Dev Pscyh. - Ch. 10
Continued abuse leads to abnormally high levels of ___ in the brain, resulting in damage to the ___
Cortisol, hippocampus
Parents of all ethnicities say that the ___ of physical activities is the biggest barrier
Cost
Math ability is substantially below the level expected given the child's age, intelligence, and education
Mathematics disorder
Overall strength improves during _____
Middle childhood
Both gross-motor and fine-motor skills become more controlled and coordinated across the ________
Middle childhood years
Child sexual abuse is more common in ____ and _____
Middle childhood, adolescence
Problems in expressive language combined with difficulty understanding language
Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder
The _____ and ____ also mature early, as does the area in the ______ that controls smell and taste
Motor cortex, sensory cortex, frontal lobe
Having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile of the child's age and sex
Obese
Processes our visual signals; one of the first areas to prune
Occipital lobe
Sporting activities organized, coached, or supervised by adults
Organized sports
____ are a lot better for a child than just average play
Organized sports
Having a body mass index from the 85th to the 95th percentile for the child's age and gender
Overweight
Problems with articulation or production of language sounds
Phonological disorder
Situation in which an individual has more than one disorder or problem at the same time
Comorbitiy
ASDs affect ___ out of every ______ to ____ children in the US
1, 88, 110
Adolescents are the perpetrators in over _____ of sexual abuse cases
1/3
Most children under the age of _____ do not understand traffic safety and do not understand traffic signs and signals
10
Until age ___, most areas of the cerebral cortex are still growing and gaining mass
10
Boys' flexibility starts to decrease at about _____, while girls' starts to decline at about ____
10 years, 12 years
When both parents are overweight, the child's risk increases __
10x
_____ are killed in cycle-related accidents
127
Plasticity is greatest before the age of _____
2 years
___ of US adults are now overweight
2/3
In the US, more than ____ are injured on bicycles each year
254,000
____ of all traffic deaths involve alcohol, and ___ of those children who die in alcohol-related accidents were riding with a driver who was drinking
32%, half
When one parent is overweight, the child's risk increases ___
3x
In one study of adults who had suffered child sexual abuse, nearly _____ of the male and ____ of the female victims reported their abuser was female
40%, 6%
Some surveys indicate that only about ____ of 12th graders get regular vigorous exercise and only ___ do so every day
45%, 25%
About ____ of US students receive official diagnoses of learning disorders
5%
Between ages 7 and 11, pruning results in a ______ loss in the circuits of the brain that control our fine-motor movements
50%
___ of children's accidental deaths and ____ of injuries occur in the home
55%, 50%
Genes ___ and ___ are involved with reading disorders
6, 15
Experts recommend that children use a booster seat until they are at least _____ years old or at least ____
8, 4 foot 9 inches
_____ of children with ADHD also have depression or some other type of anxiety, mood, or behavior disorder; _____ have three or more disorders in addition to ADHD
80%, 18%
Wearing a helmet can reduce the risks of serious head injuries by as much as _____
85%
Children with a BMI between the ____ and the ____ percentile are considered overweight
85th, 94th
Over _____ of bicyclists killed each year were not wearing helmets
90%
A condition involving the inability to sustain attention, excessive activity, and deficiencies in impulse control that are unusual for the child's developmental level
ADHD
Both issues with attention and hyperactivity
ADHD Combined
Issues with either or hyperactivity and attention, hard to specify
ADHD Not otherwise specified
Children have a more difficult time with hyperactivity and being able to sit stilla
ADHD Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
When the child is not super hyperactive, but they have more issues with attention than hyperactivity
ADHD predominantly inactive
The risk for child sexual abuse is higher when the relationships between family members are not ____ or _____, there is no_______ between family members, parents are _______ or not ______, or the child does not live with either _____
Appropriate, supportive, healthy emotional attachment, absent, available, biological parent
Integrate information, control language and begin to perform our more advanced thought processes; 3rd to prune
Association areas in the parietal and temporal lobes
A group of serious development disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication
Autism spectrum disorder
____ are the leading cause of accidental death in this age group
Automobile accidents
An indicator of body fat based on weight and height
Body mass index
Indicator of body fat based on weight and height
Body mass index
ASDs are four times more likely in ___
Boys
Children who require help beyond what is needed by peers
Children with exceptional needs
Conditions in which children have significant difficulty producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say
Communication disorders
The symptom most often reported in patients with a history of sexual abuse
Depression
The view that a wide variety of factors influences both typical and atypical paths of development
Developmental psychopathology
Problems using words to communicate thoughts, desires, and feelings
Expressive language disorder
Communication and learning disorders are strongly __
Genetic
ASDs have a strong _____
Genetic component
Most of brain growth is due to growth in ________ and ____
Growth in the blood vessels that spread through the brain, a gain in the number of glial cells
Children are more likely to be overweight when they have a _____, _____, or when ______
High birth weight, when their mother has diabetes, or when they have other family members who are ovverwieght
Most with ASDs show low ______, but few show narrow areas of exceptional skill
IQ
Children should never sit
In the front by airbags
Child sexual abuse correlates with ________
Increased sexual activity during adolescence as well asa with teenage pregnancy and prostitution
Conditions involving difficulties with specific skills such as reading, mathematics, or writing
Learning disorders
ASDs is associated with abnormalities in the ____, ____, ___ and _____ areas
Limbic system, hippocampus, frontal, midbrain
The brain's tendency to remain somewhat flexible or malleable until the synaptogenesis is complete and until the brain's synapses have been pruned and locked into particular functions
Plasticity
The ___ is one of the last areas to mature; located deep inside the frontal lobes and is responsible abstract reasoning and complex problem solving
Prefrontal cortex
Refers to the percentages or numbers of individuals who show particular problems or conditions
Prevelance rates
Reading ability substantially below the level expected given the child's age, intelligence and education
Reading disorder
ASD seen almost exclusively in girls
Rhett's syndrome
Windows of oppurtunity
Sensitive periods
The first areas of the brain to prune and mature are the ones that control our basic
Sensory and motor functions
Child sexual abuse is more likely in _____ or ___ families or when there is a ______ in the home
Separated, divorced, stepparent
Children who are socially isolated and have few friends are at higher risk for ____, as well as children who are physically attractive or who have gone through puberty earlier than their peers
Sexual abuse
After age 10, the brain actually __
Shrinks
Researchers have found that the brains of children with ASD are somewhat ____ at birth
Smaller
Repeating or prolonging sounds
Stuttering
During middle childhood, children need to be _______ while around water
Supervised
Brain shrinkage after age 10 is due to __
Synaptic pruning
Sexual abuse is more likely to be committed by someone
The child knows
The developmental outcome of any particular child is determined by the _____ that occur among all factors
Transactions
Communication and learning disorder are sometime thought of as "hidden" problems of childhood, they often go ___
Undiagnosed
Benefits of physical activity include _____, ______, and ______
Weight control, healthy lung function, cardiovascular health
Writing ability is substantially below the level expected given the child's age, intelligence, and education
Writing disorder
