Data Analytics Glossary
Bad data source
A data source that is not reliable, original, comprehensive, current, and cited (ROCCC)
HAVING
a SQL clause that adds a filter to a query instead of the underlying table that can only be used with aggrefate functions
CREATE TABLE
a SQL clause that adds a temporary table to a database that can be used by multiple people
SELECT INTO
a SQL clause that copies data from one table into a temporary table without adding the new tables to the database
WITH
a SQL clause that creates a temporary table that can be queried multiple times
GROUP BY
a SQL clause that groups rows that have the same values from a table into summary rows
DROP TABLE
a SQL clause that removes a temporary table from a database
ORDER BY
a SQL clause that sorts results returned in a query
LIMIT
a SQL clause that specifies the maximum number of records returned in a query
CONCAT
a SQL function that adds strings together to create new text strings that can be used as unique keys
CONVERT
a SQL function that changes the unit of measurement of a value in data
OUTER JOIN
a SQL function that combines RIGHT and LEFT JOIN to return all matching records in both tables
CAST
a SQL function that converts data from one data type to another
SUBSTR
a SQL function that extracts a substring from a string variable
JOIN
a SQL function that is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column
COUNT DISTINCT
a SQL function that only returns the distinct values in a specified range
ROUND
a SQL function that returns a number rounded to a certain number of decimal places
COALESCE
a SQL function that returns non-null values in a list
INNER JOIN
a SQL function that returns records with matching values in both tables
RIGHT JOIN
a SQL function that will return all records from the right table and only the matching records from the left
LEFT JOIN
a SQL function that will return all the records from the left table and only the matching records from the right table
subquery
a SQL query that is nested inside a larger query
outer query
a SQL statement containing a subquery
CASE
a SQL statement that returns records that meet conditions by including an if/then statement in a query
inner query
a SQL subquery that is inside of another SQL statement
Function (R)
a body of reusable code for performing specific tasks in R
fill handle
a box in the lower right corner or a selected spreadsheet cell that can be dragged through neighboring cells in order to continue an instruction
calculus
a branch of mathematics that involves the study of rate of change and the changes between values that are related by a function
tableau
a business intelligence and analytics platform that helps people visualize, understand, and makes decisions with data
equation
a calculation that involves addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division
math expression
a calculation that involves, addition, subtraction, mulitplication, or division
external data
a calculation that invovles addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division (also called a math expression)
cell reference
a cell or range of cells in a worksheet typically used in forumlas and functions
delimiter
a character that indicates the beginning or end of a data item
Attribute
a characteristic or quality of data used to label a column in a table
pivot chart
a chart created form the fields in a pivot table
data frame
a collection of columns containing data, similar, to a spreadsheet or SQL table
cluster
a collection of data points on a data visualization with similar values
database
a collection of data stored in a computer system
dataset
a collection of data that can be manipulated or analyzed as one unit
Data
a collection of facts
video file
a collection of images, audio files, and other data usually encoded in a compressed format such as MP4, MV4, MOV, AVI, or FLV
portfolio
a collection of materials that can be shared with potential employers
record
a collection of related data in data table, usually synonymous with a row
range
a collection of two or more cells in a spreadsheet
array
a collection of values in spreadsheet cells
diverging color palette
a color theme that displays two ranges of data values using two different hues, with color intensity representing the magnitude of the values
case study
a common way for employers to assess job skills and gain insights into how a candidate approaches common data-related challenges
Structured Query Language (SQL)
a computer programming language used to communicate with a database
query language
a computer programming language used to communicate with a database
Log file
a computer-generated file that records evetns from operating systems and other software programs
bias
a conscious or subconscious preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing
mental model
a data analyst's though process and approach to a problem
good data source
a data source that is reliable, original, comprehensive, current, and cited (ROCCC)
pivot table
a data summarization tool used to sort, regoranize, group, count, total, or average data
Boolean data
a data type with only two possible values, usually true or false
mandatory
a data value that cannot be left blank or empty
filled map
a data visualization that colors area in a map based on measurements or dimensions
combo chart
a data visualization that combines more than one visualization type
symbol map
a data visualization that displays a mark over a given longitude and latitude
bullet graph
a data visualization that displays data as a horizontal bar chart moving toward a desired value
packed bubble chart
a data visualization that displays data in clustered cirlces
bubble chart
a data visualization that displays individual data points as bubbles, comparing numeric values by their relative size
box plot
a data visualization that displays the distribution of values along an x-axis
Gantt chart
a data visualization that displays the duration of events or activities on a timeline
distribution graph
a data visualization that displays the frequency of various outcomes in a sample
static visualization
a data visualization that does not change over time unless it is edited
map
a data visualization that organizes data geographically
density map
a data visualization that represents concentrations, with color representing the number of frequency of data points in a given area on a map
scatter plot
a data visualization that represents relationships between different variables with individual data points without a connecting line
gauge chart
a data visualization that shows a single result within a progressive range of values
circle view
a data visualization that shows comparative strength in data
histogram
a data visualization that shows how often data values fall into certain ranges
heat map
a data visualization that uses color contrast to compare categories in a dataset
highlight table
a data visualization that uses conditional formatting and color on a table
area chart
a data visualization that uses individual data points for a changing variable connected by a continuous line with a filled in area underneath
column chart
a data visualization that uses individual data points for a changing variable, represented as vertical columns
line graph
a data visualization that uses one or more lines to display shifts or changes in data over time
pie chart
a data visualization that uses segments of a circle to represent the proportions of each data category compared to the whole
bar graph
a data visualization that uses size to contrast and compare two or more values
donut chart
a data visualization where segments of ring represent data values adding up to a whole
metadata repository
a database created to store metadata
normalized database
a database in which only related data is stored in each table
temporary table
a database table that is created and exists temporarily on a database server
relational database
a database that contains a series of tables that can be connected to form relationships
long data
a dataset in which each row is one time point per subject, so each subject has data in multiple rows
wide data
a dataset in which every data subject has a single row with multiple columns to hold the values of various attributes of the subject
conditional statement
a declaration that if a certain condition holds, then a certain event must take place
CSV (comma-separated values) file
a delimited text file that used a comma to separate values
spreadsheet
a digital worksheet
library
a directory containing all of a data analysts installed packages
R notebook
a document for running code and displaying the graphs and charts that visualize the code
data science
a field of study that used raw data to create new ways of modeling and understanding the unknown
changelog
a file containing a chronologically ordered list of modifications made to a project
R Markdown
a file format for making dynamic documents with R
foreign key
a filed within a database table that is a primary key in another table
data structure
a format for organizing and storing data
return on investment (ROI)
a formula that uses the metrics of investment and profit to evaluate the success of an investment
SPLIT
a function that divides text around a specified character and puts each fragment into a new, separate cell
nested function
a function that is completely contained within another function
math function
a function that is used as part of a mathematical formula
SUMPRODUCT
a function that multiplies arrays and returns the sum of those products
TRIM
a function that removes leading, trailing, and repeated spaces in data
MID
a function that returns a segment from the middle of a text string
LEFT
a function that returns a set number of characters from the left side of a text string
RIGHT
a function that returns a set number of characters from the right side of a text string
LEN
a function that returns the length of a text string by counting the number of characters it contains
python
a general-purpose programming language
chart
a graphical representation of data from a worksheet
labels and annotations (R)
a group of R functions used for customizing a plot
text string
a group of characters within a cell, most often composed of letters
vector (R)
a group of data elements of the same type stored in a one-dimensional sequence in R
Data Interoperability
a key factor leading to the successful use of open data among companies and governments
DISTINCT
a keyword that is added to a SQL SELECT statement to retrieve only non-duplicat
smoothing line (R)
a line on a data visualization that uses smoothing to represent a trend
agenda
a list of scheduled appointments
metric goal
a measurable goal set by a company and evaluated using metrics
gap analysis
a method for examining and evaluating the current state of a process in order to identify opportunities for improvement in the future
McCandless Method
a method for presenting data visualization that moves from general specific information
calculated field
a new field within a pivot table that carries out certain calculations based on the values of other fields
float
a number that contains a decimal
profit margin
a percentage that indicates how many cents of profit has been generated for each dollar of sale
code chunk
a piece of code added in an R Markdown file that is used to process, visualize, or analyze data
data element
a piece of information in a dataset
cloud
a place to keep data online, rather than a computer hard drive
data governance
a process for ensuring the formal management of a company's data assets
GAM (generalized additive model) smoothing (R)
a process for smoothing plots with a large number of points
algorithm
a process or set of rules followed for a specific task
cross-field validation
a process that ensures certain conditions for multiple dat fields are statisfied
verification
a process to confirm that a data-cleaning effort was well executed and the resulting data is accurate and reliable
hypothesis testing
a process to determine if a survey or experiment has meaningful results
Loess smoothing (R)
a process used for smoothing plots with fewer than 1000 points
smoothing (R)
a process used to make data visualizations a R clearer and more readable
design thinking
a process used to solve complex problems in a user-centric way
sponsor
a professional advocate who is committed to moving forward the career of another
data warehousing specialist
a professional who develops processes and procedures to effectively store and organize data
data engineer
a professional who transforms data into a useful format for analysis and gives it a reliable infrastructure
Swift
a programming language for macOS, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor)
a programming language for web application development
HTML5
a programming language that provides structure for web pages and connects to hosting platforms
R
a programming language used for statistical analysis, visualization, and other data analysis
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)
a programming language used for web page design that control graphic elements and page presentation
Java
a programming language widely used to create enterprise web applications that can run on multiple clients
fairness
a quality of data analysis that does not create or reinforce bias
relevant question
a question that has significance to the problem to be solved
specific question
a question that is simple, significant, and focused on a single topic or a few closely related ideas
unfair question
a question that makes assumptions or is difficult to answer honestly
time-bound question
a question that specifies a timeframe to be studied
leading question
a question that steers people toward a certain response
measurable question
a question whose answers can be quantified and assessed
action-oriented question
a question whose answers lead to change
confidence interval
a range of values that conveys how likely a statistical estimate reflects the population
confidence level
a range of values that conveys how likely a statistical estimate reflects the population
absolute reference
a reference within a function that is locked so that rows and columns won't change if the function is copied
variable (R)
a representation of a value in R that can be stored for later use
query
a request for data or information from a database
regular expression (RegEx)
a rule that says the values in a table must match a prescribed pattern
string data type
a sequence of characters and punctuation that contains textual information
text data type
a sequence of characters and punctuation that contains textual information
Facets (R)
a series of functions that splits data into subsets in a matrix of panels
formula
a set of instructions used to perform a calculation using the data in a spreadsheet
function
a set of instructions used to perform a calculation using the data in a spreadsheet
elevator pitch
a short statement describing an idea or concept
field
a single piece of information from a row or column of a spreadsheet; in data table, typically a column in the table
metric
a single, quantifiable type of data that is used for measurement
cookie
a small file stored on a computer that contains information about its users
substring
a smaller subset of a text string
IDE (Integrated Development Environment)
a software application that brings together all the tools a data analyst may want to use in a single place
Quantitative data
a specific and objective measure, such as a number, quantity, or range
SUMIF
a spreadsheet function that adds numeric data based on one condition
SUM
a spreadsheet function that adds the value of a selected range of cells
DATEDIF
a spreadsheet function that calculates the number of days, months, or years between two dates
COUNT
a spreadsheet function that counts the number of cells in a range that meet a specific criteria
COUNTA
a spreadsheet function that counts the total number of values within a specified range
CONCATENATE
a spreadsheet function that joins together two or more text strings
AVERAGE
a spreadsheet function that returns an average of the values from a selected range
AVERAGEIF
a spreadsheet function that returns the average of all cell values from a given range that meet a specified condition
MAX
a spreadsheet function that returns the largest numeric value from a range of cells
MAXIFS
a spreadsheet function that returns the maximum value from a given range that meets a specified condition
MINIFS
a spreadsheet function that returns the minimum value from a given range that meets a specified condition
COUNTIF
a spreadsheet function that returns the number of cells in a range that match a specified value
MIN
a spreadsheet function that returns the smallest numeric value from a range of cells
VLOOKUP
a spreadsheet function that vertically searches for a certain value in a column to return a corresponding piece of information
MATCH
a spreadsheet function used to locate the position of a specific lookup value
VALUE
a spreadsheet functions that converts a text string that represents a number to a numeric value
sort range
a spreadsheet menu function that sorts a specified range and preserves the cells outside the range
sort sheet
a spreadsheet menu function that sorts all data by the ranking of specific sorted column and keep data together across rows
remove duplicates
a spreadsheet tool that automatically searches for and eliminates duplicate entries from a spreadsheet
conditional formatting
a spreadsheet tool that changes hwo cells appear when values meet specific conditions
business metric
a standard of measurement used to solve a business task
report
a static collection of data periodically given to stakeholders
qualitative data
a subjective an explanatory measure of a quality or characteristic
operator
a symbol that names the operation or calculation to be performed
Markdown (R)
a syntax for formatting plain text files
Tidyverse (R)
a system of packages in R with a common design philosophy for data manipulation, exploration, and visualization
programming language
a system of words and symbols used to write instructions that computers follow
ranking
a system to position values of a dataset within a scale of achievement or status
summary table
a table used to summarize statistical information about data
data blending
a tableau method that combines data from multiple data sources
FWF (fixed-width file)
a text file with a specific format, which enables the saving of textual data in an organized fashion
hypothesis
a theory that one might try to prove or disprove with data
data validation
a tool for checking the accuracy and quality of data
SMART methodology
a tool for determining a questions effectiveness based on whether it is specific, measurable, action-oriented, relevant, and time-bound
field length
a tool for determining how many characters can be keyed into a spreadsheet
data model
a tool for organizing data elements and how they relate to one another
dashboard filter
a tool for showing only the data that meets a specific criteria while hiding the rest
Pipe (R)
a tool in R for expressing a sequence of multiple operations, represented with "%>%"
find and replace
a tool that finds a specified search term and replaces it with something else
decision tree
a tool that helps analysts make decisions about critical features of a visualization
legend
a tool that identifies the meaning of various elements in a data visualization
dashboard
a tool that monitors live, incoming data
matrix
a two-dimensional collection of data elements with rows and columns
nominal data
a type of qualitative data that is categorized without a set order
Package (R)
a unit of reproducible R code
unique
a value that cant have a duplicate
list
a vector whose elements can be of any type
channel
a visual aspect or variable that represents characteristics of the data in a visualization
mark
a visual object in a data visualization such as a point, line, or shape
aesthetic (R)
a visual property of an object in a plot
schema
a way of describing how something, such as data, is organized
random sampling
a way of selecting a sample from a population so that every possible type of the sample ahs an equal chance of being chosen
Tibble (R)
a way of standardizing the organization of data within R
tidy data (R)
a way of standardizing the organization of data within R
mutate (R)
an R functions that makes changes to a dataframe separating and merging columns or creating new variables
head() (R)
an R functions that returns a preview of the column names and the first few rows of a dataset
ggplot2 (R)
an R package in Tidyverse that creates a variety of data visualization by applying different properties to the data variables in R
dplyr (R)
an R package in Tidyverse that offers a consistent set of functions to complete common data manipulation tasks
tidyr (R)
an R package in Tidyverse used for data cleaning to make tidy data
readr (R)
an R package in Tidyvese used for importing data
Shiny (R)
an R package used to build interactive web apps with R code
united states census bureau
an agency in the U.S. Department of Commerce that serves as the nations leading provider of quality data about its people and economy
Scope of work (SOW)
an agreed upon outline of the tasks to be performed during a project
merger
an agreement that unites two organizations into a single new one
data type
an attribute that describes a piece of data based on its values, its programming language, or the operations it can perform
digital photo
an electronic or computer-based image usually in BMP or JPG format
C++
an extension of the C programming language that is used to create console games, such as those for Xbox
primary key
an identifier in a database that references a column in which each value is unique
null
an indication that a value does not exist in a dataset
notebook
an interactive, editable programming environment for creating data reports and showcasing data skills
Factor (R)
an object that stores categorical data where the data values are limited and usually based on a finite group, such as country or year
Ruby
an object-oriented programming language for web application development
C#
an object-oriented programming language used to create games and mobile apps in the .NET open source developer platform
CRAN (Comprehensive R Archive Network) (R)
an online archive with R packages, source code, manuals, and documentation
Jupyter Notebook
an open-source web application used to create and share documents that contain live code, equations, visualization, and narrative text
modulo
an operator (%) that returns the remainder when one number is divided by another
logical operator
an operator that returns a logical data type
assignment operator(R)
an operator used to assign values to variable and vectors
relational operator
an operator used to compare values, also known as a comparator
arithmetic operators
an operator used to perform basic math operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division
World Health Organization
an organization whose primary role is to direct and coordinate international health within the United Nations system
outdated data
any data that has been superseded by newer and more accurate information
duplicate data
any record that inadvertently shares data with another record
networking
building relationships by meeting people both in person and online
professional relationship building
building relationships by meeting people both in person and online
engagement
capturing and holding someone's interest and attention during a data presentation
inline code
code that can be inserted directly into the text of an R Markdown file
open-source
code that is freely available and may be modified and shared by the people who use it
Nested
code that performs a particular function and is contained within code that performs a broader function
data storytelling
communicating the meaning of a dataset with visuals and a narrative that are customized for an audience
naming conventions
consistent guidelines that describe the content, creation date, and version of a file in its name
typecasting
converting data from one type to another
metadata
data about data
second-party data
data collected by a group directly from its audience and then sold
first-party data
data collected by an individual or group using their own resources
structured data
data organized in a certain format such as rows and columns
third-party data
data provided from outside sources who didnt collect it directly
static data
data that doesn't change once it has been recorded
live data
data that is automatically updated
open data
data that is available to the public
incorrect/inaccurate data
data that is complete but inaccurate
clean data
data that is complete, correct, and relevant to the problem being solved
discrete data
data that is counted and has a limited number of values
dirty data
data that is incomplete, incorrect, or irrelevant to the problem to be solved
continuous data
data that is measured and can have almost any numeric value
incomplete data
data that is missing important fields
unstructured data
data that is no organized in any easily identifiable manner
internal data
data that lives within a company's own systems
inconsistent data
data that uses different formats to represent the same thing
dynamic visualizations
data visualizations that are interactive or change over time
audio file
digitized audio storage usually in an MP3, AAC, or other compressed format
Vignette (R)
documentation for a R package that describes the problem the package is designed to solve, explains how its functions can be used, and lists any dependencies on other packages
access control
features such as password protection, user permissions, and encryption that are used to protect a spreadsheet
Anscombe's Quartet
four datasets that have nearly identical summary statistics but contain different plotted values
data design
how information is organized
compatability
how well two or more datasets are able to work together
sample
in data analytics, a segment of a populations that is representative of the entire population
population
in data analytics, all possible values in a dataset
pixel
in digital imaging, a small area of illumination on a display screen that, when combined with other adjacent areas, forms a digital image
argument(R)
information needed by a function in R in order to run
big data
large, complex, datasets typically involving long periods of time, which enable data analysts to address far-reaching business problems
borders
lines that can be added around two or more cells on a spreadsheet
underscores
lines used to underline words and connect text characters
descriptive metadata
metadata that describes a piece of data and can be used to identify it at a later point in time
structural metadata
metadata that indicates how a piece of data is organized and whether it is part of one or more than one data collection
administrative metadata
metadata that indicates the technical source of a digital asset
soft skills
nontechnical traits and behaviors that relate to how people work
data range
numerical values that fall between predefined maximum and minimum values
sampling bias
overrepresenting or underrepresenting certain members of a population as a result of working with a sample that is not representative of the population as a whole
stakeholders
people who invest time and resources into a project and are interested in its outcome
General Data Protection Regulation of the European Union (GDPR)
policy-making body in the european union created to help protect people and their data
data privacy
preserving a data subject's information any time a data transaction occurs
data security
protecting data from unauthorized access or corruption by adopting safety measure
ordinal data
qualitative data with a set order or scale
Analytical skills
qualities and characteristics associated with suing facts to solve problems
reframing
restating a problem or challenge, then redirecting it toward a potential resolution
spotlighting
scanning through data to quickly identify the most important insights
transferable skills
skills and qualities that can transfer from one job or industry to another
small data
small, specific data points typically involving a short period of time, which are useful for making day-to-day decisions
data analyst
someone who collects, transforms, and organizes data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decision-making
mentor
someone who shares knowledge, skills, and experience to help another grow both professionally and personally
aliasing
temporarily naming a table or column in a query to make it easier to read or write
headline
text at the top of a visualization that communicates the data being presented
label
text in a visualization that identifies a value or describes a scale
annotation
text that briefly explains data or helps focus the audience on a particular aspect of the data in a visualization
alternative text
text that provides an alternative to non-text content, such as images and videos
subtitle
text that supports a headline by adding context and description
technical mindset
the ability to break things down into smaller steps or pieces and work with them in an orderly and logical way
data integrity
the accuracy, completeness, consistency, and trustworthiness of data throughout its life cycle
visual form
the appearance of a data visualization that gives it structure and aesthetic appeal
problem domain
the area of analysis that encompasses every activity affecting or affected by a problem
transaction transparency
the aspect of data ethics that presumes all data processing activities and algorithms should be explainable and under stood by the individual who provides the data
consent
the aspect of data ethics that presumes an individuals right to know how and why their personal data will be used before agreeing to provide it
ownership
the aspect of data ethics that presumes individuals own the raw data they provide and have primary control over its usage, processing, and sharing
currency
the aspect of data ethics that presumes individuals should be aware of financial transactions resulting form the use of their personal data and the scale of those transactions
openness
the aspect of data ethics that promotes the free access, usage, and sharing of data
observation
the attributes that describe a piece of data contained in a row of a table
estimated response rate
the average number of people who typically complete a survey
data analysis
the collection, transformation, and organization, of data in order to draw conclusions, make predictions, and drive informed decsion-making
Context
the condition in which something exists or happens
framework
the context a presentation needs to create logical connections that tie back to the business task and metrics
data constraints
the criteria that determine whether a piece of a data is clean and valid
consistency
the degree to which data is repeatable from different points of entry or collection
validity
the degree to which the data conforms to constraints when it is unput, collected or created
accuracy
the degree to which the data conforms to the actual entity being measured or described
completeness
the degree to which the data contains all desired components or measures
emphasis
the design principle of arranging visual elements to focus the audience's attention on important information in a data visualization
movement
the design principle of arranging visual elements to guide the audiences eyes from one part of a data visualization to another
balance
the design principle of creating aesthetic appeal and clarity in a data visualization by evenly distributing visual elements
rhythym
the design principle of creating movement and flow in a data visualization to engage an audience
rythym
the design principle of creating movement and flow in a data visualization to engage an audience
repetition
the design principle of repeating visual elements to demonstrate meaning in a data visualization
repitition
the design principle of repeating visual elements to demonstrate meaning in a data visualization
variety
the design principle of using different kinds of visual elements in a data visualization to engage an audience
pattern
the design principle of using similar visual elements to demonstrate trends and relationship in a data visualization
proportion
the design principle of using the relative size and arrangement of visual elements to demonstrate information in a data visualization
unity
the design principle of using visual elements that complement each other to create aesthetic appeal and clarity in a data viusalization
pre-attentive attributes
the elements of a data visualization that an audience recognizes automatically without conscious effort
header
the first row in a spreadsheet that labels the type of data in each column
geolocation
the geographical location of a person or device by means of digital information
Geom (R)
the geometric object used to represent data
Data Visualization
the graphical representation of data
x-axis
the horizontal line of a graph usually places at the bottom, which is often used to represent time scales and discrete categories
data strategy
the management of the people, processes, and tools used in data analysis
margin of error
the maximum amount that the sample results are expected to differ from those of the actual population
correlation
the measure of the degree to which two variables change in relationship to each other
story
the narrative of a data presentation that makes it meaningful and interesting
length
the number of characters in a text string
syntax
the predetermined structure of a language that includes all required words, symbols, and punctuation, as well as their proper placement
statistical power
the probability that a test of significance will recognize an effect that is present
statistical significance
the probability that sample results are not due to random chance
sorting
the process of arranging data into a meaningful order to make it easier to understand, analyze, and visualize
data manipulation
the process of changing data to make it more organized and easier to read
data validation process
the process of checking and rechecking the quality of data so that it is complete, accurate, secure, and consistent
aggregation
the process of collecting or gathering many separate pieces into a whole
data composition
the process of combining the individual parts in a visualization and displaying them together as a whole
data merging
the process of combining two or more datasets into a single dataset
relativity
the process of considering observation in relation or proportion to something else
data transfer
the process of copying data from a storage device to computer memory or from one computer to another
Data-inspired decision-making
the process of exploring different data sources to find out what they have in common
data aggregation
the process of gathering data from multiple sources and combining it into a single, summarized collection
computer programming
the process of giving instructions to a computer in order to perform an action or set of actions
analytical thinking
the process of identifying and defining a problem, then solving it by using data in an organized, step by step manner
data mapping
the process of matching fields from one data source to another
Mapping (R)
the process of matching up a specific variable in a dataset with a specific aesthetic
Data anonymization
the process of protecting people's private or sensitive data by eliminating identifying information
structured thinking
the process of recognizing the current problem or situation, organizing available information, revealing gaps and opportunities, and identifying options
filtering
the process of showing only the data that meets a specified criteria while hiding the rest
data replication
the process of storing data in multiple locations
A/B testing
the process of testing two variations of the same web page tp determine which page is more successful at attracting user traffic and generating revenue
coding
the process of writing instructions to a computer in the syntax of a specific programming language
business task
the question or problem data analysis resolves for a business
turnover rate
the rate at which employees voluntarily leave a company
root cause
the reason why a problem occurs
data analytics
the science of data
SELECT
the section of a query that indicates the subset of a dataset
FROM
the section of a query that indicates where the selected data comes from
WHERE
the section of a query that specifies criteria that the requested data must meet
data life cycle
the sequence of stages that data experiences, which include plan, capture, manage, analyze, archive, and destroy
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
the set of markup symbols or codes used to create a webpage
data analysis process
the six phases of ask, prepare, process, analyze, share and act whose purpose is to gain insights that drive informed decision-making
statistics
the study of how to collect, analyze, summarize, and present data
experimenter bias
the tendency for different people to observe things differently (also called observer bias)
interpretation bias
the tendency to interpret ambiguous situations in a positive or negative way
confirmation bias
the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs
revenue
the total amount of income generated by the sale of goods or services
data ecosystem
the various elements that interact with one another in order to produce, manage, store, organize, analyze, and share data
problem types
the various problems that data analysts encounter, including categorizing things, discovering connections, finding patters, identifying themes, making predictions, and spotting something unusual
data-driven decision-making
using facts to guide business strategy
order of operations
using parentheses to group together spreadsheet values in order to clarify the order in which operations should be performed
social media
websites and applications through which users create and share content or participate in social networking
data ethics
well-founded standards of right and wrong that dictate how data is collected, shared, and used
ethics
well-founded standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do, usually in terms of rights, obligation, benefits to society, fairness, or specific virtues
data bias
when a preference in favor of or against a person, group of people, or thing systematically skews data analysis results in a certain direction
causation
when an action directly leads to an outcome, such as a cause-effect relationship
redundancy
when the same piece of data is stored in two or more places
unbiased sampling
when the sample of the population being measured is representative of the population as a whole