivized agriculture, confiscated all property owned by non cubans, and he basically is trying to benefit laborers and worker policies, but not helping the middle class people. The middle class was hit hard and a lot of upper class had already fled or a part of the govt, but the middle class is hit by this so they flee...to florida. In 2000,, you see a stronger concentration of cubans in florida, particularly miami. Also utah...weirdly..they are mormons Castro also supports a variety of revolutionary movement in latin am and africa - however, because of the way the west isolated cuba, they become more and more dependent on the USSR. USSR dissolves in 91 so when they collapse, cuba ends up in a world of economic hardship

African Slave Trade (1400-1850)

Causes - Needed cheap laborers to cultivate sugar cane, colonialism, location and climate in the middle is Africa, and pre-existing slave trade Participants (role) - North Americans and Europeans who abducted and pute slaves to work, Africans (indigenous) who were carted around and were the slaves, Portuguese, Dutch, English, Americans, African Empires (Ashanti, Dahomey, Benin, Yoruba, Arab) Location - Africa, North America, Europe, West coast of Africa specifically and Angola (FROM), East coast - Horn, Mozambique, Zanzibar, West Indies, South America - Brazil, American Colonies (TO) System - Triangle trade (capture, trade cities on coast, ships to middle passage, slave auction, choosing based on race, economic growth); Methods (shore method, factory forts); Perpetual and hereditary; Total Ownership (property) Results - Lots of displaced people, class diversity rift, race - view of Africa, massive depopulation largest migration in human history and destabilization, increased tensions and sectionalism, increase in war.

The Influence of the Roman Catholic Church

Church and state in spain is close and right after the conquistadors, these peoples come in. Franciscans, jesuits, monk, all are coming in to convert the natives. Some of them do have a more kindly way about them like they want to do it for the good of the people without harming but other are more fanatical. DIEGO DE LANDES - priest that came over and wanted to erase paganism lol. OOF He finds as many mayan and manuscripts codesies and stuff and burneeeeeeeed them - mayan language burned. Remember that conversian means now you are christian and you lost natives but doesn't mean equality. The church plays an important role and plays an important role forward. It is super influential. Revolutions, independence, the social development of latin america, women's rights. Guadalajara Cathedral, Our Lady of Guadalupe, Spanish mission

Tribe - similar to the word civilization and is very loaded - denigrated groups in africa instead of helping their social structure. Communal Ethos Tribe Circle Bonds Family Group Individualism Governing

Circle, ethnicity, group, social structure, because we acknowledge all aspects of what a circle is....Circle - people you identify with and care about. For africans, there's a sense of people who are inside and accountable and responsible to. People outside aren't like that because you have less commonalities, they may be so far away from you, and aren't connected and close. Circle defines life and social interactions, and to make sure it's tight, you have a series of bonds. Language creates a unique identity for a circles. Morals. Ethics. How you live your life. Storytelling helps pass stuff down from generations and it all creates bonds. Geographic - you live in one region. You don't travel very far traditionally and you don't go five miles away from home in your entire life, not like now. The nomadic people - bushmen - they, even though they don't have a settled home, they have territory that they don't go outside of. Family group - subset of family Nuclear family - mom, dad, brother, sister, cat, dog - immediate family - Today, you don't have extended family living with you. In these situations, you live with your extended family. You are living with your clan - you feel responsibility towards your clan and you will know who they are - familial obligations towards them. Polygamy and poligany : If you have bonds and increasing that and the strength of a family group, it makes sense to have multiple husbands or wives to connect families Individualism - You don't matter as who you are, you matter as a group. You matter as an age set. Old people, 12 - 13 boys: rites of passage, Married and unmarried woman, Based on age set, you have various responsibilities. Often times, as you enter an age set, you may end up with some sort of mark (tribal mark) and often in africa, this is in the form of scarification - naturally Governing - You want the people who are the most experienced in your group in creating the bonds, understanding the social structure and cultural norms, you want them in charge. Old people: Elders - that age set - is going to run everything and make decision for your group. Controversy with laws of a country and laws of elders. Colonies with circles squished into a single country. You think of yoruba or your group before you think of yourself as nigerian. This is an important thing with communication. Language is the colonizer's language now. Now you don't understand the other people's customs. A lot of people are running for elections - how should you make your decision - People run and the circle vote their people and so you don't have competent leaders. Any time you have traditional euro vs african system, you have strife

Early Explorers (LOOK AT THIS)

Columbus - looking for the spice islands vESPUCCI - SAILS WITH spanish and portuguese and is all about mapping and mapping the new world Cabral - portuguese and discovers brazil Balboa - pacific ocean from new world Magellan - first to circumnavigate the world and that was his purpose Hernan cortes - conquistador looking for gold and stuff and conquest Hernando de Soto - Florida in the US Pizarro - gold and stuff in peru Jacques cartier - french - had three different canadian expeditions - Francis drake - 2nd circumnavigation of the world (2st to complete) John cabot - italian but for english - sailed to canada Drake - claimed california Hudson - english - hudson bay area Coronado - spanish and going through mexico and SW US - cities of cibola Central & South America • Columbus (1492-1493, 1498, 1502) • Vespucci (1499) • Cabral (1500) • Balboa (1510-1513) • Cortés (1519) • Magellan (1519-1522) • Pizarro (1531) • Cabrillo (1542-1543) North America • Cabot (1497) • Ponce de Leon (1513) • Verrazano (1524) • Ayllón (1526) • Narváez & Cabeza de Vaca (1528-1536) • Cartier (1535) • De Soto (1539-1542) • Coronado (1540-1542) • Menéndez de Aviles (1565) • Frobisher (1575) • Drake (1577-1580) • Gilbert (1583) Raleigh (1585-1586) • Oñate (1598-1605) • Hudson (1609, 1610) • Champlain (1615) • Marquette & Jolliet (1673) • La Salle (1679-1682)

Ferdinand Magellan

Columbus didn't find it so he wants a route to the spice islands. He is gonna try to find a different route to go around the world - goes to the portuguese and so he goes to the spanish when they say no - CARLOS I (CHARLES V) - yea sure go... This time they go around cape horn - Strait of magellan - and makes his way through the pacific and stop in the philippines and killed by natives: No body back - maybe eaten... RIP. But the rest of his crew kinda did make it back to Spain. His PEOPLE were the first, not himself .

Empire of Songhai 15th cent to 16th cent

Comes under mali 3 important leaders Sunni Ali -Made gao into songhai -All about military and his aggressive -Has lots of fast ships and useful to control niger and other parts of empire -Use ships to do that and conquers timbuktu and djenne and pushes berbers farther north Later on we have a new dyansti and Askia dynasty by Askia Muhammad Toure -He seizes the oasis and takes over pushing burbors and expands territory to control trade -Centralized gov -Standard weights and measures -Standardized currency -First he used SS for the bureaucracy and replaces them with the muslims - educated and can contribute more - certain kind of riding -More islamic principles in gov Askia Daud -Largest territorial expansion -Ends up down to cameroon and it is 7 thousand cultures squished together -One of largest run by africans -Urban centers dominated by islam and islamic culture -In rural areas you see a lot of traditional african religions being followed - spiritualism and animism Downfall was too big too fast too many people that didn't wanna work together and the subject people begin to revolt and they can't control this large of an empire breaking away of areas and maghreb come down taking control of the moroccans and 1591 come down and take over songhai then collapse

Growing Conflict (1800 - 1870)

Conflict between europeans, british vs boer, between europeans and natives, and within native communities as well. Big reason in late 18 cent there are a lot of problems, drought, food shortages, white colonial expansion and migration leads to competition for land, paddle, pasture space, water, and so leads to bloody conflicts. Rivalries Xhosa - win for a little bit, 1779, but rivalry between african states is interestings. Mfecane - the crushing, is actually the expansion of the zulu to conquer all the nearby kingdoms. Happens under... Shaka Zulu - he is the son of the wife of the chief (married and pregnant and outcast as a child and her mom too)...torment them.....shaka's name means little biting fly. Over time he becomes tough and warrior and becomes indispensable and finds opportunity to take power and he does and becomes chief. He decides that he changes the african interaction of groups. Conflict happens and both sides would send warriors, and do war chants, and usually resolved without bloodshed. Shaka changes this, changes shield so they bigger, and asagai has giant blade at top and so when he goes out and kills when they meet up, he starts to conquer chiefdoms bit by bit. Come or die. He is able to defeat the boers and keep them out of his territory for a while. The problem is shaka is not particularly mentally stable and he would kill his own people randomly whenever he chose and he makes his own people so angry they look for every way to defeat him and at that point his empire falls apart and they start to loose to the boers. White colonial expansion: Allowed to continue here. Their policy on native is you can leave your territory or assimilate or we can kill you. In 1815, great britain is no longer distract by napoleon and decide back to our colonies that we would like to have they reoccupy...Great Britain occupies Cape Town Colony

Mountains and peaks

Couples of mountains: Atlas in the north east & Drakensberg in the south Mt kilimanjaro - Snow on the equator, but not so much nowadays No tectonic things except: East is seceding from africa and leaving and will chill out in the indian ocean or somewhere -So you have some mountains like mt kilimanjaro & mt kenya and Ruwenzori of mountains is cool and tiny boi The rest of africa is basically a giant plateau -Lower elevation around the edges---Creates an escarpment - End up playing a role in keeping out explorers because when you have a big country and it is difficult to come in because of dessert, rainforest, and so on, but rivers usually work. Escarpments make it so you can't go very far into the country with rivers. It isn't discovered by euro for a while.

Causes of Latin American Revolutions

Creole discontent - people from spain get the best jobs and highest paying staff and creoles are left out of trade deals and concessions (they are high and educated so they upset when they left out) Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native americans Black salves

A satellite view

Desert - very large - in the north Rainforest in the center Savannah in the coast Madagascar on east coast When thinking about africa and trying to judge it against other continents, where does it fall in the size range? SUPER BIG Mercader - Smaller than it actually is on maps, and the reason is when we first made maps, it made sense to make parallel lines of latitude. There is always distortion on map, and this is a distortion of area. Poles is stretched, and in the middle is compressed: Africa; Greenland = not same size of Africa

All three

Did sacrifice Our age Honored family Altar on temple They would pull out your heart and hold you down - This was aztec Mountains and then sacrificed them after drugged - Inca - Die of exposure: Mummies - when you are hugh up in the mountains - nothing to decompose - dry and they find young people with their feet and hands bound after they were exposure...drugged

Africa - the tropical continent African trade winds

Distributed over the equator Cancer, then equator, capricorn Desert, rainforest, desert In the middle is the doldrums -Sits there and rains there in the center -Warm air currents go but rain comes back West africa Home of our hurricanes They make it and shoot then at us

Treaty of Tordesillas - 1494

Dominated spice island but also expeditions of south america Acknowledge new world - catholic countries are like we don't wanna go over war and you decide what people get @pope Pope line - spain gets new world - and spice islands is portuguese. Portuguese get a little bit of the south american coast - when the treaty is signed, the line is pushed back a bit. They were trying to figure out where this line goes and so brazil expedition - Amerigo Vespucci - maps - is sent and makes maps and sends them back and they are given to german cartographer - waldseemuller map- makes sense where they drew the line. Because of this map we have america from amerigo. They decide where the line goes and it is why we have one state that speaks portuguese - brazil - and the rest is spanish.

You can go soooo much further with the DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS

Early Humans and Prehistoric Africa - Earliest ones are in Africa One of the theories about evolution and the distribution of people around the world is the out of africa theory - People started out in africa and then moved There are a variety of anthropologists that are challenging this theory

Spanish Rule - Flota System

Economic system - dictated by mercantilism and they created the flota system. Ships had specific directions they had to go, ports they were specifically to stop at, and no other country is allowed to stop at those ports. We have a couple different routed but the same basic system - and they picked up gold and raw materials and venture back to spain. It was a yearly trip and spain was completely dependent on this flota system. THis is a really good example of complet government control of mercantilism and is also a good reason why the spaniards had trouble because this makes it very easy to know where ships be at a point.

The Swahili Coast

Essentially an area where the bantu spread - coming out of the W african area and moving down both sides of the continent - mixed with some arabic Language is a miz, Advanced cities - more rural, Bantu and arabic mixed, People mixed and we have islam rising and this is before Map is we can see back to when we talk about zeng hue - people coming as far as china to the african coast - Giraffes Weather leads to cosmopolitan cities - winds changing and stuff So this contributes to all these foreigners staying for a while, conversing and exchanging ideas and good with people in cities They are at their peak when they had monopoly on trade with the arabs Decline come with the portuguese coming in with the cape of good hope Inroads into africa Arab influence - boat doah di och - good for moving quickly up and down coast

Political and Social Structure of GZ Relations and Religion of GZ Art and economy of GZ

Elite class of rulers and commoners Rich = Cattle and beef was considered for only the upper class, many wives, and controlled gold and metal trade which lead to rise of power and wealth Commoners = Lived in the valley, tight, cramped, unsanitary spaces Elite had more living space, the best quality beef, imported goods like silk, embroidery, and ceramics Common people just lived in densely packed settlements in the valley Role of women: women were given equal work and opportunities to men ~ seen with the excavation of an ancient mine shaft where 9/16 skeletons were woman Generally peaceful and part of a fairly large international trading network with gold as a leading export and silk and ceramics imported However, the large wall surrounding the kingdom suggest that military threat might have existed at one time Most likely, these people were very religions and some historians believe that religious center helped GZ become powerful and a tall tower found in the city might have been used to worship Mwara, the supreme god of the Shona religion Most famous extant art is a set of 8 soapstone bird that are about 16 inches tall and each is on top of a yard tall column and poses both avian and human attributes like lips instead of a beak and have unique patterns that distinguish the art form other sculptures of the time period They had a very strong economy and at first relied on livestock. Then, profits from livestock allowed Shona people to gain control of gold mines and some of the mines were 35 miles away from the city. Gold was transported through the Indian ocean up to markets of Cairo and GZ possessed the most extensive gold-workings of ancient world. By 1500, economy of GZ diminished possibly due to droughts and disease.

Causes of Latin american revolution

Enlightenment ideals Social contract theory Gov owes u: If it doesnt do stuff for you you have the right for a new gov John locke writes this after glorious rev when they wanna justify new king: Gov job to protect life, liberty, and property - TJ no cite SMH John jacque rousseau deals with equality: Related to beliefs of the elites, Natural laws not only govern science but also ideas, governs ideas Challenges rule by divine right - doesn't make sense when dealing with natural laws

Order of Independence (on slide)

Ethiopia and liberia never colonized (4th cent BCE and 1847) Ghana - first ssa country to gain independence (1957) 1960 - year of africa - whole bunch get independence Finally - the portuguese hold on the longest causing problems

Nigeria

Ethnic difficulties. Political and religious issues Gains independence in 1960s - British give in 1960 gain independence Oil in nigeria - lots of good economic prospects there Most populous country in africa You got all of these different ethnicities in there - you see a series of coups Their government is held by military. Today, it is back in civilian hands - political and religious issues, ethnic strife, biggest problems is islamic fundamentalism boko haram is anti west and islamic fundamentalist and strict bad interpretation of sharia law. Dealing with 200 girls kidnapped, northern, dealing with extremism

Challenges of Independence (on slide)

Ethnic disputes Dependent economies Growing debt Cultural dependence on west - religious revivalism as backlash Widespread social unrest Military responses to restore order Population growth Resources depletion Lack of middle class in some locales Education deficit and later, brain drain Neo-colonialism through economic debt

Revolution and Independence in Latin America THe road to revolution

European Empires - 1660s: We have vast areas that aren't fully colonized. We can see where the spanish are in new spain, peru, as well as cuba and east hispaniola or haiti...Dutch and british in a few locations in the caribbean and south america...Portuguese in brazil 16th to 18th Cent: New ideas brewing in europe - contribute to revolution If we go to renaissance we have desire to explore and expand knowledge leading to scientific revolution where we figure out natural laws 2 different developments: One is practical - agricultural revolution which makes lives easier to make more food. This adds to the ideas of industry. Intellectual revolution or enlightenment which inspires lots of people in different ways and the result of that is this in some states is enlightenment despotism with monarchs and revolution with people - american, french, and latin american

Origins and Causes for European Colonization African Trade

Europeans have been involved for a while Trade has gone on for a while, but not as direct - them to muslims to africa Some slaves with the trans saharan trade Henry the Navigator sets them off to africa - first european: Portuguese are exploring coastline after 1450 and they get involved with the slave trade and more and more people are getting involved (like the dutch and so on) THere isn't a lot of direct european contact in the middle however

Mansa Musa

Expanded influence and there are 3 cities that he takes over completely and makes them impressive cosmopolitan cities - Timbuktu, Djenne, Gao - Mosques in Mali - and he makes them amazing Devout muslim, and we know a lot about him because many writers experienced his empire and he is known for hajj and he destabilized monetary system of egypt which is cool Catalan atlas that includes mansa musa and it's not that they colored it gold leaf was put into it He built lots of mosques throughout mali and in those big cities are the most famous. They are very unique and they still have a same basic system, but the outside is decorated way differently than you would see in the muslim world.

Motives for Colonization

Explorers - map it all Conquistadors - conquestors Missionaries - (very soon after) and start to spread and establish missions Permanent Settlers - people leave europe for a better life and land Official European Colony - this is how you get here Glory, God, and Gold Infinite perfectibility of man ,trying to uplift other nations People are looking for all these three main things - glory is tied to perception of self and trying to elevate the infinite perfectibility of maaaan. States want to glorify themselves. God and spreading stuff after the reformation cuz pagan world and trying to win the peoples over.

MAAAAAP - lol lOlOlOlOlOlOlOlOlOlOlOlOl CUBAN REVOLUTION! - When we talk about Cuba, we have to start a little before the reovlution CUba Before 1959

FIdel Castro (B. 1926): Son of plantation owner, father spanish, and he earned a law degree. At this time we are dominating cuba in all aspects. Fulgencio Batista- In charge for us- a dictator but supported by the US. In 1952 the president is someone else, has an election, Castro wanted to run, however batista is like no and the boi is upset. President Carlos Prio Socarras: (President of Cuba from 1948 until he was deposed by a military coup led by Fulgencio Batista) Castro upset bc of coup d'etat , charges the dictator with violating the constitution, the court is lead by that guy, so the court rejects him. He upset and attacks stuff now.

End of Apartheid (1989 - 94)

FW de Klerk: Succeeds Botha and so we see more peaceful protests and lifts ban on diccident parties and from 90 to 91, they repeal the various apartheid laws. On april 27, 1994, south africa has its first multiracial democratic election universal suffrage - ANC won by a landslide led by nelson mandela. First black president. He has deputy presidents like de Klerk and create a transition period. The international community is like welcome back and so you have a new south africa.

The Beginnings of Exploration o Terms: mercantilism, Columbian Exchange, Treaty of Tordesillas, Malinche, Tenochtitlán, Montezuma, Plummed Serpant, Atahualpa, Huáscar, Cusco, Lima, Treasure fleet o Concepts: Why did people start exploring? Impact of the Columbian Exchange Treatment of natives Implications of the Treaty of Tordesillas Basics of Cortes' conquest of the Aztecs Basics of Pizarro's conquest of the Inca Importance of gold and silver Transition from Exploration to Conquest to Colonization The Three G's!!!! (Motivation for Colonization) MERCANTILISM o Explorers: Columbus, Cortes, Pizarro, Magellan, Drake, Cartier, Vespucci, Balboa, Hudson, de Soto, Coronado, Cabral

Happening at the beginning of the renaissance You have the development of larger, more powerful kingdoms than middle ages, and they have the money and need to pay for these expeditions and they have the need for these - GOOLLLLDDD. Looking for sea routes to asia bc ottoman empire takes over land route and cuts off land route Mehmed II - Ottomans charge money for trade in the east People have more luxurious life and looking for material goods and they want the spices...boring food *sigh* They start exploring the coast of africa, around the cape of good hope to india and spice islands - PRINCE HENRY the NAVIGATOR IS THE FIRST << from Portugal (Doesn't earn epithet cuz he didn't go anywhere but did finance missions that created trade routes along the coast) Other groups are interested in finding different routes

Leo Africanus and Ibn Battuta - Writings on Timbuktu

Has libraries and muslim universities - Madrasas Very big cultural center Poets and scholars and artists coming to meet here and even after mali falls, timbuktu was the islamic center for africa for quite a while Leo - african sub saharan and becomes a slave but was educated and he becomes a slave to pope leo and then he gets renamed leo africanus the african that belongs to leo. He writes a lot about timbuktu and is open minded since it is familiar. Ibn - arabi that travels all over the place - vast majority of people won't travel 10 miles at most in their lifetimes and he travels worldwide and he wrote about everything and was critical about timbuktu but he was astonished

Nicaragua

Has some interesting things 1855 - a guy named william walker - notably nicaraguan NOT, from tennessee - he wants his own central american kingdom, takes over nicaragua and makes himself king - in change for two years - guy that starts canal through nicaragua He brings in slavery and he only is in power till 1857 - overthrown and a military coalition that comes together goes to nicaragua overthrows walker and is lead by Cornelius Vanderbilt - notably businessman railroad tycoon, not a member of the american government, beside that walker is interfering in their trade, they create essentially a mercenary military to go and overthrow walker, and series of ineffective rulers after (Shows immense power of american corps at this time - comes back in honduras) Moving forward, in 1909, the US decides that our interests in nicargua are such that we do not like their current president, and want a president of our own choosing. . Until 1933, the US occupied nicaragua to keep this guy they like in place - name not important In 1933, a group that is not so fond of the US in nicaragua- guerilla fighters led by sandino that overthrow the US. Sandino is successful for only a little bit in 1934, he is assassinated. 1934 - US comes back with a new US supported person Somoza - he and his family rule for the next 45 years. 1979 - somoza in charge till then, people of nicaragua have had enough, and a new group - sandinistas are going to overthrow somoza - they are marxist - they are successful and able to overthrow him, US helps somoza escape, somozas supporters flee the country and many of them go slightly north into honduras over the border - the US govt in 1979 dont like commies and want to get them out. We will train and fund the contras of the somoza supporters in honduras, but they not strong enough, so they have to do guerilla warfare - attack factories or hospitals or schools - the american people in the 80s start to find out about the CIA activities in various places around the world and are appalled. We did a bad thing. The govt says congress says they tack on an amendment boland to a military appropriations bill in 86, you can't fund terrorists - specifically the contras. SO the US govt not to be deterred cuz we hate commies, so there's gotta be a way to try to get rid of marxist plague, so we in nicaragua (honduras) we have contras and the US up there and we are not allowed to give money to them. There are other things happening in places of the world - lebanon hostage crisis (hezbollah has taken a bunch of hostages) and also iran-iraq war - we need help getting our hostages and hezbollah is shia - iran major shia so maybe help us with shia , we maybe can give them anti tank missiles, but they are expensive so you need to give money, but you don't need to give money directly to us, you could then give money to contras. This is highly illegal, and this whole thing is now known as the iran contra scandal. This scandal we find out about it and are appalled and indictments, but nobody goes to jail because the administration turns over in 1989 turn and H.W. Bush. The CIA 1984 before bolan - they put a bunch of mines in nicaraguan harbors and we are in the world court 18 billion dollars owe.

Fall of the Aztecs

Hernan Cortes- No i want to own all of this....i will destroy...CONQUISTADORS Worked for spanish government in cuba - they have a governor - he decides he wants to go look for gold - gov tells him no and he ignored them and other people too....They landed at Veracruz on the coast of Mexico, they meet a woman - slave - malinche - intelligent and she learns spanish incredibly quickly and then a translator for cortes. Interviews messengers and envoys from different indigenous peoples that don't wanna be under the rule of aztecs. He allies with these groups that hate aztecs- enemy of my enemy is my friend . There are a variety of stories, but basically Cortes is initially allowed into the city of tenochtitlan (Plumed serpent, Cortes = Quetzalcoatl, but that's Montezuma's viewpoint) -- once he's there they start to destroy aztec shrines and replace them w Christian altars...He ends up holding the emperor hostage, and they just start to take over! "On the day that Tenochtitlán was taken, the Spaniards committed some of the most brutal acts ever inflicted upon the unfortunate people of this land. The cries of the helpless women and children were heart-rending. The Tlaxcalans and other enemies of the Aztecs revenged themselves pitilessly for old offences and robbed them of everything they could find. Only Prince Ixtilxochitl of Texcoco, an ally of Cortés, felt compassion for the Aztecs, because they were of his own homeland. He kept his followers from maltreating the women and children as cruelly as Cortés and the Spaniards did.... The anguish and bewilderment of our enemies was pitiful to behold. The warriors gathered on the rooftops and stared at the ruins of their city in a dazed silence, and the women and children and old men were all weeping...." - Alva Ixtilxochitl Montezuma/Moctezuma - Emperor - and stoned to death by his own people because he didn't prevent the take over. One reason they can do this is because of smallpox - aztecs (strong) and then they DIE of small pox...Eventually through disease and trickery and allies and guns ofc they are able to destroy tenochtitlan and build mexico and other cities. STORY: His arrival coincided with a mythological story about the plumed serpent (quetzalcoatl) coming back and that everything about them meant that cortez was in fact the embodiment of quetzalcoatl...this story is only found in spanish accounts. This is probably not happening - montezuma thought he was like maybe a threat or ally and not cautious...nothing to do this idea. The spanish have a very vested interest in trying to make themselves look as great as possible and aztecs the opposite. tExTbOoK sTaTeS iT aS a FaCt but we don't rly know much abt it being true true

Nok culture

Importance is its pottery Terracotta art that was expertly fired and very detailed (and pretty large) We can tell that they are supposed to be human We don't see exact representation of the person

Rwandan Genocide & Modern Political Issues in Africa o Concepts:

Hutu, Tutsi, Twa are the different groups living in modern Rwanda and Burundi Habyarimana - Juvénal Habyarimana was the 2nd President of Rwanda, serving longer than any other president to date, from 1973 until 1994. He was nicknamed "Kinani", a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible". Belgian system of racial classification - THe tutsis were a minority, but under belgium, they were put in power by belgium as the leaders, and they suppressed the other two, hutus and twa Basic Timeline of Rwandan Genocide 1894: Germany colonizes Rwanda. 1918: The Belgians assume control of Rwanda. 1933: The Belgians organize a census and mandate that everyone is issued an identity card classifying them as either Tutsi, Hutu, or Twa. December 9, 1948: The United Nations passes a resolution which both defines genocide and declares it a crime under international law. 1959: A Hutu rebellion begins against the Tutsis and Belgians. January 1961: The Tutsi monarchy is abolished. July 1, 1962: Rwanda gains its independence. 1973: Juvénal Habyarimana takes control of Rwanda in a bloodless coup. 1988: The RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) is created in Uganda. 1989: World coffee prices plummet. This significantly affects Rwanda's economy because coffee was one of its major cash crops. 1990: The RPF invade Rwanda, starting a civil war. 1991: A new constitution allows for multiple political parties. July 8, 1993: RTLM (Radio Télévison des Milles Collines) begins broadcasting and spreading hate. August 3, 1993: The Arusha Accords are agreed upon, opening government positions to both Hutu and Tutsi. April 6, 1994: Rwandan President Juvénal Habyarimana is killed when his plane is shot out of the sky. This is the official beginning of the Rwandan Genocide. April 7, 1994: Hutu extremists begin killing their political opponents, including the prime minister. April 9, 1994: Massacre at Gikondo - hundreds of Tutsis are killed in the Pallottine Missionary Catholic Church. Since the killers were clearly targeting only Tutsi, the Gikondo massacre was the first clear sign that a genocide was occurring. April 15-16, 1994: Massacre at the Nyarubuye Roman Catholic Church - thousands of Tutsi are killed, first by grenades and guns and then by machetes and clubs. April 18, 1994: The Kibuye Massacres. An estimated 12,000 Tutsis are killed after sheltering at the Gatwaro stadium in Gitesi. Another 50,000 are killed in the hills of Bisesero. More are killed in the town's hospital and church. April 28-29: Approximately 250,000 people, mostly Tutsi, flee to neighboring Tanzania. May 23, 1994: The RPF takes control of the presidential palace. July 5, 1994: The French establish a safe zone in the southwest corner of Rwanda. July 13, 1994: Approximately one million people, mostly Hutu, begin fleeing to Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo). mid-July 1994: The Rwanda Genocide ends when the RPF gains control of the country. The Rwandan Genocide ended 100 days after it began, but the aftermath of such hatred and bloodshed will take decades, if not centuries, from which to recover. Methods of Genocide - machetes, mass executions and shootings World response to genocide - United Nations - A report assessing United Nations involvement in Rwanda said on its release Thursday that the UN and its member states failed Rwanda in deplorable ways in 1994, ignoring evidence that a genocide was planned, refusing to act once it was under way and finally abandoning the Rwandan people when they most needed protection. Geneva Convention Definition of Genocide - Genocide is defined in Article 2 of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) as "any of the following acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part1; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; [and] forcibly transferring children of the group to another group." Key reasons for current instability in Africa

The slave trade

Important part of development in latin america. Spanish are a part of the system, but not to the same extent - english and french are more wrapped up because spaniards are using more native labour, but they in contrast primarily used africans for labour, more than 80 and using africans not natives for labour for mining and sugar plantations. Much different than the spanish colonies.

Pre 19th C. Trade

If we look at this map, we see before 19th cent we see (1600 to 1700) the spanish have colonized the new world quite a bit portuguese have outskirts of brazil bc there is brazil rainforest amazon, but the portuguese have bits of area around the coastline of africa, but no one is going IN because they benefit so much from the slave trade and they don't needs to go in and they can use the slaves from africa to benefit them in other colonies Gonna change in the late 1700s: 1650 to 1750: Enlightenment: Involved taking what you learn from the scientific revolution - place in universe understanding and understanding of universal laws and taking it and applying it to humanity and society and politics. Natural laws applied to humans - natural rights because you are human - so they can't avoid a big conclusion of the slave trade that it is wrong. 1700s: Big push in different areas to end the slave trade. Ends in early 1800s and most places end it and like by the end everyone ends it, but this doesn't mean owning and using them stops. So no benefiting from slave trade, so they start exploiting africa in another way. THis is when they start exploring africa since they know nothing about it.

Benefits of Colonialism

Improved sanitation, medical care, transportation, communication...but they are limited S Africa and Nigeria are the only with roads and transportation and rail and europeans are benefiting, not them. THey benefit european people in the cities, not them. ANy jobs that are there there are unskilled of semi skilled labor and europeans are managerial professional class. African lived were not improved. Agriculture is a very important aspect - cash crops and plantation - cash crops make money not sustain. These export crops are peanuts, cotton (egypt uganda, kenya ethiopia coffee, gold coast (ghana) is cocoa, so you do see lots of these cash crops and money but europeans own them. Foreign merchants at times not living in country that own plantations. Tenant farmers do work and don't make profit only wages for working, so most farmers grow subsistence crops in their backyard the best land is cash crop. (Cash crops - erodes soil base, use up groundwater causing desertification bc in marginal land areas. When talking about the industrial revolution, we have some development and some creation of industry, but they don't benefit from that it isn't reaching everyone equally.)

The Banana Men

In 1870, the US discovers we love bananas. They are introduced from jamaica to the US (came from SE asia to africa to latin am) - cheap and easy to produce compared to apples 1000 percent profit off of this. By 1910, the US companies own 80 perc of all banana lands. None in the US. Trade controlled by 3 companies - Cuyamel Fruit COmpany, United Fruit Company, Standard Fruit COmpany - UFC and Cuyamel combined cuyamel hostile takeover, chikita now, dole is now Standard fruit company. What makes this awesome from them is an idea called vertical integrations - own all parts of the process, banana plantations, built and owned ports railroads ships, and this makes things much cheaper if they own everything. Great white fleet - UFC had one, and this was their shipping lanes and they essential started cruise lines in the caribbean - they are multi talented. UFC by itself owned 80 to 90 perc of banana trade. 2 good example of banana republics: One is honduras (the reason why everything is so cheap is because they can control land, labor laws, how their laborers are, the presidents in various areas, UFC is el pulpo (the octopus cuz they had hands in so many things manipulating politics)) Sam Zemurray who owned cuyamel and took over UFC and made agreement with manuel bonilla and another guy in his alliance general lee christmas - not exployed right now, and is a mercenary now - the three orchestrate a coup d'etat and are successful - christmas has mercenary army and install bonilla and america ignores this. We thought their president was too liberal and their debt to great brit was too big...general lee christmas honduran army commander in chief during the same time. He helps out the UFC since they funded, and he makes sure land and labor laws are in favor, and when there are strikes, they honduran army comes in to put the strikes down. They work together - warships gun boat into their habros - so they continue to control honduras for until the 80s unstable most country and very high murder GUatemala aso another good example - same neo colonialism issues and economy dependent on banasa coffees and sugar cane but in the 50s, the UFC owning lots of company here, convince truman and eisenhower named arbenz was pro soviet. What he had down is taken unused fruit company lands and gave those to peasants so they could farm - redistribution == communism - and possible communism in america's = bad. We need to contain, and we have a CIA operations that backed a coup d'etat and pro business gov in place - now we have the CIIIIAAA officially ordered operation overthrowing gov. COntinued turmoil, and even genocide - not to say specifically genocide not our fault - but created a situation == instability

European Motives for COlonization

Industrial Revolution: SOurce for raw materials (rubber) and markets for finished goods (Colonies will help them with that) 1850 onward WWI - MAIN European Nationalism: Territory and power - the bigger the territory the better your empire. Missionary Activity: Truly believe frot their and these people's salvation, this is necessary. Military and Naval Bases: They wanna protect their empires and trade routes and are looking for places to put them. Places to Dump Unwanted Excess Population: Population takes off in europe and we need somewhere to put 'em. Socio and Economic Opportunities: People that are in europe and not benefitting want new things. European Racism: Turns from face value racism, to scientific racism - science justifies the racism they had all along and comes after darwin. Social Darwinism - Strongest and most adaptable are going to survive - survival of the fittest - people apply it to races. Tells them that europeans are inherently better and genetically better and theories of race comes from here. Caucasoids - white coming from caucasus. Mongoloids - all asians except south asians. Negroids - all black people (And aborigines and if they look like they belong there). White Man's Burden: It's on white people to civilize the people. They try and prove that africans are less evolved than humans and closer to apes and use it to explain how they are better - also called ffronology. Humanitarian Reasons: We need to educate them and christianize them and basically make them civilized. Social Darwinism and White Man's Burden Document poem questions: 1. To take of the Africans and make them better, regardless. They need to cure their illnesses, feed them, give them bare necessities, etc. 2. Revolting, unhappiness, ungratefulness, angered by them, etc. 3. They are below him and that he is superior. He is very racist towards others. 4. They are agreeing and portraying with Kipling's words. I guess, I would agree with the rightmost picture that it takes a lot to "properly" care for the other people. 5. It appealed to everyone as it was a popular idea in the time, and these advertisements were showing how what the Europeans were doing was justified and only to help the "dark corners" of the Earth, not for any other malicious reasons.

The Geography of Latin America o Terms: Latin America, Caribbean, Central America, South America, Middle America, escarpment, push/pull factors, wealth disparity, landlessness, squatters, o Concepts What links Latin America together? Is it really a "region" Key traits of topography and how they impact colonization Key resources and impact on colonization

It is essentially most of the hemisphere except greenland, US, and canada. There isn't a lot to talk about this as a region. One aspect is the people who came and colonized - so its colonial history. The way portuguese and spain and french treated colonies is different. We have a language features - romance languages - spanish portuguese and french - predominant in latin america. Spanish is most of it, then portuguese, then french...but there is small amounts of english in areas like jamaica, guiana. Also religion is catholicism - roman catholic peoples (vast majority in southern mexico), and the prominent feature of this is that the pope head of church. Other than that there isn't much to unite these.

Christopher Columbus

Italian but does not sail for them - Sailing west looking for a route to spice islands - SE Asia and Indonesia and that area. He goes to portuguese they ignore him and go to spanish king and queen - ferdinand and isabella - ferdinand laughs at him not cuz he thought the earth was flat, but how big the earth was. Isabella says okay cuz she wants catholics and is interested - They finance voyages and fields spanish colonization and looking for gold Caribbean is where columbus lands and is how they can stage expeditions When he got to the new world he was like AH SPICE BOIS ...INDIANS - pre columbian people - and they were brutally suppressed by him and his crews. More important was that they brought disease - Smallpox - TIme of growing nationalism in europe - stokes competition with rising nations

Explorers

James Bruce 1770s: Starts traveling into africa by himself and is trying to find the source of the nile (europeans interested in this) and he finds the source of the blue nile - he starts over there near egypt because we know some stuff about that area. Source of blue nile in ethiopia - people didn't believe him at the time. He is Scottish Mungo Park 1795, 1805: He is Scottish and a young doctor. Makes a couple different trips, and dies second trip. He explored the niger river, goes to timbuktu, and tons of what he is writing goes to europe and inspires other people to explore africa. David Livingstone 1840: He is Scottish and a doctor. He is a missionary. He makes his first big trip in 1840 when he is 27, and he goes all over the place in southern africa: Kalahari, zambezi river and lake victoria and he discovers the source of the white nile. He usually isn't credited with it because he disappears - we didn't know that he founded it first. Johann Krapf and Johannes Rebmann 1840s: Trying to find source of white nile - and is german. They discover mount kilimanjaro and ruwenzori mountains (e side of great rift) mountains of the moon. Heinrich Barth 1855: He is German. Looking through northern africa and goes on some of the trans saharan trade routes and makes his way into timbuktu eventually and found chad. He is writing tons of stuff and journals and accounts are very valuable and serves as a guide to other explorers and trades making it easier for other people. Sir Richard Burton and John Speake 1862: English explorers and they are credited with founding the source of the white nile - lake victoria and the smaller lake lake albert. Henry Morton Stanley 1870s: Journalist and welsch and an explorer. The new york harold in 1871 send him - the mystery of the mid to late was to go find livingstone like where did he go, die, and so on. He finds livingstone - livingstone i presume. Throughout the 1870s he explored the congo region various parts and writes stuff about how he calls africans his brothers but is very racist to them.

Argentina

Juan Peron prominent 1st as a member of military regime that seized power in 43. Labor secretary in military govt - curry favor with workers and as he grew popular, army officers feared and arrested him. Worker uprising dec. officers and 46 he became prez. To please labor and urban middle class policy of inc. industrialization. Sought to free Argentina from foreign investors. Govt bought railways, took over banking, insurance, shipping, communications, regulated exp/imports Regime = authoritarian. Eva Peron - wife - organized women's groups to support govt. while Peron made fascist gangs that used violence to intimidate opponents. Growing govt corruption and alienation of people lead military overthrow 1955 and Peron exile in spain. Problems lead to return of Peron who was elected prez in 73 and died 1 year later. 76 new military regime that tolerated no opposition and encouraged their disappearance (kkilllleeeedd) Econ problems, but diverted people by invading Falkland islands off the coast: GB sent ships and troops as defense when Argentine forces surrendered in July, angry Argentines denounced military regime and opened civ. rule. 1983 Raul Alfonsin, radical party, elected prez to restore democracy 89 Peronist Carlos Saul Menem wom peaceful transfer = hope of democracy. Despite foreign debt and inflation, govt of prex. Nestor Kirchner = econ growth since 2003.

Cuban Revolution

July 26, 1953-Castro organizes an army - goes to attack army barracks (castro) very bad - half men killed and he and his bro are taken prisoner. They are released in general amnesty in 55. Castro then leaves cuba and goes to mexico - in mexico u have cuban exiles that are unhappy... He goes there and organizes (1955ish) a new movement: 26th of JULY REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT (it's the name) and it's named after first failed attack. Actualy attack in 1956 though planning starts in 55. Plans an attack of 82 men, attack north, only 12 survive. From the mountains starts guerilla warfare. Country not doing well economically, people not doing well, it grow to around 800 people and they start winning. Part of the reason for this is because he has help from an Argentine doctor named Che Guevara. He helps with all the organization of the guerilla warfare, has been a doctor for a long time now. Che is also a theorist with a lot of Communist theories- looks at the world as both the USSR and the US are exploiting the Southern hemisphere. He is a big supporter of North Vietnamese because they kinda overthrow north. Most people see communist as east west, but he thinks that US and USSR are exploiting bois, and so he thinks CORE PERIPHERY. After they win, he leaves and helps organize movement elsewhere - bolivia - but isolated and killed there in 67 (che) and is still romanticised a loottt (seen as overthrowing oppressors). After about 2 years of guerilla warfare, batista flees country on new years day 1959.

Resources - animal and not living Resources and Agriculture Deforestation

Jungle fauna - Lots Minerals - Lots of them Bananas Coffee Chocolate Rubber Sugarcane Ranching further south Aztec chinampas - floating islands aztecs and mayans made for agriculture on water Landlessness is a big issue We talked in africa about most people being rural and india, and east asia, rural populations, but in latin america, most people are in cities. The reason is because land is impossible to come by for the lower classes. Rather than having this extensive rural population, everyone is forced into the cities. As they try to figure out the landless problems, they turn to the amazon, but then they go against logging companies and native populations. Not to mention the land in and around the rainforest is not that fertile - but then it won't be first for very long when you use slash and burn.

The Struggle for South Africa Early history

Khoi and San: The earliest that we see people in southern africa is a hundred fifty thousand years ago. Over time, they develop into the khoi and san people. Khoi people - pastoralist. San - hunter gatherers. Khoisan - linguistic group because these are the click tongues. Bantu: Migration goes around the congo, east and west coast of africa. Khoi and san life was unaltered until bantu peoples make it there and it is 20 ce and they harmoniously mix together to make the people that live there - Xhosa, sotho, and zulu people. They exist there for 1000-1500 years or so functioning by themself until the europeans make their way around the coast and get around the cape of good hope.

Overview of Kush The Beginnings of Kush

Kush, or Nubia, was comprised of two main kingdoms: the kingdom Kerma (2500 -1500 BC) and the kingdom of Kush (800 BC - 350 AD). Both kingdoms were located in Northern Africa, including parts of Southern Egypt and modern day SUDAN. At its height, Kushite kingdoms spread more than 1000 km. THe kingdom of Kerma, when it was most powerful, had a population of about 2000 people. Neolithic people probably migrated to the NIle river valley from Egypt and parts of the Sahara, when the desert became too dry to sustain life. Neolithic Kushites were widely acclaimed for their archery skills, causing some people to refer the early Kush as the Land of the Bow Kushite culture was widely influenced by Egyptian culture. The two cultures were intertwined since the very beginning, when Egypt ruled over Kush. later, the relationship flipped, and Kush took over Egypt. This caused heavy Egyptian influence on Kushite art, architecture, and religion.

MUHAMMAD & HIS SUCCESSORS

LIFE OF MUHAMMAD 570 - 610 CE: Early Life 595 CE: Marriage to Khadija 610 CE: Muhammad receives first revelation 610 - 622 CE: Prophetic period in Mecca 622 - 630 CE: Muhammad at Medina 630 - 632 CE: Ruler of Arabian Peninsula MUHAMMAD'S DEATH & SUCCESSION CRISIS March, 632: Muhammad's last pilgrimage Origins of Shi'ism: The Event at GhadirKhumm June 8, 632: Muhammad Dies Sunni / Shi'a Split Sunni: Abu Bakr (closet friend) Shi'a: 'Ali (son-in-law) Wars of the Ridda ISLAM AFTER MUHAMMAD Rashidun Caliphs Abu Bakr al-Saddiq(632-634) Omar ibn al-Khattab(634-644) 'Uthman ibn Affan(644-656) 'Ali bin Abi Talib(656-661) Internal Rift Hasan (Shi'a) vs. Mu'awiyya (Ummayad)

East Africa Kenya

Land rights - 1920 colony of britain and they thought the land is for them but kenyans believe that it was given to them by god. Britain - white man's burden - and kenyans like okay...why? They took land from kenyans cuz they thought that they couldn't use it properly and used it for farming. Kenya is a settler colony 20 ish thousand europeans there that wanna maintain their land. When the mao mao rebel they want to put down the rebellion violently. The mau mau rebellion supported by kikuyu ethnicity majority - peaceful approach - harambe - means to pull together - pull together and peacefully protest. Since their independence they have had ethnic groups that work together to a certain extent with problems with dominant kikuyu - parties form - constant source of trouble coalition govs at times Islamic extremism problem today - big shooting at a university and shopping mall nairobi every once in a while it comes up and typical issues with one party dominance Kenya became a British colonial possession in 1895. Kenyan experiences of colonialism were colored by the region's role as a settler colony - a colony where large numbers of Europeans came to live and make their fortunes. Land was controversial issue during the colonial period, and a major source of African frustration with the colonial system. The British claimed the European control of Kenya's best land was necessary for the economic development of the colony .For Africans in Kenya, the issue of land was a simple one - as the original inhabitants of the region, they should have the right to all lands in Kenya. In the early 1950s, African frustration sparked a violent uprising called the Mau Mau revolt. Kenyans gained their independence from Britain in 1963. *Jomo Kenyatta was a Kenyan anti-colonial activist and politician who governed Kenya as its Prime Minister from 1963 to 1964 and then as its first President from 1964 to his death in 1978.*

Animism

Later on, we see more masks, and a lot of this is due to and increased amount of animism Understanding the spirituality of everything in your world Wooden figures carved of spirits and such to protect them - fetishes

Post-Colonial Problems o Terms: Caudillos, Gran Columbia, coup d'état, o Concepts: Results of the Latin American Revolutions

Latin America in the 19th and Early 20th Century The Difficulties of Nation Building: Wars of independence lead to loss of population, property, and livestock, continued fear of European intervention, boundary disputes between nations on political boundaries, poor transportation and communication, greater regionalism, and national unity was difficult.

Angola

Leader - Agostinho - president now - however it is important to note the mpla was supported by the soviet union in cuba, like the other people. Portuguese hold on and don't want to let go and held on tightly to their countries creating civil wars in the process. Goals Events Methods UNITA: Strong anti commie organization supported by US and S Africa - anti communism and so soviet union and cuba down there so you have proxy war MPLA: Popular movement for the liberation of angola - this group decided they were gonna declare someone president and move forward with independence Results: 25 year civil war but at the same time you have war for independence in portugal. Portugal leaves in 1975 but the war continues much longer after that until 1992.....Civil war resolved in 1992 trying to shift to multi party democracy and multi party elections but pushing back. New civil wars after. If you constantly fight yourself, best military strategies you cut off transportation and communication - so in your own country you blow stuff up and so you end up with bads Famine and burning stuff. Corruption and mismanagement of oil revenue. <--Major Problems

The mighty nile river The congo river basin The niger river basin Hydroelectric power

Longest river in the world (width of the US). It would flood so lots of agriculture - Natural irrigation and fertilizer. Helps with vast and long range of civilization-No one lives anywhere past the river because it is desert. Delta is much wider. Covers 12 perc of continent, Extends over 9 countries, 2720 miles long, 99 perc of the country of democratic republic of the congo is in the congo river basin- Not communist Covers 7.5 perc of continent, Extends over 10 countries, 2600 miles long There's lots of it in africa - Aswan high dam on the nile created nasser (prevents the nile river from flooding). Provides power, but also kinda feels like they have a monopoly but ethiopia wants to build one - Source of conflict and benefit

Mexican American War

Lose about ½ of their territory to the US Porfirio Diaz - Porfiriato - last caudillo before 1910 and was a typical conservative supported by military, foreign capitalists, church, landowners...he brings railroads, infrastructure, but pretty awful to workers and gave them no rights. 95 percent of people didn't own land Through democratic election, he was reelected 1 times and he controls elections Upper Class people are sympathetic, read, want land reform, social work Francisco Madero - runs against Diaz in 1919 and was jailed, but escapes to the US and runs revolution - and is the elected president in 1911...BUT overthrown constantly because of inefficiency. Madero is killed in 1913 by General Huerta - not a ton of support except for the army and he not a politician, but an usurper. Born of Indian parents, Huerta trained at the Chapultepec Military College and eventually rose to the rank of general in the army during the rule of the dictator Porfirio Díaz. Though an admirer of Díaz, Huerta served his successor, the liberal president Francisco Madero, as chief of staff of the army. When part of the army in Mexico City rebelled against Madero in February 1913, Huerta joined forces with the rebels, compelled Madero to resign, and assumed the presidency himself. Madero was shot a few days later on Huerta's orders. *Zapara, villa, carranza, obregon are all working against him and each other* Emiliano Zapata was from the lower class, uneducated, radical land reform - appeals to peasants, urban intellectuals, and seize aciendas. 1913 to 19 he is trapped and klled by carranza. (1879-1919) was a village leader, farmer, and horseman who became an important leader in the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). He was instrumental in bringing down the corrupt dictatorship of Porfirio Díaz in 1911 and joined forces with other revolutionary generals to defeat Victoriano Huerta in 1914. This is important eben today in Chiapa where land reform still follows his ideas. Pancho Villa worked for (1878-1923) was a famed Mexican revolutionary and guerilla leader. He joined Francisco Madero's uprising against Mexican President Porfirio Díaz in 1909, and later became leader of the División del Norte cavalry and governor of Chihuahua. In 1914 last battle against hurts. He defeats huerta and demoralizes supporters resigns hero, but he is kinda a terrorist. In 1916 raid on New Mexico - wilson and enemies makes America mad - perishing with 100000 men ---> hunt villa and we get distracted with WWI. 1916 - defeated by obiegon. Villa assassinated 1923 Venustiano Carranza Garza was one of the main leaders of the Mexican Revolution, whose victorious northern revolutionary Constitutionalist Army defeated the counter-revolutionary regime of Victoriano Huerta and then defeated fellow revolutionaries after Huerta's ouster. He takes power in Mexico and we have the 1917 constitution - limited role of catholic church in government (corruption), set agenda to help workers (labor code), land reform policies, and set rules and limits on foreign investment. Results of the Mexican Revolution Nationalistic spirit arising and when he doesn't carry out the constitution, he is killed in 1920 Alvaro Obregon takes power and it ends the mexican revolution You were left with damaged infrastructure, and there was a divisive push in 1917 constitution and they set up a structure for a democratic government. Mexican Revolution Timeline 1910 - Diaz "wins" election for 7th time Post Election - Diaz overthrown by Madero (rev. Began Nov. 20, 1910) 1911 - Zapata leads violent peasant uprising 1913 - Huerta "usurp" presidency from Madero 1913 - Carranza, Villa, Zapata and others rebel against Huerta 1914 - Carranza takes over presidency 1915 - Villa and Zapata team up against Carranza and Gen. Obregon, defeated 1917 - Constitution is revised (1917 Constitution still in effect) Rebellion continued to 1920, Carranza killed

Natives of the Amazon

Lots of different groups, and lots of conflict between farmers who need more farmland and natives who need natural habitat. A lot of groups are disappearing. Some uncontacted tribes, but current presidents has no interest in protecting these groups. A sad thing is the brazilian museum burned to the ground and thousands of recording of languages no one speaks anymore and they are gone forever.

Conflicts with US

Lots of spats -when we try to destabilize castro govt - CIA supported about 1300 cuban exiles - invade southern coast of cba known as bay of pigs. We thought people need to be liberated and when we go in, they will be happy, but we miscalculated that the cuban pop supported castro. Bay of Pigs Invasion April 1961. (or FIASCO). Cuban Missile Crisis - Oct. 1962 - In response to the US putting missiles in turkey, the USSR lead by Kruschev sets up missiles in Cuba, we see this as a threat (these be threat because they could make it to washington and problematic for us) for the next 13 days in oct, the world was ready for the end of the world. We thought nuclear warfare was gonna happen. Khrushchev blinks in this game of chicken and agrees to remove missiles and he loses his positions - we didn't like how they did this at all Relationships tense with US and Cuba

The complete topography of africa - legit our east Natural resources

Lots of stuff in africa~ resource rich Oil up in the north & Oil in nigeria Gold in the west gold coast & Gold in the south Diamonds in the same places west and south Cash crops - Coffee and coco happen here, peanuts and sisal is great Problem with cash crops is they take up a lot of fertile land, they take up land that could be used for food crops like subsistence or cotton. They don't get the profits either. In congo, they have found other resources for modern life like minerals for technology like manganese and tungsten and stuff, so they are hugely valuable and conflict companies

Overland and Sea Trade Route by 16th cent Trade African 15th to 17th cent

Lots through desert with salt gold and slave trade Controlling trade through red sea and European interest increases in africa especially when they see shiny things Imports and exports that come in Not just for wealth enticing - they found that they can grow crops here and make them work there and slave trade and stuff

Sculptures

Made by trying to take as little from the trunk of the tree as possible Supposed to be spiritual Ashanti women carried little statues in their clothes and they represented the baby and if you kept that in your clothing, your future children would be well formed - Some tribes would decorate them with feathers, beads and stuff Some of these statues protected against things like sickness, fire, thieves They originated from the western sudan, congo and coast East have no sculpture and traditionalism Naturalism is not good emulating life exactly is bad so you emphasize which feature is most important - It was purposeful to have a symbolic/religious purpose Animals to signify a particular thing - birds - intermediary between worlds, antelope - speed, etc.

Africa's Great Civilizations - Empires of Gold

Maghreb - land of the setting sun is the Arabic name for the northern coast of Africa/Iberia Marrakesh was the center of politics and law and it was known for its gold, salt, and textile trade Abdullah Ibn Yasin was a theologist and islamic teacher of a tribe and tried to spread Islam. The Almoravids were the followers of him and their version of islam was very fundamentalist and strict. They wanted to control trans saharan trade. Ibn Yasin conquered Sijilmasa first and by controlling this city he got gold and resources which set him on his way. Traders used the domestication of the camel to get through hot and sandy sahara with more efficiency. Next, Ibn Yasin headed to the sahel. Ghana was the empire that controlled the area between Senegal and the Niger River system letting them control access to both of them and control of the gold trade. The almoravids conquered Awdaghust and it lead to the conversion to their form of islam Marrakesh was the city Yusuf Ibn Tashfin settled in Koubba - simple exterior and very intricate inside - it has was a pavilion and maybe a monument. Ibn Tashfin went to Al-Andalus spain to give military support and ended up taking over as his own territory THe Almohads (A berber group) - monotheists - overthrew the almoravids. They considered literacy to be most essential, and the fez city was a center of learning and was a global intellectual area. The Kairaouine was a mosque began in 1859 and the oldest institution of higher learning and was the center of Muslim scholarship The fez's counterpart across the sahara is timbuktu - Mali controlled this city, founded by Sundiata Gold was essential in this ancient world because it shows wealth and power and it was gotten from the trans saharan trade. Salt and slaves were also traded. African gold was important for Europe because of wealth, gold standard, and currency. A trader could get a saddlebag quran by trading gold. Mansa musa was the richest man alive and he distributed so much gold on his pilgrimage to mecca that economies collapsed Ile Ife is in the west of africa, near the gulf of guinea. They produced life like sculptures better than europeans. Ife is regarded by the Yoruba as their spiritual home. A german archaeologist thought this discovery was mind blowing - Ife Heads - and was stunned and didn't believe that it could have been made by the africans. He said it could have been made by the atlantans, anyone but the, Marrakesh, Fez, Timbuktu, and Ile Ife show - merchant and artisans and scholars thrived and their riches and wealth known everywhere, swahili coast is more thriving with islam, gz grows wealthy, and conflict increases within and with outsiders

The Spanish in Latin America

Mercantilism is driving all of this - economic system developed in the late 1400s to 1700s and the ideas to be self sufficient. You as a state needs to be self sufficient with government in control. To do this - Favorable balance of trade needs to be established - export more than import - use raw materials and make finished goods. Don't import or export raw materials - steal your goods and exploit a colony. Colonization is an essential piece of mercantilism - colony = raw goods. Spain doesn't have raw materials that the colonies did....COLLECT SHINY THINGS (Bullionism - gold bullions - collect as much gold and silver as possible. The spanish are great at this and send treasure fleets back to spain. These treasure fleets would stop at certain ports and go back to spain with lots of SHINY THINGS.) SIR FRANCIS DRAKE - LEGAL PIRATE - he had a letter of mark to take down as many spanish ships as possible from elizabeth as long as she got da monz. Spaniards hated him a lot....the US Constitution allows congress to issue letters on mark. BUT In the new world - silver overtook gold because lots of silver in SW and in PERU. Peru is where you see some of the worst abuses of natives because mining is dangerous, spaniards won't do it so they use native labor. The Spanish linked Europe, Africa, and Americans Religion Technology Economy Social Structures Politically? (Enlightenment idea - revolution)

African art and the west

Modigliani - carved and painted african art ariations Picasso - influenced by african art Created masks and painting influenced by proportions of african art

Economy, Strengths, & Weaknesses of Axum Facts about Axum

Most important economic activities of the Axum civilization were through trading with South Arabia and the Romans, especially by being in the middle between Rome and India -Ivory trade in Ethiopia was fought over, and ivory found was used in trade for goods like spice and glass -Worked a large amount in iron at the time of the iron age -By combining the economic benefits of trade and agriculture, the civilization was able to make a great profit and become very successful -Created its own coinage and written language (Ge'ez) -Traded with Rome and South Arabia because of its control over key areas -With industry and a large amount of wealth came a number of problems -Because they were taking out timber for iron factories, the displacement of soil led to mudslides and floods that ravaged the cities and places for agriculture -Because there were so many very wealthy people, the government was often insufficient and weak because of noble power There was no true date for the decline and eventual collapse of the Axum civilization -There was more competition in the markets of Arabia because of the emergence of the Persian empire, and it's possible there was a conflict, by likely not -As the civilization moved away from its power cities and centers of revenue, its importance started to fade Because of strong religious heritage, Axum continues to be the holiest city in Ethiopia and the destination of many pilgrimages Because of the foundation of the Axum civilization, Ethiopia was the only African country that stayed out of foreign control, except for the Italians from 1936-41

Valleys Plains and Basins

Most important is the amazon rainforest - amazon basin: Takes up a good portion of the continent. Tons of tributaries to the amazon. Most countries in the area have some sort of reliance for their economy - coffee. Mato Grosso: Big plain - the population is shifting into the region Orinoco Lowlands the Llanos: Second most important river after amazon. Goes through venezuela. Llanos means plain there is a plane there. Cattle ranching on the *Pampas*: Argentine cowboys called gauchos. Atacama Desert: Just to the west of the middle of the andes range. One of the driest - 2nd maybe... Chihuahuan Desert: Rainshadow effect here. Sonoran desert: Across the border and mojave desert is technically a part of Lower california - baja california

Stages of Early Human Development Part 2

Neolithic 10k BCE - 4k BCE Agricultural Revolution -Shift from nomadism to agriculture -Defining feature of new stone age You have lots of settlements

Iron and Bronze

Nok Culture 1000 BCE - 500 CE Ironworking - Used it to have much more productive farming - weapons and farming instruments Lots of population growth and spreads out from here Terracotta Benin 15th Cent CE - 19th Cent CE Hugely important Even date it back to 12th century - height around 15th Expanded quite a bit Creating not just iron works, but bronze: Difficult to get bronze in africa Control of ivory trade - very important around the world Later on, they are going to be one of the main cultures interacting with the europeans

The Iron Age

Now you have iron, farming, productive farming, pop growth and movement Nok - The Nok culture is an early Iron Age population whose material remains are named after the Ham village of Nok in Kaduna State of Nigeria, where their famous terracotta sculptures were first discovered in 1928. The most characteristic Nok artifacts are clay figurines of animals and stylized human beings, usually heads; perforated eyes of an elliptical or triangular shape are typical of the style. Other artifacts of the Nok culture include iron tools, stone axes and other stone tools, and stone ornaments. Improved lifestyle, and food quantities African development continues steadily up until the 1600s The sahara is a barrier but trade happens The settlements are like along the bantu migrations: 2000 BCE - 500 BCE -Start up in nigeria, south ,west, then east, then south -Spread of bantu languages and family

Rise of Apartheid (1948-1970)

Officially begins in 1948 but they try even harder to codify segregation as much as possible and take away as many rights from black people as possible. Take the legal division of race and apply it to all kinds of things - residences, public places, permits and passes. Apartheid Laws (Look at wksht) Population Registration Act (1950) -Declares that the South African population is to be classified by race. Race classification is determined by the state Suppression of Communism Act (1950) -Prohibits actions that aim to bring about any political, industrial, social, or economic change within the Union through the promotion of disturbance or disorder. Group Areas Act (1950) -Declares that South Africa is made up of African, Colored, White, and Asian areas. Each group must live only in its own area. No black may own property in a white area; no black may live on white land without special permission. Natives Abolition of Passes and Coordination of Documents Act (1952) -Every African boy or girl, upon reaching 16 years of age, must apply for a reference book and identity number. Books contain the identity number, personal details of the holder, employment status, fingerprints, etc. Person must carry the reference book at all times. Any African not having pass book in possession is liable for immediate arrest. Response - lots of boycotts and stay home from work (important employees) and so if everyone stays home then the company can't run. Nelson Mandela defiance campaign. What changes this and peace is the below... March 21, 1960: Sharpeville Massacre - Actually a reaction to the natives abolition of passes and coordination of documents act - pass laws basically - completely restrict and where black people can go - pass book with identity card, employment authorization, name of your employer, personal history, all that fun stuff and enforces segregation and detain political opposition and try to silence them that way. 5 to 7 k people in sharpeville protest and the south african police open fire and 69 people killed and injured 180 and more protest and strikes in response. Outside world pressure and pay attention and so they start feeling it. Militant Resistance - more of this. Umkhonto We Sizwe - wing of the ANC abbreviation MK. Led by nelson mandela and they do guerilla attacks. In response to the international pressure on south african gov, they create bantustans or homelands. Bantustans: The purpose is to make it appear as though they are giving black people som sovereignty (10 total) they only occupy 20 perc of total african territory despite the fact they had many people. You had a say in administration of teeny homeland, but keep africans out of south african political system but actually no say in south africa even though it seems like they are.

Brazil Compared in Area with the US

Only slightly smaller than the US in size and population

Prehistory

Painted on rocks in many cases Painting shows what's most important to them, whatever animals that are nearby

EarthQuake ZOne Climate

Part of the ring of fire Lots of earthquakes Biggest earthquakes ever measured Lots of active volcanoes on the coast All of the climates. Depending on where you are, you are going to have a completely different experience within a country Chilleee Most of the continents (region) does exist within the tropics, so tropical weather and lots of rain. Varied climate and precipitation and temperatures. The amazon takes up a good portion of south america - the lungs of the world Three tiered vegetation - different zone

Ghana

Peaceful process with Kwame Nkrumah first prime minister. Pan africanism 1963 - however 1964 he declares himself president for life. He went way way up then democratic crash to dictator. Economic downturn and military coup overthrows him and so problematic. One the military is in power - suspend constitution and ban political parties. 1992 - military stepped aside, created a new constitution, multiparty politics and elections, and one of the more stable countries in africa and stable state. Great, comes from the manner in which they achieved independence. Beginning in 1850, the southern region of present day Ghana came under British colonial rule. It was known as the Gold Coast colony. British colonial officials governed Ghana by a policy of indirect rule, making traditional leaders the administrators of colonial rule. They argued that this system respected traditional politicla structures while exposing African leaders to the civilizing influecnce of European cultural and political values. This policy came under sharp criticism from educated Africans in the colony. They criticized indirect rule because it limited the role of public participation by making traditional leaders accountable to colonial authorities rather than to their people. Africans in the Gold Coast gained their independence from Britain in 1957.

THe colonial class system o Terms: Spanish Armada, Letters of marque, Patronage System, Enlightenment o Concepts: Decline of Spanish Dominance Effect of the Patronage System Influence of the Enlightenment Influence of American and French Revolutions

Peninsulares- White people born on the iberian peninsula. Spaniards born in spain. These people are the best. They get the highest position in church, money, government, haciendas, they are the best. They are connected back on the peninsular and get a sign like you will be a governor of mexico. Creoles - Still white people but born in the new world. You aren't quite as good as the people born in spain. Wealthy landowner, government official, but lesser. Mestizos and Mulattoes- Mestizos are mixed heritage - european parent and a native parent - ur father is european and ur mother is a native. (mestizos above) They are small farmers and businessmen. Below are...Mulattos: European and African- can't own property due to rules or lack of money so they are renting farmers Native Indians and Black Slaves - Native indians are above black slaves. Native americans are treated a little better than slaves neither are allowed to own anything or legally free till the 1800s. In some areas, they were (portugal and spanish colonies) obsessed with ancestry and racial classification. So they started coming up with hugely complicated classification systems. Once the administration has been put into the hands of colonizers and they are rewarded for stuff, you bring in issues of inheritance and who should have these haciendas and encomiendas and it is a big issue. Polygamy is fine, and the rights of those heirs have to be defines. They created a detailed caste system. (ON PPT) This is all about orgnaizing society and trying to figure out who is better and needs to inheritance.

Why couldn't Bolivar unite South America? Why did Caudillos take over? What happened in the years after the Latin American revolutions? Why did this happen?

Political Difficulties: Republican govt. --> Caudillos (regional and national) = strong leaders: Nationally: 1 group supported by elites (autocrats who controlled state revenues, centralized power, and kept new national states together...modernizers who built infrastructure...destroyers - Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna - who misused state funds, curtailed reforms, and created chaos (how we got Mex Land)) and supported by catholic church, ruler aristocracy, and army ---> political force that could make and depose govts. *Caudillos were former army leaders* 2 group supported by masses (popular radicals of change - Juan Manuel de Rosas (Argentina) against foreigners and Rafael Carrera (Guatemala) native culture and land distribution to them ---> disliked by elites/undone by Justo Rufino Barrios (elite support; coffee, native land taken and them as workers) Economic Patterns: G. Brit. now dominated Latin Am. economy with merchants and investors in mining. Old trade patterns ---> Latin Am. has raw materials and foodstuffs for NICs US and Europe exports (wheat, tobacco, wool, sugar, coffee, hides) inc. Finished goods (textiles) import inc., causing decl. in industry in Latin Am. Export raw materials and import finished products = domination. Social Conditions: Domination by landed elites. large estate = important in econ. and social life (size expanded more after indep.). Sanchez Navarro (mex) ---> 17 haciendas/16 mil acres and govt. sold church lands, public domains, indian communities. Argentina ---> 500 bouch 21 mil acres (estates = large with no efficient farming). Land = basis of wealth, social prestige, and political power: Elites = European progress, masses gained little. Landed elites ran govt., controlled courts, maintained debt peonage, specialized crops while the rest = poverty. Church and Sate: Struggles in between both. Catholic Church had lots of land and great power. Clerics took government positions and had influence. Liberals with curtail temporal powers of church and conservatives with maintain all church's privileges and prerogatives. Mex: Civil war: bloody war of reform 1858-61: Catholic clergy and military lined up against liberal govt. Tradition and Change in Latin Am. Economy and Society: Econ. growth based on export of few items (wheat, beef, coffee, bananas, sugar, silver) after 1870. 1873-93 doubles and 1877-1900 quadruples. Foodstuffs and raw materials exchanged for finished goods (textiles, machines, luxury goods) from Europe/US. With econ. growth = foreign investment (1870-1930 GB invest inc. 85 to 757 mil pounds (2/3 total)). 1900: tried making econ. balanced with inc industrialization (TExtile, food, construction materials). Growth of Latin Am. econ. largely from export of raw materials, econ. modernization = dependence on W. MDCs: Modernization surface with past patterns with rural elites dominating estates and workers, slaves and descendents at bottom of society, indians poverty, debt, depended econ. on foreigners, despite growth, still LDC. Prosperity that resulted from development of export economy = social and political. Social is modernization = elite progress, large landowners with greater ways to rationalize production methods to inc. profits lead to aggressive entrepreneurs. Growth in middle sectors (teachers, lawyers, etc.) 5-10% of pop lead to continued to expands and they lived in cities, sought educations and decent incomes, inc. US model emulate (industry and education), sought liberal reform, not rev. elites gave suffrage, not large and agrarian but inc. political power (Costa Rica - constitutional govt, Chile control govt) and suffrage, working class expanded and unions, elites succeeded in stifling political influence of working class by no suffrage, industrial labor = immigration Europe 1880-1914 3 mil argentina and 1891-1900 100k brazil, industrialization lead to urbanization and growth of new and old cities like buenos aires and areas in chile. Political Change in Latin Am.: Early 20th cent US interfering. Spanish Am. War made cuba an am. protectorate and puerto rico annexed. Investment after and am. resolve to protect investment. B/W 1898-1934 US forces sent to Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Haiti, and Dominican Rep. to protect Am. interest and some expedition remained for years, marines in Haiti 1915-34, Nicaragua 1909-33. US = chief foreign investor in Latin Am.

Economic Institutions

Portugal . Everything in the spanish empire is hierarchical, and one of the things that the spanish crown developed is the encomienda system - This system was designed to control native americans, their behavior and labour, and what would happen is a conquistador or leader would be granted the right to the labor of r acertain number of natives for a specific period of time. "You can have these 50 natives and use their labour from september to december." Sometimes weeks or months and low or completely unpaid (most). They would work on farms in mines, workshops, public projects, and forced to do this for a certain portion of the year. In return, the idea is that the spanish would protect the natives and would christianize them, bring them into society and the church, but it is most often exploited not to the same or the same way that african slave trade was with the whole belonging and property, but in slavery conditions. Natives were horrifically abused through this system. It only takes about 20 years before the spanish crown is like this isn't great let's make reforms.. 1642- New Laws - here to reform the system - the worker isn't owned at all, this is not slavery, the work was intermittent...Repartientos: Worker is free in respect to with the specific work periods. Work is intermittent. Native american men would have to labour for the spanish for a certain set number of days per year, and other than that, they were completely freeeeeeeee. As much work in as little time as possible, seen especially in the demanding deaths of those working in silver mines in Peru. Hacienda is an important part of this system: Hacienda is a land grant - spanish crown is giving this to a person. These are huge land grants given to peninsulares or creoles. This is the upper levels of society. You give these higher ups a lot of land that they can do whatever with. MAKE PROFIT. Sometimes this is workshops, sometimes plantations, sometimes mixtures, and often build big houses. Today when you see a big style house, it's referred to as an hacienda even though house not land. People who worked for these were forced to buy goods from it and they were expensive and you owed and were in debt, and you worked and labour off, and as long as you labor you buy, so you have debt peonage. *****You can't get out of this system - peone comes from this

Effects

Positive for europe - economic, military (strategic locations), feed revolution, cheap labor, new, developed trade routes developed, and they can convert people to christianity benefits. Africa positive - in some cases transportation and communication infrastructure improved, housing improved, overall, the process of learning about the modern economic and political world is helpful to them as they develop further. Neutral europe - to benefit, you need to spend money. Pay for the basics of society and gov and judicial systems but they benefit Neutral africans - transportation and trade links are two sided, converts are strong believers but they lose their culture Negative europe - they fight against rebellions and deal with competition from other nations. They are having to deal with the negative perception of them, those morally black areas are not going well. Negative africa - fighting against colonial powers, losing land, forced into hard labor, no control over their goc economic resources, social and political hierarchy undermined, and we've completely destroyed local groups and cultures Big takeaways - exploitation of resources (very important) and the undermining of traditional culture (2 things that impact a lot). Even beneficial things...

Art in USe

Related to religion and spirituality Recreating creation myth You are not worshipping figurines or anything in full, instead you worship through your dance The west dismissed african art completely and didn't call it art, and later on, some europeans started to emulate it

Benin

Royally sponsored art Craft guilds Sophisticated art here They would create altar pieces of heads of cast bronze, you could put a carved elephant tusk into that Ivory made stuff - only king could have that: Ivory trade with the portuguese

Africa

Sahara (talked about already), savannah, and then congo The african savannah Lots of animals 13 million square miles African rainforest Annual rainfall of up to 17 feet Rapid decomposition very humid Bad mosquitos Covers 37 countries 15 perc of land surface of africa

Deserts

Sahara - Has to do with global climate patterns - On the equator Sahel-Marginal land right on edge of sahara, marginally productive, not exactly desert bc it has a tiny bit of groundwater, small herds and crops, but very threatened (Desertification: Sahara is getting bigger - it is moving slowly south every year. Sahel is to prevent to keeping the desert at bay, but people farming and stuff in the sahel are making it hard to keep it at bay. Plant treeeees to stop it) Namib Kalahari

Africa's Size

Second largest, but only 10 perc of world population 11,700,000 miles squared Lots of desert so not habitable Also rainforest have mosquitos like malaria and stuff is bad Animals that kill you Lots of stuff fit in africa

Cuba and the US

So many people tried to flee the dictatorship and you have support for them - some people go on rafts and we adapted Wet foot/dry foot - if immigration intercepts you before you set foot on the country, bye, but if you set foot on the country, then good job you made it in 1980 - mariel boatlift - cuba said fine if you wanna go go, 125 thousand cuban refugees come to the US, and we no prepare. Cuban opened its mental asylums and prisons and sent them too...that challenged us. Cuban sponsored coup in grenada << big oof 1983- US invades grenada- us goes in to put that down 1992 - cuban democracy act - US citizens not allowed to travel to cuba, trade in cuba, but you can travel to deliver food and meds. Mission trips happen during this embargo period 1996- Brothers to the rescue- Another tense moment when coming on rafts- organization that got ppl and saved on rafts -- US public was outraged by this 2000 - Elian Gonzalez - was a born in cuba, a little cutie born in Cuba- when he was 7 years old his mother and bf went on a raft capsized, everyone died but him-- international custody battle between father in cuba and family in miami who wanted him to stay-- american public was captivated by this, blown up in media- our court system said we cannot take a kid away from their genetic parent so we sent him back to his father. Questions moving forward - in 2014, the relationship had been thawing, castro died or gave up power in 2005. His brother took charge, raul, he takes over and they start to thaw a bit and by 2014, we are ready to lift trade sanctions and have diplomatic negotiations. Today things are less calm and there are threats from and stuff about cutting them off, and they already reduced travel abilities too...but we don't feel they are doing enough to be not communist. Not dismantling enough of socialist systems.

Masks

Some on prehistoric paintings Word in religious and ceremonial dances For crops, birth, mourn death, coming of age, etc You have a big dance and the people wear masks They are sacred - human form or animal form - if you keep that and you will lock it up and keep it safe. The masks are burned if they weren't gonna be used, after their purpose, you don't anyone else to have their power, so they are burned. Colors imply something depending on which social group create dit, ghosts or spirits is like white, dark and light for male and female, wide variety of different types, helmet masks, costumes.

Union of South Africa - May 4th 1910

South africa act - 4 colonies become one state to govern themselves. Constitution with no bill of rights The official languages of this african state is english and dutch Segregation and resistance: Started before official union - south africa native affairs commission. Commission that basically sat up ways to segregate people. There is some resistance in terms of boycotts and revolts but they continue to make these laws to segregate as much possible. 1913 - native lands act but this marked land as either white or naive. Africans only can do stuff with this land so only 7 percent of all land. Role in ww1: S. Africa sides with british and as a reward they are allowed to absorb the nearby german colony and so S. africa has its own colony (namibia). Post, things don't get better. More laws: Urban areas act of 1923 - made it so that africans were only allowed certain areas of the city...Official reason why certain people can do certain things and have stuff. Later on they do more but black political groups after become more active... Development of political groups Non European Unity Movement - if you aren't european let's bond together and kick people out. Communists are interested and establish roots there. African National Congress - ANC is the most important of these groups that we will see throughout times and ends up becoming the party that takes control at the end of apartheid. They also had a segment of the ANC for the youth (ANCYL youth league) and one person that grew up in that was Nelson Mandela.

Early Cape Colony (1652 - 1795)

South africa is where we see the earliest permanent settlements on the part of the europeans. Dutch arive the at the cape under Dutch East India Co (VOC): Establish permanent camp at cape colony as a way station between indonesia and europe - genocide to nutmeg. Develops gradually and people there don't want to be a part of the netherlands or go back so you see second or third sons that don't inherit anything, also small amount of space so not inheriting land to live on so it makes sense to go somewhere else to make fortunes. We see migrant farmers and frontiersman that wanna stay permanently... Trekboers - these people as they stay there and become a society, their language starts to change and is mostly dutch but over time they pick up words from english, portuguese, malay bc of trade and khoisan words and bantu words. Distinctive language known as afrikaans. These trekboers gradually start to migrate away from cape colony (not happy there) a lot of this is because they don't like being under the control of the VOC, they can't really go directly north from cape colony cuz desert so they go east. As they are moving up to the east, they encounter the various people (sotho xhosa and zulu) in their way. As they go, the dutch were definitely a part of the thriving slave trade, so they win small skirmishes and they take slaves that aren't treated well. But it fuels a booming agricultural growth that happens during this time. The VOC is fine with this. THe various peoples they run into resist. Xhosa - major group that resist and they defeat the boers temporarily. Through the 1780s, the trekboers grow and expand and raid the little chiefdoms. Near the ned of the 1700s the VOC is falling apart, netherlands not doing great, corrupt COV, resistant to reform, restrictive so colonists don't like it, so they can no longer keep control. 1795 britain wants this colony and was like we want this. By the end of the 1700s they have established colonies in india so they come into power and they get colonists support, band trade monopolies, and no torture slaves and the dutch don't like humanitarianism or tolerance and there's lot of push back against the british and in 1803 the british leave and return the colony to the boers (napoleon).

Valeriano Weyler's Reconcentration

Spanish general in cuba to put revolution down. While he is there, he is trying to protect cuban civilians that aren't a part of the revolution. He says we should separate them. We will put all of the civilians into camp (reconcentration plan) and until the rebels were defeated, the civilians would stay alive and protected in this camp. 100 of 1000 put into camps - women and kids - not organized, close quarters, not sanitized so disease problems and malnutrition, about 300k died. This means that this plan didn't work and it backfires, and the US in yellow journalism catches wind of it and writes about it constantly. Cuban civilians have american support. Spanish conservative gov was not concerned about this, but liberals are worried and wyler is recalled to spain. There is impact and others from americans. De Lôme Letter (1898) ... This letter, written by the Spanish Ambassador to the United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lôme, criticized American President William McKinley by calling him weak and concerned only with gaining the favor of the crowd. - and 6 days later

THeodore Roosevelt as President

Speak softly and carry a big stick - the exercise of intelligent forethought is what we should do before crisis - wants diplomatic negotiation, but any time you do it, you should be prepared with military negotiation. We look at gun boat diplomacy - big navy, and you would go somewhere and make sure your navy is in their harbor - implying to do warfare....we do this in a lot of places, nicaragua, panama, japan, etc. One thing teddy does is he sends a us battle fleet on a trip around the world - we make friendly courtesy visits to places all over the place with our fully armed navy - the great white fleet - teddy stakes america's place in the world Monroe doctrine is passive - it doesn't say we are going in and we are passive, the Roosevelt Corollary said we will essentially go in and make stable places that are not stable...it is our job. THis is used to justify intervention in a variety of places for a while, Nicaragua, Cuba, Haiti, Panama, and other places because we want to exert your authority over the world.

End of COlonialism - End of Empire

Starts after WWI: Up until, we don't see any political organization for african rights and have no ability to do these. A few develop after like the National Congress of British West Africa, Kikuyu Central Association - ghan...Even those are focused on living conditions like standard of living not independence. Independence comes later because colonialism is established a little later - independence started elsewhere timeline moved back, but also you don't really have the empitice of nationalism you see in other places. People don't identify with a nationality - they identify with their ethnicity or tribe - no cultural ethnic or linguistic unity at all. So they don't affiliate with that. So purposefully disunified by colonial powers - split and rule. Some started changing. 1931 - Great Britain - Statute of Westminster - the british commonwealth from british empire. People part of british empire we will allow them to have some certain amounts of autonomy and african colonies don't get so much but it is a step towards decolonization. After WWII surge of nationalism. There are many reasons - disingenuous to have colonies when you saying hitler bad. 200 africans fought with the europeans against the nazis. So we see this near the beginning of the war, 1941 FDR and winston churchill sign the atlantic charter which says that all nations have the right to self determination. Allowing people to have sovereignty over themselves if they want and all people all around the world can determine their political and economic sovereignty and destiny - european rationale behind decolonization. All these living condition organizations become political parties pushing for independence. Ghana - first political party in black africa creation of the convention people's party and after the kenya african national union

Francisco De Orellana

Statement that sums up prior 3 ideas. Went searching for El Dorado (mythical city of gold) and La Canela (city of Cinnamon trees)- failed, but traveled the length of the Amazon "The duty of every Castilian in the Indies is to extend the occupation and to found settlements. Wherever we go we should remember that it is easier to be friendly with the Indians than to fight them, and we should endeavor to bring them under the cover and promise of the Holy Church. If fighting is asked for, fight we must and will. But by God, gentlemen, fighting is no end in itself; and we cannot pacify all the Indians by burning some of them..." Friendly of Indians instead of fight them Can't burn through Wasn't very agreed with a majority of the time Searches for El Dorado (one of the people who searches) Also looks for a city of cinnamon trees - spices worth a lOT << even better than gold maybe

The Oral Tradition - Griot

Storytelling is so important in the african traditions Rather than a written tradition, you have a griot - storyteller - that passes down history of a group and whose job it is to pass down cultural values, ethics, morals, how you should live and act, and it is done through speaking or music and the stories are sung Cona - Traditional instrument for griots in western africa in the senegambia area The oral tradition is great for putting groups together and it doesn't help with large empires and so it's why you had muslim bureaucrats to make written records

Spanish Rule - political Divisions

Subdivided into audiencias - judicial councils - supervise courts, establish legal traditions and these are basically what the new republics are based on. The officials are called corregidores - mostly peninsulares and are local officials that have jurisdiction and town and its local district - small town might have a creole in charge. *** To establish connection BACK to Spain Patronage system - we aren't ruling on merit, but we carry about how loyal you are to the king. Everyone born in spain is powerful, and some creoles have a bit of stuff, and this top down administration is the cause of a lot of resentment on the creoles (they are just as good, we know more about this place, and so that resentment will fuel those revolutions)

Resources and Economics

Sugar cane - Grows really well along the coast of brazil, caribbean Coffee - Important today..Seed is coffee beene, then you dry and roast...The longer you roast, the less caffeine to content Ruber - Off of trees Oil drilling - Gulf of mexico & Important in venezuela and mexico Eco tourism - Lots of people go to visit the tropical parts or beautiful beaches or scuba diving off the coast of costa rica and honduras Drug trafficking routes - Significant part of the economy, but mostly cocaine out of colombia, and it travels up through mexico and US and it is flown and ships out so it is hard to stem out

THe COnquest of the INCA

THey knew about the inca and about how wealthy they were and how well organized they were Francisco Pizarro - Inspired by cortes and looking for gold and silver and goes to peru. When he lands, he happened to arrive just at the end of a civil war in peru. Atahualpa - He had just won this war against his half brother. Won the war and executed his bro's family and stuff and right before pizarro arrives. He invited pizarro to a celebratory feast and doesn't see him as a threat. Pizarro ambushed, kidnapped atahualpa, and killed people. Offered ransom and has ata STRANGLED. They are able to take over the entire Inca civilization with about 200 men - happens in 1533. The inca revolted a little layer - they don't have the same weapons, but smallpox again and a significant number of inca died and were weakened. It was a very quick end. After the looting and destroyed - they created lima, but Cortez killed pizarro for lima and his richest They have so much Gold, they have a tribute system, very enticing ...this is how it started. ...in the days of their rule they had their representatives in the capitals of all the provinces, for in all these places there were larger and finer lodgings than in most of the other cities of this great kingdom, and many storehouses... the tributes were brought to one of these capitals, and from so many others, to another. This was so well-organized that there was not a village that did not know where it was to send its tribute. In all these capitals the Incas had temples of the Sun, mints, and many silversmiths who did nothing but work rich pieces of gold or fair vessels of silver;...The tribute paid by each of these provinces, whether gold, silver, clothing, arms and all else they gave, was entered in the accounts of those who kept the quipus ... ...As this kingdom was so vast, in each of the many provinces there were many storehouses filled with supplies and other needful things; thus, in times of war, wherever the armies went they drew upon the contents of these storehouses, without ever touching the supplies of their confederates or laying a finger on what they had in their settlements....Then the storehouses were filled up once more with the tributes paid the Inca

TimeLine of Islamic Empires

TIMELINE OF ISLAMIC EMPIRES The Caliphates Rashidun Caliphate (632-661) 'Ummayad(661-747) Abbasid (747-1258) Divisions & Dynasties 'Ummayad in Spain (755-1030) 750-929 Emirate of Cordoba 929-1031 Caliphate of Cordoba 1085-1147 Almoravid Spain 1147-1238 Almohad Spain 1238-1492 Emirate of Granada Fatimids in Egypt & Tunisia (908-1171) Other Empires Seljuk Turks (1055-1194) Crusades (1100-1271) Crusaders take Jerusalem 1099 Saladin & the Ayyubids(1260) Mongols (1200-1281) Ottoman Empire (1335-1900)

Castro's Gov

Tensions with US- we recognize them 6 days kater, but almost immediately friction between US and castro (expropriate all US owned properties because they arent giving compensation to Cuban govt and he seizes all US property. They are friendly with USSR...we dont like that, agree to buy russian oill) we first impose sanctions until 2014 and we broke all diplomatic relationships with them.

Location/People/Centers of Civilization of Axum

The Axum civilization existed in modern day northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, at times extending into the Sahara and up towards Arabia -Existed from the 1st to the 7th century AD -The capital of Axum had a population of ~20,000 people on ~75 hectares of land: The Agaw people from northern Ethiopia populated the city of axum and began its long history of trade, facilitated by the land's location near the Red Sea 2 centers of civilization - Aksum and Adulis -Aksum: city with an urban focus centered around the temples and cathedrals and flanked by poorer rural suburbs -Adulis: main commercial center for civilization and situated on the Red Sea Axum was a very diverse population with semitic (Habeshas), Kushitic, and Nilo-Saharan speaking people, along with a diverse array of religions

Social Part of Axum Relations, Religion, and Art of Axum

The Axum civilization was a monarchy that held supreme power over its subjects King Azana 321-360 CE brought the Christian religion and engaged in expanding the territory into the Sahara and curbing a threat from neighboring powers King Kaleb was the first monarch to be a recognized Christian by the Byzantine Empire, reaffirming the importance of the faith in the politics It was a hierarchical society, with the king at the top and then nobles, then the general population under both Priests and traders would have been very important and the lower classes would have mostly been farmers and craftsmen Very little has been found on the status of women and families here They generally had peaceful relations with the surrounding countries, by engaging in trade and other affairs, but they did invade to expand territory and quell opposition Religion played a major role in the creation and maintenance of the civilization, with Christianity, Judaism, and Islam all meeting in one spot -Before Christianity was introduced, there was not much evidence for early religion except stelae and temples found -Christianity was introduced in the 4th century and played a major role in society -An early semitic people (Beta Israel) here became the precursor for Judaism Art was heavily influenced by Greece, Rome, and South Arabia and religion -Leaders build large obelisks all over their tombs known as stelae as architectural marvels but also with religious importance

Review of Timbuktu

The Description of Africa - Description of Timbuktu, 1526 by Leo Africanus - very critical review highlighting everything that he saw and admired there

Regions

The Falkland Islands or Islas Malvina - Off of argentina region and currently owned by GB. They fought a whole war in the 1980s. They have some strategic importance, but a lot is a matter of pride - there were dictators of the 1980s that got them into the war with GB. Referendum about GB and most people are british, so they voted british. Cape Horn: Southernmost and very close to antarctica. The panama canal: Prior to this, everyone had to sail all the way around south america. It is a major connector east west, but actually runs north south because of isms.

Basic Tenets of Islam ISLAM, MUHAMMAD, & EMPIRES - A look at the beliefs, beginnings, and spread of Islam

The Five Pillars of Islam Shahadah: sincerely reciting the Muslim profession of faith. Salat: performing ritual prayers in the proper way five times each day. Zakat: paying an alms (or charity) tax to benefit the poor and the needy. Sawm: fasting during the month of Ramadan. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca. THE BASICS -The Message of Muhammad -Aspects of the Revelation ISLAMIC DOCTRINE Where does it come from? Qur'an, Hadith / Sunna, Ijma', Qiyas What does it entail?Correct Belief, Correct Ritual, Correct Values, Correct Law ISLAMIC DOCTRINE: BELIEF-Allah Angels: Jabril/ 'Azrael / Israfil/ Michael Prophets God's Books: Torah / Zabur/ Evanjil/ Qur'an Day of Judgment Predestination ISLAMIC DOCTRINE: VALUES & LAW: Correct Values, Correct Law - Shari'a Types of Actions FardMandubMubahMakruhHaram SACRED SPACES: MOSQUES, MECCA, MEDINA, TEMPLE MOUNT IN JERUSALEM, DOME OF THE ROCK, AL ASQA MOSQUE ,

People and Structure of Kush The Region/Relationships/Religion of Kush

The Kush had heavy influence from the Mediterranean Sea and Egypt, as the Nile provided them with a close link to both. The Kush were very religious and believed priests to have divine authority. The priests could decide when the king should die, and they did. Kush's social hierarchy was similar to Egypts. The order of society had the pharaoh at the top with the nobles, craftsmen and artisans, farmers, laborers, and slaves to follow. Classes were solidly defined in Kushite society, and women held the same rights as men and dominated the population. Kush, due to the abundance of precious metals in their lands, had an uneasy relationship with the Egyptians over the millennia. At times, they were seen as allies of the Egyptians, while at other times they were seen as enemies. Under the Kingdom of Kush, however, the Nubians would conquer Egypt and establish a powerful dynasty. The Kingdom of Kush was very similar to Ancient Egypt in many aspects including government, culture, and religion. Like the Egyptians, the Kushites built pyramids at burial sites, worshipped Egyptian gods, and mummified the dead. The ruling class of Kush likely considered themselves Egyptians in many ways.

• Early Civilizations o Terms: Land bridge, chinampas, Tikal (*Tikal, city and ceremonial centre of the ancient Maya civilization*), Copan (*Copán is an archaeological site of the Maya civilization in the Copán Department of western Honduras, not far from the border with Guatemala. It was the capital city of a major Classic period kingdom from the 5th to 9th centuries AD.*), Chichén Itzá (*Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people of the Terminal Classic period.*), Quetzalcoatl (*Quetzalcoatl ("feathered serpent" or "plumed serpent") is the Nahuatl name for the Feathered-Serpent deity of ancient Mesoamerican culture.*), Huitzilopochtli (*In the Aztec religion, Huitzilopochtli is a deity of war, sun, human sacrifice, and the patron of the city of Tenochtitlan. He was also the national god of the Mexicas, also known as Aztecs, of Tenochtitlan.*), calpulli (*Calpulli were the lowest social order in Aztec society, and the most populous.*), Tlaloc (*Tlaloc is the god of rain, lightning and thunder. He is a fertility god, but also a wrathful deity. He is responsible for both floods and droughts. Tlaloc is commonly depicted as a goggle-eyed blue being with jaguar fangs.*), quipus, Atahualpa o Concepts Basic traits (2 or 3 characteristics) of the Olmec, Teotihuacán, Moche, Cahokia, Arawak

The Olmec were the first major civilization in Mexico. They lived in the tropical lowlands on the Gulf of Mexico in the present-day Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco. The name Olmec is a Nahuatl—the Aztec language—word; it means the rubber people. Teotihuacan is an ancient Mesoamerican city located 30 miles (50 km) northeast of modern-day Mexico City. The city, which was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987, was settled as early as 400 B.C. and became the most powerful and influential city in the region by 400 A.D. By the time the Aztecs found the city in the 1400s and named it Teotihuacan (meaning "the place where the gods were created"), the city had been abandoned for centuries. Teotihuacan's origins, history, and culture largely remain a mystery. Moche was a pre-Inca culture that flourished on the northern coast of Peru in the 1st to 7th centuries AD. Cahokia refers to the location where Mississippian culture thrived before European explorers landed in the Americas. From about 700 CE to 1400 CE, this site flourished and was once one of the greatest cities in the world. The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater Antilles and northern Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean.

Ife

The bronze heads were made through the lost wax process - you create your thing in head and pack some sort of clay around it and then you fire that and you have a mold for bronze and you pour in your liquid bronze Marks on face = group and marks and scarification

Challenges to decolonization and independence

The idea of the circle and allegiance to that groups of tribe is going to undermine basic ideas of nationalism. Also in terms of gaining a stable state after independence, and if you have an underdeveloped education system and illiterates it becomes much more difficult. Because colonial powers set up - they do this bling without strong traditions and stuff. There's also religious differences - islam vs christianity especially in sahel. Geography diverse makes it difficult to unify and climate. So they can't support each other in different needs. So you have several society social structures like traditional and ones about colonial powers and they butt heads you also have new modern ideas about the definition of equality and it is very difficult. From the outside, they are dependent on their former colonial powers economically. This is going to make trying to govern themselves very difficult. Of course western investments remain and neocolonialism remain on a different front, and of course the cold war. The cold war is bad for newly independent countries and soviets push anti colonial sentiment and the us is like no communism but not help anyone with the least socialist tendencies. So these people turn to ussr but then no so proxy wars.

Strengths and Weaknesses of Kush Interesting Facts about Kush

The kush played a major role in mediterranean trade. They used a lot of gold in their trade. The Kush kingdoms, as a result, became a strong agricultural and pastoral society. The Kush also used a redistributive economy. Kush culture as many strengths such as their talent for craftsmanship, their ability to incorporate other cultures into their own without much trouble, their ability to build cities, their talent for trade, and their central government. They also have many notable achievements such as their style of furniture, pottery and jewelry, military power, and strategic location for trade that put them in a place with access to the gold that Egypt, their closest neighbor, desired. One of Kush's weaknesses, however, was that they were in a desert with scarce resources and harsh weather patterns. There are many theories as to why the kingdom of Kush declined, namely invasion that destroyed cities, rebellions that destroyed cities, and a failing economy. At one time, the Kushite kingdoms were ruled by Egypt. Later however, the Kushites took over Egypt and became known as the 25th Dynasty. The Kshites often used massive burial puits to bury over 400 people at one time. The Kush religion decided when their king died, not sickness or old age.

Mountains and Peaks

The western edge of north and south america are on tectonic plates. You have the sierra madres north into the US (and rockieS) and western mexico. (In mexico we have two different sets. Western along western coast, then eastern. In the middle of those is mexico cities.) South america is the andes mountains that run the entire length of the continent: Largest part or highest is in peru and chile and you even have some climate in there that is tundra. When looking at climate, there is everything in south america. We have high elevation in a few areas Guiana Highlands - Venezuela Brazilian Highlands - To the south of the amazon basin, to the edge is where you see the major cities like sao paulo and rio de janeiro Patagonian Region - chile and argentina - Cold weather and almost into antarctic zone

Independence Mini Lecture

There are a variety of different ways these African colonies approach independence. Different colonizing powers and ethnicities being controlled and in some cases violent reactions. We see this before in China first a civil war with Qing and another civil war with the commies. Vietnam's with violent overthrow of French. And we look at Algeria and Angola as examples as well. The other way is nonviolent when nonviolent what we mean there isn't a war or major rebellion or uprising or not completely without bloodshed cuz you will have police brutality and minor but it's not a pattern. India and turkey transition very peacefully from ottoman to turkey. Ataturk father of Turks and they love him and he's great. Ghana as well. Ghana follows example of ghandi and MLK and this idea u do civil disobedience non violent. First colony is Ghana to gain independence. There's a combination too, Nonviolent methods and other uprising as well. Kenya, Congo, Egypt, and South Africa. The two major methods of independence in Africa are negotiated in that case long term or short term deal with Euro power and African power and they work it out like a business deal. Some cases violent and other nonviolent. Some cases there is incompletely decolonization colonizing power says they are done and instead pausing power to black Africans they pass it to white settlers immigrants basically. White settler minority given political power and violent sometimes. Settler colony is where people have detached from mother country white boos and they set down roots. In those cases places that have lots of settlers they pose more problems because white settlers are reluctant to have colonial power leave be they are minority and could lose land and money. So for example in Algeria there are over a million white settlers in Kenya 40 thousand and they push gov for no nationalist gov uprising so colonial powers get tired of fighting and anti colonial leads to independent. Non settler move quickly to independence much more likely for peaceful.

West Africa

There are french colonies there, after algeria gets independence the other colonies follow with way fewer problems. We focus on british. West africans had interaction with the europeans and pulling some aspects of western culture, more opportunities for modernization and educations, as a result the independence movements were less painful in general. Europeans accepted their independence more naturally and easily.

Banana Plantation

They have so much history behind them From southeast asia Then to africa Then to here They grow really well in central america, then they ended up the cash crop of central america entirely owned by the US. We decided that it was more important for the fruit companies to have freedom than democratic elected peoples.

Africa 1945

They want a nice long transition period to indepence, by 50s pace increased and in 60s you have year of africa. In 15 years, the vast majority of africa got their independence, 60 specifically all of the northish and eastish countries gained independence - year of africa and also 60 had resolution (1514) supported the end of colonization UN says colonization bad and decolonization good. Helps independence movements. A few later ones and the portuguese hold on and cause civil war when they leave.

Decline and Fall of Apartheid (1970s and 80s)

Things are not going well for south africa. Big economic problems and oil and gold crisis. No gold standard and yea. Crisis, inflation, etcetera. June 16, 1976 - Soweto - gov decided that afrikaans was going to be the only language taught and accepted in schools. In response to this, 20k students walk out of their classrooms to participate in protests and 700 people killed by police brutality. The outside world is not going to respond very well to the massacre of children. COmpanies leave south africa, economic sanction, disinvited from olympics, and MK resume guerilla attacks. Apartheid not working at all and prime minister at the time tries reforms and doubles down on apartheid which does not' work. Eventually you have the end of apartheid.

Benin: Edo, Ewuare the great, Lagos, Portuguese, slavery

Tradition asserts that the Edo people became dissatisfied with the rule of a dynasty of semimythical kings, the ogisos, and in the 13th century they invited Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule them. His son Eweka is regarded as the first oba, or king, of Benin, though authority would remain for many years with a hereditary order of local chiefs. Late in the 13th century, royal power began to assert itself under the oba Ewedo and was firmly established under the most famous oba, Ewuare the Great (reigned c. 1440-80), who was described as a great warrior and magician. He established a hereditary succession to the throne and vastly expanded the territory of the Benin kingdom, which by the mid-16th century extended from the Niger River delta in the east to what is now Lagos in the west. (Lagos was in fact founded by a Benin army and continued to pay tribute to the oba of Benin until the end of the 19th century.) Ewuare also rebuilt the capital (present-day Benin City), endowing it with great walls and moats. The oba became the supreme political, judicial, economic, and spiritual leader of his people, and he and his ancestors eventually became the object of state cults that utilized human sacrifice in their religious observances. Ewuare was succeeded by a line of strong obas, chief of whom were Ozolua the Conqueror (c. 1481-c. 1504; the son of Ewuare) and Esigie (early to mid-16th century; the son of Ozolua), who enjoyed good relations with the Portuguese and sent ambassadors to their king. Under these obas Benin became a highly organized state. Its numerous craftsmen were organized into guilds, and the kingdom became famous for its ivory and wood carvers. Its brass smiths and bronze casters excelled at making naturalistic heads, bas-reliefs, and other sculptures. From the 15th through the 18th century Benin carried on an active trade in ivory, palm oil, and pepper with Portuguese and Dutch traders, for whom it served as a link with tribes in the interior of western Africa. It also profited greatly from the slave trade. But during the 18th and early 19th centuries the kingdom was weakened by violent succession struggles between members of the royal dynasty, some of which erupted into civil wars. The weaker obas sequestered themselves in their palaces and took refuge in the rituals of divine kingship while indiscriminately granting aristocratic titles to an expanding class of nonproductive nobles. The kingdom's prosperity declined with the suppression of the slave trade, and, as its territorial extent shrank, Benin's leaders increasingly relied on supernatural rituals and large-scale human sacrifices to protect the state from further territorial encroachment. The practice of human sacrifice was stamped out only after the burning of Benin City in 1897 by the British, after which the depopulated and debilitated kingdom was incorporated into British Nigeria. The descendants of Benin's ruling dynasty still occupy the throne in Benin City (although the present-day oba has only an advisory role in government). Benin was a hub of the slave trade. Where the Dutch and people would "capture" millions of slaves and cart them off.

Brazil's Unique Path

This is the Portuguese: The age of revolutions misses Portuguese empire and the elites have power, but they aren't mad. They had to be together against slave revolt. Portuguese government didn't truly centralized government and it was spread out. This place is good for coffee.... THey didn't feel alienated from portuguese elites, so there was no peninsulares vs. creoles...No conspiracies that set off - too far apart. Political stability = economic prosperity while Haiti revolt revitalized economy Napoleon invaded Portugal - kicked out royal family which escaped on British ships to Brazil King Joao VI - 1st european monarch in 1809 America - Rio de Janeiro - centralized a bit and theater palaces 1815 Napoleon defeated - Brazil made a co-equal colony with portugal and had free trade agreements that destroyed monopolies Brazil Timeline 1808 - Joao VI comes to Brazil 1815 - End of Napoleonic Wars (Joao stays) 1820 - Liberal Revolution in Portugal 1822 - Brazilian Independence, Pedro I is Emperor 1831- Pedro I Abdicates 1831-1840 Turbulent Period 1840 - Pedro II makes some reforms 1888 - Abolition of Slavery 1889 - End of Monarchy

The Columbian Exchange (look at notes map)

To old world - syphillis, potatos, corn, peanuts, vanilla, green beans, pineapple, turkey, tomato, sweet potato, tapiscum pepper, chocolate, maize To new world - smallpox, syphillis, eruptive fever, measles, farm animals, beek, pork, milk, cheese, chickpees, wheat, sugar cane One of the most important impacts of colonization is this....New world to Old world to Africa and back again THe americas are cut off from all of that and you see stuff moving back and forth Disease - while smallpox is terrible no matter where you are from, you have more immunity to it if you are from smallpox if you are from asia or africa, not the natives. You don't have survival if you are a native. THings like flu - good and bad years. If you have no immunity it will always be a bad year. Food - Some of the things that you would associate with a certain place if from somewhere else. Citrus fruits - MIDDLE EAST. Sugar cane - africa. Cattle - middle east. New to old - Syphilis is a really bad sexually transmitted disease from person to person and you get penicillin. Nose, ears and stuff fall off and brain melts so basically yeah that's the later stages. POTATOES are essential and came from here. Tomatoes as well from here, but pasta from china. Peanuts as quintessential parts of SE asian cuisine today. Vanilla and chocolate - excitement. You can transfer this to the idea of columbian exchange and then think about columbian trade. Tomato, Potato, Maize to old world then guns to africa then coffee sugar horse to old world Trinkets, liquor and guns to africa. Slaves and resources to new world. THen new stuff to like other places

Gold and Salt Trade

Trans saharan trade was absolutely essential to the rise of these 3 kingdoms and empires The reason they are able to do this is because of the camel. Camels are awesome, and can go for a while without water, they have spreading feet and wide feed on soft sand keeps them from sinking in, they have amazing eyelashes that keeps sand out of their eyes: Sahara sand is powdery. They are built for living in the desert - efficient lama and trans saharan trade Sahel is a convenient southern terminist for the trade - grasslands so you can have kingdoms that develop: these are the sahelian kingdoms In the north, the original group that controlled the coastline were the romans before the arabs -Falls in 476 and islam comes in lat 600 early 700s and interact with the people that moves in when the romans left - burbors --Burbors are a big group of people and convert to islam

Review of Mali

Travels in Asia and Africa, 1325-1354 by Ibn Battuta - talks about everything he saw and observed about Mali, their king and royals, their ceremonial of Sulayman, their festival, him judging them, and their piety and very harsh on them and women not covered - talks about hippos of the niger river and he has a similar review of timbuktu mainly talking about tribes and people

Decline of mali

Tuaregs Basically these t- burbors come in and seize northern territory of mali and south is taken and so it is breaking apart Gao subjugated under mansa musa and we see the rise of the third songhai

COlonial Rule

Types of Rule Economic Companies: British east india company. They send in a private company and give them a huge amount of territory to exploit and administrate and do whatever. Cecil rhodes. These people or companies set up taxation systems, labor recruitments, and etc all of their form. THey send these charters because they get the benefit of saying they have this large territory without administering it themselves. Unsuccessful because you can't make significant profit. Direct Rule: Take out head and stuff. Centralized administrations in urban centers. No interaction with indigenous african rulers and subjugated them. Divide and rule and trying to make sure that you are weakening indigenous power networks as much as possible. Assimilation like europe. France, germans, portuguese, belgiums. Indirect Rule: Manipulate indigenous african rulers within the colonial regime. Cooperative ish and there is an assumption that all african tribes function in that way, but that is not how every african society works. What they end up doing is they pick a person to be a big man and the person is someone who would never have had power ordinarily. CHange in social organization and identity. Settler Rule: Random settlers come in and impose their own direct rule on the country. We usually talk about the Boers. Happens in Kenya and Algeria. Economic and Political Development Role of Europeans: Goal is maintain order, make a profit. Europeans will go in and settle in areas where farming is profitable and not outside of that area. THe benefits of everything are going to go to them of course, and they are going to benefit from different laws. Role of Africans: Workers on mines and plantations and have to pay taxes to europeans in european currency and in order to fulfill that need, they will turn from farming what they've traditionally farmed to farming cash crops - cotton, coffee, chocolate, peanuts. Inhibits ability to eat cuz no food there, and the cash crops are very water hungry and intensive and farming them on marginal lands are going to be prone to desertification. Large scale farms are not practical in most areas, and so the greatest source of wealth is mineral wealth for europeans- copper gold manganese tin diamonds - extraction economy. Mines and Work Act 191: Black africans competing for european jobs weren't allowed to have that. Native Land Act 1913: Only certain areas of this colony could be owned by natives - 7 percent Economic Development: Europeans brought in other people to do skilled work because they didn't want africans to have these jobs. The demand for european goods was limited in these areas because they didn't have the money or it wasn't practical.

Why did America get so involved in Latin America? What was the effect? Other Interventions

US Marines occupied Haiti Marines intervened regularly in Honduras and Panama: Operation Just Cause 1946 "School of the Americas" - military training academy where we helped people not communist overthrow the communist rulers 1960s - CIA support (Guatemala, Ecuador, Brazil, Dominican Republic) US intervention in Guatemala, El Salvador, Argentina - (the disappeared: ppl who were never found) and Chile (Death squads - kill people) Operation Condor: Condor was a covert intelligence and operations system that enabled the Latin American military states to hunt down, seize, and execute political opponents across borders. Refugees fleeing military coups and repression in their own countries were "disappeared" in combined transnational operations.

Nicaragua - From the Somozas to the Sandanistas

US intervened in nicaraguan domestic affairs in early 20th cent. and marines stays a while. After, leader of US supported National Guard, Anastasio Somoza, seized control of govt. in 37 and family in power for 43 yrs. US support helped overcome obstacles and enrich themselves. Opposition arose from Marxist guerrilla forces = Sandinista National Liberation Front: mid-79 military victories=control of country. Organized provisional govt. aligned with Soviet Union. Reagan and Bush finances contra rebels in a guerilla war against Sandinista govt. Contra war and Am. econ. embargo damaged econ undermining supporting Sandinistas. 1990--> free elections and lost to a coalition headed by Violeta Barrios de Chamorro but Sandinistas = strongest single party in Nicaragua and won elect. 2006. *Daniel Ortega = 2007 prez*

THe MOnroe Doctrine - 1823

US will recognize existing European colonies - if it still is a colony, you can keep it. US will not meddle in European Affairs - we won't mess with you. US will protect the new Americas - we will protect the americas from this intervention...off limits to Europe. No European Colonization in the America - you are not allowed to come back and recolonize for any reason. AKA America's self defense doctrine - we don't wanna be recolonized as well as not them either. This defines our foreign policy for a while afterwards. We will go to roosevelt and it makes it stronger.

Characteristics of a Civilization Development of Society in Africa

Urban focus New political and military structure New social structure based on economic power Development of more material complexity Distinct religious structure Development of writing: Often not always, sometimes storytelling (Africa) New and significant artistic and intellectual activity Because africa has been around for a long time and it is so big, you have the development of many little civilizations with many languages and ethnicities and stuff. Some use same language, but you have hundreds in like Nigeria

Bodies of Water

Very important Nile is important - One of very few rivers that flows north: Upper egypt and lower egypt is northern more than upper Congo - A whole system ove rivers, the big upside down U, and in the middle of the congo rainforest. Helps to contribute to very lush area that it is. Other rivers: Zambezi, Limpopo, Orange Niger - Most important civilizations develop here. Surrounding bodies like the mediterranean, atlantic, indian ocean, and red sea Buncha lakes and several named after british royals Victoria, Albert, Tanganica, Chad, Taho

People Cities and Population

Very urban - most live in cities or close. Mexico city - largest cities in the world more than 20 mil São paulo and rio de janeiro Very quickly growing regions. They are all still in cities. They are trying to find ways to reduce the population. One of the most overgrowing overcrowded cities is sao paulo, brazil and it is very high rise buildings. Squatter settlements also called favelas. People go in and build their own house in their own areas - nowhere else for people to live so they go live here. The rio olympics was that the government went in and demolished these and they didn't want people to see the abject poverty and so it is controversial. Landlessness - people can't afford land or homes

Size of GZ Existence of GZ Centers and Civilization and the People of GZ

Walled city about 200 acres with an inner and outer wall and was 250 m long and 11 m high Population of 10 to 20 k First occupied in 300 CE and abandoned in 1600 CE 300 CE - first occupation in the iron age 1000 CE - early evidence of civilization 1250 ACE - rise to power At first, historians thought GZ must have been built by foreigners because the architecture was so remarkable, but now it is thought to be built by Africans because of evidence of wood from Lebanon Located between the Limpopo and Zambezi was big centers Hill complex Valley complex Great Enclosure Ethnicity - Pastoralist Shona: Same ethnic group as 3 surrounding villages Myths of religions leaders and outsiders, but they may be historically inaccurate

North Africa

We are mostly looking at French colonies Immediately after ww2 remember in many cases the Europeans are like this isn't right and it is hypocritical seeing hitler and keeping colonies and stuff. The French do not and hey don't wanna do this the French believe they need these colonies and hold on tightly. In places they got kicked out they push themselves back in like vietnam the French indochina war is caused by this. The French rather than get rid of their colonies they embrace French nationalism in across and support them speaking French wear that and build French houses. In return Africans who did this and embraced French culture they got semi equal status to citizen sin France. In 1947 some African colonies get representation in French parliament. Some advantages and assimilation worked in favor rather than oppression. Nationalism doesn't go away and the culture of Nigeria and Africans doesn't fit with French culture because you have things like Islam vs Christianity and they have a huge settler population and they expand population and territory and economic power so nationalists have fuel for being angry. You have clashes of whites and Africans before independence as well.

A Man, A Plan, A Canal, panama

We have imperial power, philippines, interest in japan, and all of these are notably pacific, but most of our ships are atlantic - we want ships from atlantic to pacific fast without land - first canal through nicaragua, this doesn't happen for a while, but we will talk about it later, our second idea is a panama with isms of cra, the french wasted 1 mil dollars and lost men to malaria and gave up and went away, the second issue is panama is a part of colombia which is a stable nation, we can't go in, and we decided we would offer money first and they wanted more and so a guy that had worked initially with france comes to US with plan Roosevelt says here is a treaty approving a canal and for us to work with Latin am nation to make this canal, but no one but US to sign iiittt: Nov 3rd, there was a *spontaneous* revolution in panama that no one saw coming.... We knew we wanted atlantic to pacific, but the issue is colombia owns panama, and colombia wants way more money, and colombia is stable and in the roosevelt corollary we say no mess with stable bois: SPONTANEOUS REVOLUTION - we knew about it and we have a coup, uprising, and new panama government that we immediately recognize. Ambassador to us from panama had that entire plan all along. As soon as we have panama, he signs, and we get the canal! We build it by 1914, and cost us only 300 million dollars and we own it til 1999 dec 31s, jimmy carter helped work that out

Early African Kingdoms

We move from simple villages to kingdoms and empire We will focus on three - Look at slides Kush (Nubia) My group Axum Trade power - asia and roman empire Took over/conquered kush for more control over red sea and trade of (ivory) Their trade routes went along the red sea and nile - ports on red sea - connected all the way to egypt and byzantine - powerful roman empire - actually one of the most powerful trade kingdoms in all of europe at the time and pretty well known along most of the mediterranean - and maybe asia Craftsmen valued Trade in gold and ivory valued and currency is cool Architecture was cool - massive stella obelisks paying tribute to old kings Declined with rising of islamic empires Great Zimbabwe Mavi great rituals and birds on towers - religion super important - birds power connected to kings and symbol of freedom Along with that they also had art they made - gold, beads, and pottery Cattle and crop cultivation , trade routes along the indian ocean - the smelted iron and gold and economy based on this stuff Had strong trade relationship Three structures of empire - hill complex, great enclosure, valley ruins Social hierarchy could determine where you lived and heavily implemented Living conditions not too good - many people in small area Downfall - diseases

Art

We need to understand we don't understand it Some of this is because the art was so different from what they're used to and it was rejected. Wasn't till 20 years ago, people weren't really interested in examining it. There aren't really a lot of objects that date back very far. Some of it is due to natural decay - statues and mask made out of this - but a lot is also due to the influence of european missionaries. They get rid of tribal pagan gods and burned masks and sculptures and some smaller tribes lost their art forever. Some artists started portraying christian imagery. We've lost a lot of the more traditional stuff. African art is...we can't have more permanent artwork until you settled (nomads have art but it is in the form of practical objects, textiles cuz clothes and pretty, jewelry, etc (and in other areas where they are settled they make them less heavy since they aren't carting it around). Abstract styles because naturalism and realism is disrespectful and purpose - there is no art for art's sake - instead, you make stuff for a spiritual and stuff purpose or useful object. All of these things are made with that kind of thing in mind, so when you look at a mask, you think of it as a religious artifact rather than just art.

God gold glory Before we get to the europeans:

What civilization did you think was the most important/influential? • Why? What are the three most important things that we need to know about each the Mayans, Aztecs, and Incas? Maya - 360 day solar calendar. Most used lunar because solar was difficult, but they used a solar one which is cool. They invented and used the number 0 and developed a writing system. Aztecs - Chinampas which were agriculture floating island and texcoco. They also had Canals and Writing. Inca - They are also doing advanced things like terraced agriculture. In the andes. No big wide areas, so they cut into mountains like japanese. Extensive road networks knit empire together, and also they domesticated llama and alpaca. Don't have a system of writing - record keeping instead called quipu which is stick and little cords hanging off and knotted in particular places, and it keeps tracks of things like population, taxes, money bringing in, etc.

Regions of latin america

When we are dividing it up, we have Central america: Below mexico to south america. Some people include mexico but it's actually mesoamerica if you include it. Caribbean: Little islands: Most diverse in terms of different colonial powers, languages, ethnicities, and interesting histories and differences. Some aren't even independent states today. South america: Separate continent. Doesn't have many countries...two are landlocked.

End of Colonialism - African Nationalism

When you think about nationalism, you don't have normal identification here. Pan african congress: Pan african identity - all african identity. 1945 - 5th pan african congress meets and talks about the prospect of independence. A number of leaders that lead nations to independence and they believe in...Pan africanism: The idea that unity should go beyond boundaries and be the continent and so you have this broader community that works together. The vision of kwame nkrumah - leads independence movement in ghana and becomes leader. Manifests itself with the organization of african unity. Charter that say in may, 1963: They are discussing what they are gonna create that will represent the interests of all the new independent countries. Key objectives, pull together politically and working together, trying to encourage cooperation, economic power for themselves, neocolonialism (another country is so wrapped up in your economy that they are able to influence your resources their economic power gives them colonial power over you) worry about that power, Negritude: Blackness - idea that there is a distinctive african personality and that this personality is beautiful and unique and should be respected and desired. It comes from a backlash to the social darwinist concept that they are racially inferior. Also in the post WWI we enter the age of anxiety where europeans question everything where the things that they believe in are bringing them into WWI (diplomacy technology and alliance system of the industrial revolution and tanks) european nationalist are like self destruction. So you have an opening to unique african identity - west is about rational thought and material gain - and on the other hand african culture with emotional expression and humanity and common sense of that and they are good traits that should be embraces so embrace the baldness. This whole idea doing a lot more purchase in french colonials . French had more than anyone with assimilation - dress, building, law, speech - so they push back really hard against that and so they keep this unique identity. We see in british colonies this negritude taking hold. Europe - harlem renaissance - jamaica sees a big push in this. Aime cesaire - first big thinkers on this negritude.

Islam

Why do people with this communal ethos stay and assimilate? Basically anywhere their understanding of islam was vague and they reconciled with traditional values Everything in islam is based around your course and devotion to god and your responsibility to UMA (community) - Zakat - almsgiving - community - You are supposed to take care of your community and follow these monotheistic beliefs Where there is strong disagreements SSA women - egalitarian society and Islam women - hierarchy - Not necessary, so they maintain their traditional gender roles They take things that work well with the community and rejecting the things that don't comply as well No polytheism, but interesting combinations between islam and local traditions and animist with a certain extent with islam Islam also allows the rulers to govern effectively - their administrative practices and muslim laws make it much easier for states to extend their bureaucracy

Cuba's Communism

Within Cuba, Castro's socialist revolution proceeded with mixed results. It gained some social gain for people - health care, educ, free med services fro all citizens, pop health inc notably, illiteracy hone with new schools and teacher training institutes, theoretical equality of women put to practice with new laws like family code, eschewing rapid industrialization, Castro encouraged agricultural diversification but econ depend on sugar which made problems and they dependent on Soviet subsidies and purchase of their sugar by Soviet bloc countries. After collapse of communist regimes, 1989 Cuba lost support, econ conditions cont. decl., Castro's cont. power till illness=resign presidency 2008 to brother Raul.

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Wrote a lot about what he saw and inspires more conquistadors and explorers to come. He made his way to panama - from there he is able to make it to the other side of panama and see the pacific. He starts to write these things and the inspiration is also tied into the ideas of humanism and people are worthy of glory. The infinite perfectibility of man - you can enjoy your life and it's fine you won't go to hell >> he inspires this philosophy He gets tried for treason and executed.... MUCH have I travell'd in the realms of gold, And many goodly states and kingdoms seen; Round many western islands have I been Which bards in fealty to Apollo hold. Oft of one wide expanse had I been told That deep-brow'd Homer ruled as his demesne; Yet did I never breathe its pure serene Till I heard Chapman speak out loud and bold: Then felt I like some watcher of the skies When a new planet swims into his ken; Or like stout Cortez when with eagle eyes He star'd at the Pacific—and all his men Look'd at each other with a wild surmise— Silent, upon a peak in Darien.

Berlin Conference of 1884 - 1885

You have in the mid 1800s lots of people going in and exploring africa, slave trade ended, looking for a new way to exploit africa. Various europeans powers are trying to jockey for possession. Germany trying to improve prestige - they are a baby unified in 1871 - otto von bismarck has his whole alliance system and is watching these conversations happening and sees these movements taking over africa and realizes germany may be left out and decides to do this in a civilized manner so everyone comes to berlin and have a map and so in 1884 He invited veerone - germany, great britain, france, belgium, portugal, spain, and italy are here and coming in to decide how to divide up this big map. AFRICANS are notably absent - continent full of people who aren't there and few imperial powers discussing and not asking anyone else's opinion. We see very little colonization into the interior of africa - changes with the berlin conference....this is just after that in 1885 and we see where colonization has all started Then, by the time we get around to 1914, all of it is pretty much colonized - ethiopia not colonized because of them being christian empire according to the europeans and liberia is the other one because they were with the US kinda and south africa is by itself As you can see, nobody gets all of the things that they wanted: Britain: North south railroad; France: East west; Everyone wants resources, fertile lands, ports, minerals. Nobody gets everything though because france and gb didn't get their transcontinental railroads, europe in the 1800s is concerned with the concept of balance of powers. You can have little bits of power. After WW2 you see the tiniest bits of independence happening...Ethiopia freed from italy's control. Gradually happens and in 1960 speeds up by the time we get to 1980... The period of intense colonization was less than a hundred years but hugely impactful.

Ecological Regions

deserts, jungle, savannah, steppe, great rift valley, escarpments, size, climate, desertification Cultural Split - N vs SS A The sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. According to the United Nations, it consists of all African countries that are fully or partially located south of the Sahara.[2] It contrasts with North Africa, whose territories are part of the League of Arab states within the Arab world. The states of Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and the Arabic speaking Mauritania are however geographically in sub-Saharan Africa, although they are members of the Arab League as well.[3] The UN Development Program lists 46 of Africa's 54 countries as "sub-Saharan," excluding Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, Sudan and Tunisia.[4] The Sahel is the transitional zone in between the Sahara and the tropical savanna of the Sudan region and farther south the forest-savanna mosaic of tropical Africa. Since probably 3500 BCE,[5][6] the Saharan and sub-Saharan regions of Africa have been separated by the extremely harsh climate of the sparsely populated Sahara, forming an effective barrier interrupted by only the Nile in Sudan, though the Nile was blocked by the river's cataracts. The Sahara pump theory explains how flora and fauna (including Homo sapiens) left Africa to penetrate the Middle East and beyond. African pluvial periods are associated with a Wet Sahara phase, during which larger lakes and more rivers existed.[7] The use of the term has been criticized because it refers to the South only by cartography conventions and projects a connotation of inferiority; a vestige of colonialism, which some say, divided Africa into European terms of homogeneity.[8][9]

• Slavery

o African slavery before Europeans: philosophy behind slavery; major differences; major similarities o European exploration - how did we get to trade and slavery? Ceuta; Prince Henry the Navigator; Vasco da Gama; Bartolomeu Dias; Gold Coast, Slave Coast; Dutch involvement; Impact of exploration in America o European slavery: Causes, locations, participants, systems, results, Advantages/disadvantages; Sugar cane; Triangular trade; factory forts, shore method; Middle Passage; African Diaspora; Affonso I; John Barbot; Olaudah Equiano

• Colonialism

o Missionaries and explorers- reasons for exploration, the "dark continent," Mungo Park, Livingstone, John Speke, Stanley, search for the source of the Nile, etc. o Why did colonialism/imperialism sweep into Africa in the late 19th Century? o European Motives for Colonization o "The Scramble for Africa"- why did it occur? Which nations had which territories? o What methods were used to occupy and rule Africa? o Differences in colonial rule- British vs. French models (indirect v. direct rule) o Berlin Conference- short and long term impact o Which nations were not colonized? Why? o Effects of colonialism on Africa and Europe- positive and negative o King Leopold and the Congo Free State o South Africa Afrikaners Boers Xhosa, Zulu Shaka Zulu Afrikaans "Cape Colony" Great Trek (1836) Cecil Rhodes Second Boer War (1899-1902) Lord Kitchener Transvaal, Orange Free State, Natal Mines and Work Act (1911) Native Land Act (1913) o "White Man's Burden" and Social Darwinism

Modern Day Issues

o Negatives! Marginalization; - people using the sahel and marginal land and extracting all of the nutrients out of it turning it into desert and adding to the sahara Extraction; - there are many oil, natural gas, nuclear ore, and resources but they are extracting so much and so much outsourcing is happening Ethnicities & Tribes; - Sadly, Africa is a continent that has been continually plagued by the effects of ethnic conflict (civil war, genocide). From the conflict between the southern Igbo and the northern Hausa in the Biafra War, to the ethnic cleansings in Darfur and Rwanda, Africa has suffered tremendously as a result of ethnic discord. Legacy of slavery and colonialism; - they have tense relationships with outsiders and colonialism has left them weak and with nothing left Political Corruption & Kleptocracy; Wealth disparity & poverty; - Africa is widely considered among the world's most corrupt places, a factor seen as contributing to the stunted development and impoverishment of many African states. Difficulties with size; - too big and won't stay together and lots of resources are not equally distributed, warring states Economy - single products; - they have barely enough to feed the economy and it's worsening AIDS - disease o Positives! Diverse Has some amazing history Amazing art

• Colonization overview of topics

o Terms: Peninsulares, creoles, mestizos, mulattos, Treaty of Tordesillas, encomienda, hacienda, Bartolomé de Las Casas, the Black Legend, flota system, viceroyalties, audiencias, patronage system, corregidores o Concepts Reasons for colonization Rise of slavery in the new world Treatment of Native populations Role of the Church Colonial Class System Colonial Political Structure Reasons for the Decline of Spanish Dominance

• Nationalism, Revolutions, & Independence

o Terms: Renaissance spirit, Enlightenment, Toussaint L' Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, Bernard O'Higgins, King Pedro I, Miguel Hidalgo, Iturbide, Porfirio Diaz, Zapata, Pancho Villa o Concepts: Causes of Latin American Revolutions Effect of the Enlightenment and American/French Revolutions Events of Haitian Revolution Motivations and actions of Simon Bolivar Events of South American Revolutions Brazil - how was Brazil's independence different? Motivations and Events of 1810 Mexican Revolution; 1910 Mexican Revolution => differences?? Results of the Mexican Revolution

• South Africa

o The case of South Africa- historical development, concepts and key events, leadership, ANC, Freedom Charter o Who were the first Europeans to settle in what is now South Africa? Why did they come and what type of society did they establish? o What problems arose for the Boer settlers of the Cape Colony by the late 1700s? What did they do to solve their problems? o What were the origins and nature of Anglo-Boer rivalry in South Africa? What was the result? o How and why did the system of apartheid develop? o What type of restrictions were placed upon black South Africans in the apartheid system? o When and why did blacks begin to resist apartheid? Why was it effective? African National Congress (ANC) Afrikaner National Party (1948) Nelson Mandela Sharpeville Massacre (1960) Soweto (1976) Frederick deKlerk Growth, Employment, and Redistribution