Danish War
What did the German Confederation do in response to this and what happened as a result?
Prussia sent troops to help fellow Germans, Metternich Europe made Prussia withdraw them
Why did Prussia not outperform Austria militarily?
Prussian army had virtually no combat experience. Last shot fired out of anger was at Battle of Waterloo 15 June 1815. Only combat experience was against unarmed civilians
What happened 15 May 1864?
Prussian infantry went against heavily entrenched Danish positions
How was the victory over Denmark Bismarck's first triumph?
"Liberated" Schleswig and Holstein, entangled Austria in a part of Germany far from home and laid basis for one final epic confrontation with Austria
When was the treaty of signed and what did it dictate?
-30 October 1864, Treaty of Vienna signed -Gave Prussia Schleswig and Austria Holstein
When did this battle end and what resulted from it?
-Ended two months later -60% of casualties Bismarck's fault for deciding to assault Düppel
What happened after they declared to seize Schleswig and when? (2 events)
-January 1864, German powers presented joint ultimatum to Denmark -Danes abandoned claim to Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia and Austria moved forces north of Eider River and invaded Schleswig
What happened that lead up to the peace treaty? (2 events)
-June 1864 Danish army pounded into submission though Austrian-Prussian assaults -1 August 1864 Danish government sued for peace
What was Bismarck's response and what did it do?
-Threatened to kill himself, managed to get four divisions to stand down and return to Schleswig -1 March 1864 von Wangel relieved of duty, and 15 May 1864 fired at Bismarck's command
Why was France a problem?
-Would support annexation of Schleswig-Holstein along with lesser German states to Prussia -Provoke another anti-Austrian war with Prussia in place of 1859 Piedmont
What had Bismarck told von Wrangel and what happened?
-Wrangel told to keep was localized, under no circumstance were Prussian troops to march north into Jutland Peninsula -14 February 1864, Wrangel ordered 4 divisions of elite Prussian guards to leave Schleswig and invade Denmark
What did Austria prove?
1864, Austria proved to Europe that army was still well trained and lethal fighting force
What did that achieve and when?
25 December 1864, Holstein was in German hands with few shots fired
According to who, what were the two purpose of the Austrian campaign?
According to Count Rechberg campaign was to -demonstrate to German Confederation that Austria was still first among equals -Prevent Prussia from securing major gains such as annexation of Schleswig-Holstein
What was the another view of the Danish crisis?
Became flashpoint of major war because or role of nationalism as mass movement
What happened after Germans took hold of Holstein?
By terms of 1815 German Confederation, Prussia and Austria announced in January of 1864 that they would engage in joint military action to seize Schleswig
Who became the new king of Denmark and what happened soon after he came to office?
Christian IX, he faced rioting so violent that it seemed the government was would topple such as it had in 1848
Who had Schleswig-Holstein ruled by and for how long?
Danish kings for 400 years
What did the Germans nationalists do in the 1863-64 crises?
Demanded right of German Confederation to protect fellow Germans.
What did the 1852 Treaty of London state?
Denmark could administer Schleswig-Holstein but not claim/integrate it
What happened 23 December 1863 with the Frankfurt Diet?
Frankfurt Diet sent task force to march into Holstein
What happened 15 November 1863 and what did it cause?
Frederick VII of Denmark died, triggered Danish succession cirisis
What happened in 1863 with Frederick of Augustenburg?
Frederick of Augustenburg declared himself "Duke of Schleswig-Holstein" according to 1852 Treaty
What did Bismarck later do in April 1864?
Insisted that Prussian forces attack fortifications in Düppel, Schleswig rather than invade Denmark
Why was the 1864 Danish War a problem for Austria?
It was a war they could not fight, hadn't recovered from Revolutions of 1848
Why did he want to attack Schleswig rather than invade Denmark?
Keep war localized
What was crucial to the Danish and why?
Nationalism, as Danish nationalists demanded Denmark defend its claims to the twin duchies
What was one of the views on what kind of crisis the 1863 Schleswig-Holstein crisis was?
Old fashioned "death of a king no male heir" crisis Could be considered 1864 War of Succession
Why did Prussia and Austria announce their joint action?
Prepared to invade Schleswig only as their own rights as European powers and on basis of 1815 and 1852 treaties
What was the second feature of the Danish War?
Primacy of political over military leadership. In other words, first Prussian conflict in which civilian politician-Bismarck-exercised over his military counterpart-von Wrangel
What would the next war be over?
Primacy of the German states
What did this reveal?
Revealed domestication of Prussian military to Prussian Realpolitik
Which ethnic groups were where in Schleswig-Holstein?
Schleswig mostly Danish and Holstein mostly German
How was this seen for the German nationalists?
Seen as casus belli, a provocation of war
What did Christian IX do in response to this?
Signed November Constitution of 1863 which announced intentions to integrate twin duchies as part of Denmark
What did the 1852 Treaty of London do?
Solved 1848 Schleswig-Holstein crisis when Danish nationals claimed Schleswig-Holstein part of Denmark
What did Bismarck claim as a result of these accusations?
That the army had no business in the affairs of state politics
What was the final feature of the Danish War?
The resulting peace treaty
What happened in 1848 in Schleswig-Holstein?
Tide of nationalism caused German Holsteins to rise against Danes
How many Schleswig-Holstein crises were there and when?
Two -1848 -1864
What did Bismarck want the Danish campaign to remain and why?
Wanted Danish campaign to appear and remain a localized military action to prevent involvement of unified European coalition