Data analysis

A random sample of medical personnel were involved in a hand-washing study at a local hospital to determine if the average residual bacterial count on hands was different for day or night. The study involves an alpha of 0.10 and finds a p-value of 0.12. What should the researcher conclude? 1. Night nurses have a higher average residual bacterial count on their hands 2. There is a statistically significant difference in the residual bacterial count found on the hands of day and night nurses. 3. This is a type 2 error 4. There is NOT a statistically significant difference in the residual bacterial count found on the hands of day and night nurses.

4. There is NOT a statistically significant difference in the residual bacterial count found on the hands of day and night nurses.

You are reading a study that examines the association between taking levothyroxine and the therapeutic insulin dose in diabetes. The researchers report a p=0.01. You know this means that: 1. There is a clinically significant association 2. These results support the null hypothesis 3. A type 1 error was made 4. You would be unlikely to find these results if the null hypothesis were true

4. You would be unlikely to find these results if the null hypothesis were true

A researcher collects demographic data on the marital status of the study subjects. The variable is measured as the number of years married on a scale of 0-75. What would be the most appropriate measure or measures of central tendency? 1. mean 2. median 3. mode 4. all of the above

4. all of the above

Use the following table to determine which racial group has the highest percent of adults diagnosed with diabetes. 1. Hispanics 2. Non-hispanics blacks 3. Asian americans 4. american indians/ alaska natives

4. american indians/ alaska natives

A study reports the frequency of passing a competency exam for radiographers with an associate's degree radiographers with a baccalaureate degree, and radiographers with a master's degree. If the researchers were to present this information in a table which one would you recommend? 1. scatterplot 2. bar chart 3. line graph 4. histogram

4. histogram

The following is an example of what type of graph? 1. bar chart 2. line graph 3. scatterplot 4. histogram

4. histogram

Researchers examine the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women. Subjects in the study are given either a placebo (0g daily), 1g daily, or 1.8g daily and asked to record the level of the vasomotor symptoms is an example of what type of data? 1. interval level 2. nominal 3. ordinal 4. ratio

4. ratio

A researcher wishes to determine if there is a difference in the mean IQ level for a sample of brothers and a sample of their sisters. What would be an appropriate test? 1. repeat measures t-test 2. t-test for independent groups 3. repeat measures ANOVA 4. t-test for dependent groups

4. t-test for dependent groups

You have collected data about the average age of participants in your study. You are delighted to find that the variable is normally distributed. If the mean age is 12 years and the standard deviation is 4 years. What is the median age for your subjects? 1. 12 years 2. greater than 12 years 3. 8-16 years 4. unable to determine

1. 12 years

Two groups of nurses attended their CPR recertification class. Group A was in class in the morning and Group B was in class in the afternoon. According to this table Group B had tests scores that ranged between what values? 1. 72-93 2. 72-80 3. 69-85 4. 73-87

1. 72-93

You have collected data about the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level of participants in your study. You are delighted to find that the variable is normally distributed. If the mean FBG is 82 and the standard deviation is 2.8 in what range would you expect to find the FBG of 68% of your study participation? 1. 79.2-84.8 2. 76.4- 87.6 3. 73.6-90.4 4. unable to determine

1. 79.2-84.8

Levene's test p>alpha

1. Assume equal variances a. T-test assuming equal variances p<alpha (reject null) b. T-test assuming equal variances p> alpha (fail to reject null)

Levene's test P< alpha

1. Don't assume equal variances a. T-test not assuming equal variances p<alpha (Reject null) b. t-test not assuming equal variances p> alpha (Fail to reject)

You are asked to rank the quality of your manager's interpersonal interactions with colleagues and patients on a Likert scale of 1-7. You know this means the data can be analyzed at what level. 1. interval level 2. nominal level 3. ordinal level 4. it cannot be analyzed because it is qualitative

1. interval level

You have collected data about the average response time of participants in your study. You are delighted to find that the variable is normally distributed. More than half your respondents take longer than 16 seconds to respond and one-third take less than 12 seconds to respond. What is the median response time of your participants? 1. the same as the mean response time 2. greater than 16 seconds 3. 16 seconds 4. unable to determine

1. the same as the mean response time

Each dot on the following scatterplot indicates 1. the subjects measured BMI (z score) and the difference in the subjects measures BMI and self-reported BMI 2. The relationship between caloric intake and self-reported BMI 3. The difference between self- reported and actual BMI Z score 4. The subject's z score

1. the subjects measured BMI (z score) and the difference in the subjects measures BMI and self-reported BMI

Your hospital staff completes the internal controls module at your workplace. Two of the staff members on your unit were internal control specialists in their last place of employment and scored a perfect score on the exam while the rest of the staff had an average of 78 with a range of 72-84 on the test. When you look at the grade distribution you are not surprised to see 1. normal distribution 2. a negative skew 3. positive skew 4. the mean, median, and mode are equal

3. positive skew

In Order for a variable to be at the interval level you know it must be: 1. Ranked order 2. Show a difference 3. Have equal intervals 4. All of these criteria must be met

4. All of these criteria must be met

Researchers examined the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college-age women. They included an independent variable of exposure to violence from an intimate partner, other personal violence or both. The researchers wish to present a table showing the frequencies for each of these exposures. What might you suggest to best display the data? 1. Line graph 2. scatterplot 3. Grouped Frequency table 4. Bar Chart

4. Bar Chart

You are asked to answer a question about the quality of your manager's interpersonal interactions with colleagues and patients as part of her annual evaluation. The options are poor, fair, and strong. You know this means: 1. The variable is poorly measured 2. The variable is at an interval level 3. The variable is at a nominal level 4. The variable is at an ordinal level

4. The variable is at an ordinal level

Qualitative measure

A measure that describes or characterizes an attribute

Z-score

A measure that indicates how many standard deviations a value is from the mean value

Quantitive measure

A measure that reflects a numeric amount

Percentage

A portion of the whole

Normal distribution

A probability distribution that, when graphed, generates a bell-shaped curve. When mean, median, and mode are equal with a bell-shaped distribution curve.

Line graph

A chart in which the horizontal axis shows the passage of time and the vertical axis marks the value of the variable at the particular time

Bar chart

A chart that has the nominal variable on the horizontal axis in the frequency of the response on the vertical axis with space between the bars on the horizontal axis

Histogram

A chart that usually has an ordinal variable on the horizontal axis and the frequency of the response on the vertical axis, with no spaces between the columns on the horizontal axis

Scatterplot

A chart, in which each point represents the measurement of one subject in terms of two variables

Tukey fences

A cutoff value indicating that an observation is an outlier in a data set because it is more than 1.5 times the interquartile range either above or below the interquartile range

Box and whisker plot

A diagram of the central value in variability seen in a data set, with a box, containing the median and middle to quartile of a data set a and lines extended out to form whiskers, which represent the first and fourth quarter of a data set

Grouped frequency

A frequency, distribution with distinct intervals are groups created to simplify the information

Sample

A group selected from the population

Multimodal

having more than two modes

Probability

likelihood that a particular event will occur

median

For ordinary, interval, and ratio data, the value in the middle win. All the measured values are lined up in the order from least to most, the 50th percentile value.

Quartiles

Four equal portions of a data set, with the first quartile being a 25th percentile, the second quartile being the 50th percentile, and the third quartile being the 75th percentile.

Bimodal

Having two values or categories that have the highest occurrence and that are equal frequencies

What is effect size and what are the sizes?

The extent to which a difference/ relationship exists between variables in a population. Weak is <0.3 moderate = 0.3-0.5 Strong = 0.5

A study examines the relationship between educational preparation and scores on a cultural competency exam. Subjects included are radiology technologists (RT) with an associate; 's degree. RTs with a baccalaureate degree, RTs with a master's degree, and RTs with a doctoral degree. In this example, educational level is the: 1. Independent variable 2. Dependent variable 3. outcome 4. Most significant variable

1. Independent variable

You are reading a study that examines the impact of stress on ulcerative colitis. What is the independent variable? 1. Stress 2. ulcerative colitis 3. unable to determine 4. stress and ulcerative colitis

1. Stress

You are reading a study which randomly selected and enrolled every 60th prisoner from a population of 300,000 prisoners. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology? 1. Systematic 2. Stratified sampling 3. Cluster sampling 4. Quota sampling

1. Systematic

A study reports that administering vancomycin incorrectly is associated with red man syndrome. You know this means: 1. The P-value was less than alpha 2. A type 1 error was made in administering the medication 3. The p- value was greater than alpha 4. The null hypothesis was accepted

1. The P-value was less than alpha

A study reports that the abuse of bath salts (synthetic cathinones) is associated with sharp increases in body temperatures. You know this means: 1. The p value was less than alpha 2. A type 2 error was made 3. This is a clinically significant result 4. The result is not statistically significant

1. The p value was less than alpha

Percentile

100 equal portion of a data set

Researchers examined the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. Of those responses 92 women reported being abused at some point in their lifetime and 355 reported no history of abuse. 174 of the non-abused women and 58 of the abused women had a score of three or greater on the psychological distress scale. What was the cumulative frequency of score less than three in non-abused women?

181

Researchers examined the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. They received 490 responses. Of those responses 89 women reported being abused at some point in their lifetime and 355 reported no history of abuse. What percentage of the sample were abused? 1. 25.1% 2. 18.2% 3. 79.4 % 4. 92%

2. 18.2%

You have collected data about the fasting blood glucose (FBG) level of participants in your study. You are delighted to find that the variable is normally distributed. If the mean FBG is 82 and the standard deviation is 2.8 in what range would you expect to find the FBG of 95% of your study participation? 1. 79.2-84.8 2. 76.4- 87.6 3. 73.6-90.4 4. unable to determine

2. 76.4- 87.6

You are interested in studying respiratory therapists' engagement and well-being after the licensing requirements changed in your state. You randomly select 20 hospitals throughout the state and survey the 1,500 respiratory therapists that work there. The 1,500respiratory therapists are an example of: 1. A population 2. A sample 3. A quantitative cohort 4. Personal that should be excluded

2. A sample

Researchers examine the role of nonpharmacologic therapies on vasomotor symptom management in menopausal women. Subjects in the study are asked to keep a journal and describe or characterize any vasomotor symptoms they experience and how the nonpharmacologic therapies impact those symptoms. This is an example of what type of data? 1. Interval level 2. Qualitative 3. Quantitative 4. It cannot be determined because it is only a pilot

2. Qualitative

You are reading a study which asked 60 students enrolled in the local high school to self-report drug use, sexual activity and college education plans. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology? 1. systematic 2. convenience sampling 3. cluster sampling 4. quota sampling

2. convenience sampling

A researcher collects demographic data on the marital status of the study subjects. The variable is measured as married <2 years, married 2-9 years, married>9 years. The researcher reported that the most frequent response from subjects is married<2 years. What other measure of central tendency would be appropriate to report from this type of variable? 1. mean 2. median 3. mode 4. any of these measures of central tendency would be appropriate

2. median

You are conducting a study that examines the impact of imprisonment on mental health. In your state, 15% of prisoners are imprisoned for 5> years and 85% are imprisoned for <5 years. You want your sample to reflect these population parameters so you randomly select 15% of your sample from prisoners who have been imprisoned for >5 years and you randomly select 85% of your sample from prisoners who have been imprisoned for < years. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology? 1. Systemic 2. stratified sampling 3. cluster sampling 4. quota sampling

2. stratified sampling

The subject complete a pretest to assess their cognitive skills and have a mean score of 62% on the pretest. Then they complete your intervention and a post-test with the following scores: 82%, 79%, 47%, 65%, 81%, 57%, 57%, 52%, and 76%. What was the mean on the posttest? 1. 67% 2. 65% 3. 66% 4. unable to determine with the given information

3. 66%

A Nurse orientation program director is examining data about nurses in their first year of practice at her hospital. She notices that the number of medication errors increases after the three-month supervised orientation ends and then slowly drops down again. The time period immediately after orientation is considered a critical juncture. What might she suggest to address this concern?

3. Requiring double signed med administration documentation through the first six months of practice

A researcher wishes to determine if medical personnel in California have higher average vitamin D levels than medical personnel in New York. What would be an appropriate test to use? 1. CHI-square 2. T-test for dependent samples 3. T-test for independent samples 4. Pearson's Correlation Coeffiecient

3. T-test for independent samples

You are reading a study which randomly selected subjects from three randomly selected zip codes. You know this is an example of what type of sampling methodology? 1. probability sampling 2. stratified sampling 3. cluster sampling 4. quota sampling

3. cluster sampling

A researcher collects demographic data on the marital status of the study subjects. The variable is measured as married/ divorced/ separated/ never married/ cohabitating. What would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency? 1. mean 2. median 3. mode 4. any of these measures of central tendency would be appropriate

3. mode

a researcher collects demographic data on the marital status of the study subjects. The variable is measured as married/ not married. What would be the most appropriate measure of central tendency? 1. mean 2. median 3. mode 4. any of these measures of central tendency would be appropriate

3. mode

Frequency distribution

A summary of the numerical counts of the values or categories of measurement

Skewed distribution

An asymmetrical distribution of the values of the variable around the mean, making one tail longer than the other

Statistics

An estimate derived from a sample

Outlier

An extreme value of a variable, one that is outside the expected range

extreme outlier

An outlier in a data set that is more than 3 times the interquartile range either above or below the interquartile range

A Survey asks your patient to identify his primary language. The choices are 1.)Spanish 2.) English 3.) Arabic 4.) Other You know this is an example of what type of variable? A. Quantitative B. Qualitative C. Ordinal D. Continuous

B. Qualitative

You want to conduct a study using probability sampling. You might consider what approach: A. Quota sampling B. stratified sampling C. convenience sampling D. Purposive sampling

B. stratified sampling

Researchers study the relationship between interpersonal violence and health in college age women. The researchers examined the average score on a psychological distress scale and compared the score for abused versus non abused women. If the researchers report a statistically significant difference and are incorrect about this conclusion what type of error could it be? A. A clinical error B. A type 2 error C. A type 1 error D. An error of omission

C. A type 1 error

A variable that has a finite number of classification groups or categories, which are usually qualitative in nature

Categorical variable

A variable that has an infinite number of potential values, with the value being measured, falling somewhere on a continuing containing in between values.

Continuous variable

You read a study which studies the association between taking acyclovir and developing thrush. The alpha of the study is 0.05 and the reported p value is 0.08. You know this means: A. The result is statistically significant B. A type 1 error was made C. This is a clinically significant result D. The result is not clinically significant

D. The result is not clinically significant

Ratio data

Data whose categories are exhausted/exclusive, and ranked order with equally space intervals, and a point at which the variable does not exist

The outcome variable or final result

Dependent variable

A way of gathering information through systematic observation experimentation

Empirical method

A preliminary approximation

Estimate

A variable measured or controlled by the experimenter, the variable that is thought to affect the outcome

Independent variable

Data who is categories or exhaustive, exclusive, and ranked, ordered with equally spaced intervals

Interval, data

frequency distribution

Lists all the possible outcomes of an experiment and tallies the number of times each outcomes occurs

Data indicates a difference only, with categories that are exhausted and exclusive, but not right order

Nominal data

A hospital researcher is coding adults according to size. A Person with a below- average body mass index (BMI) is coded as 1. average is 2. and above average is 3. What level of measurement is this? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio

Ordinal

Data, whose categories are exhausted, exclusive, and ranked order

Ordinal data

Descriptive result from the whole group

Parameter

Sampling distribution

Plots realized frequencies of a statistic versus the range of possible values that statistics can take

The whole group

Population

Range

The difference between the maximum and minimum value in a distribution

Standard deviation

The average distance that the values in a distribution are from the center

Probability

The chance that a particular outcome will occur after an event

Variable

The changing characteristic being measured

Mean

The sum of the values divided by the total number of observation. It is the most commonly known measure of central tendency's, but requires interval or ratio data

Cumulative relative frequency

The number calculated by adding together all the relative frequencies, less than or equal to the selected upper limit Point

Cumulative frequency

The number of observations, with a value less than the maximum value of the variable interval

Relative frequency

The number of times that particular observation occurs divided by the total number of observations

Percentile. Rank

The percentage of observation below a particular value

Cumulative percentage

The percentage of observation, with a value less than the maximum value of the variable interval

probability distribution

The probability of all the possible outcomes of the variable

P-value

The probability of finding the reported results if the null hypothesis is true

The median blood level was higher on which unit?

Unit B

Researchers wanting to asses skin irritation associated with a new sunscreen developed for those with photosensitivity. They randomly sample 240 men with a history of photosensitivity and 240 women without a history of photosensitivity and ask them to apply the cream and report the level of skin irritation they experience after spending 20 minutes in the sun using a scale of 0-10. The average skin irritation score for the group with a history of photosensitivity was 1.2 and the average skin irritation score for the group without a history of photosensitivity was 1.4. The Levene's test for equality of variances had a p value of 0.08 you know this means: a. the researchers should report the t test results assuming equal variances b. The researchers should report the t test results NOT assuming equal variances. c. The researchers should reject the null hypothesis and report there is a difference in the average skin irri

a. the researchers should report the t test results assuming equal variances

central tendency

an indicator of the center of the data

Mode

the most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution. When distribution has only one mode, it is called unimodal