Dev Pscyh. - Ch. 10

Continued abuse leads to abnormally high levels of ___ in the brain, resulting in damage to the ___

Cortisol, hippocampus

Parents of all ethnicities say that the ___ of physical activities is the biggest barrier

Cost

Math ability is substantially below the level expected given the child's age, intelligence, and education

Mathematics disorder

Overall strength improves during _____

Middle childhood

Both gross-motor and fine-motor skills become more controlled and coordinated across the ________

Middle childhood years

Child sexual abuse is more common in ____ and _____

Middle childhood, adolescence

Problems in expressive language combined with difficulty understanding language

Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder

The _____ and ____ also mature early, as does the area in the ______ that controls smell and taste

Motor cortex, sensory cortex, frontal lobe

Having a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile of the child's age and sex

Obese

Processes our visual signals; one of the first areas to prune

Occipital lobe

Sporting activities organized, coached, or supervised by adults

Organized sports

____ are a lot better for a child than just average play

Organized sports

Having a body mass index from the 85th to the 95th percentile for the child's age and gender

Overweight

Problems with articulation or production of language sounds

Phonological disorder

Situation in which an individual has more than one disorder or problem at the same time

Comorbitiy

ASDs affect ___ out of every ______ to ____ children in the US

1, 88, 110

Adolescents are the perpetrators in over _____ of sexual abuse cases

1/3

Most children under the age of _____ do not understand traffic safety and do not understand traffic signs and signals

10

Until age ___, most areas of the cerebral cortex are still growing and gaining mass

10

Boys' flexibility starts to decrease at about _____, while girls' starts to decline at about ____

10 years, 12 years

When both parents are overweight, the child's risk increases __

10x

_____ are killed in cycle-related accidents

127

Plasticity is greatest before the age of _____

2 years

___ of US adults are now overweight

2/3

In the US, more than ____ are injured on bicycles each year

254,000

____ of all traffic deaths involve alcohol, and ___ of those children who die in alcohol-related accidents were riding with a driver who was drinking

32%, half

When one parent is overweight, the child's risk increases ___

3x

In one study of adults who had suffered child sexual abuse, nearly _____ of the male and ____ of the female victims reported their abuser was female

40%, 6%

Some surveys indicate that only about ____ of 12th graders get regular vigorous exercise and only ___ do so every day

45%, 25%

About ____ of US students receive official diagnoses of learning disorders

5%

Between ages 7 and 11, pruning results in a ______ loss in the circuits of the brain that control our fine-motor movements

50%

___ of children's accidental deaths and ____ of injuries occur in the home

55%, 50%

Genes ___ and ___ are involved with reading disorders

6, 15

Experts recommend that children use a booster seat until they are at least _____ years old or at least ____

8, 4 foot 9 inches

_____ of children with ADHD also have depression or some other type of anxiety, mood, or behavior disorder; _____ have three or more disorders in addition to ADHD

80%, 18%

Wearing a helmet can reduce the risks of serious head injuries by as much as _____

85%

Children with a BMI between the ____ and the ____ percentile are considered overweight

85th, 94th

Over _____ of bicyclists killed each year were not wearing helmets

90%

A condition involving the inability to sustain attention, excessive activity, and deficiencies in impulse control that are unusual for the child's developmental level

ADHD

Both issues with attention and hyperactivity

ADHD Combined

Issues with either or hyperactivity and attention, hard to specify

ADHD Not otherwise specified

Children have a more difficult time with hyperactivity and being able to sit stilla

ADHD Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive

When the child is not super hyperactive, but they have more issues with attention than hyperactivity

ADHD predominantly inactive

The risk for child sexual abuse is higher when the relationships between family members are not ____ or _____, there is no_______ between family members, parents are _______ or not ______, or the child does not live with either _____

Appropriate, supportive, healthy emotional attachment, absent, available, biological parent

Integrate information, control language and begin to perform our more advanced thought processes; 3rd to prune

Association areas in the parietal and temporal lobes

A group of serious development disorders characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication

Autism spectrum disorder

____ are the leading cause of accidental death in this age group

Automobile accidents

An indicator of body fat based on weight and height

Body mass index

Indicator of body fat based on weight and height

Body mass index

ASDs are four times more likely in ___

Boys

Children who require help beyond what is needed by peers

Children with exceptional needs

Conditions in which children have significant difficulty producing speech sounds, using spoken language to communicate, or understanding what other people say

Communication disorders

The symptom most often reported in patients with a history of sexual abuse

Depression

The view that a wide variety of factors influences both typical and atypical paths of development

Developmental psychopathology

Problems using words to communicate thoughts, desires, and feelings

Expressive language disorder

Communication and learning disorders are strongly __

Genetic

ASDs have a strong _____

Genetic component

Most of brain growth is due to growth in ________ and ____

Growth in the blood vessels that spread through the brain, a gain in the number of glial cells

Children are more likely to be overweight when they have a _____, _____, or when ______

High birth weight, when their mother has diabetes, or when they have other family members who are ovverwieght

Most with ASDs show low ______, but few show narrow areas of exceptional skill

IQ

Children should never sit

In the front by airbags

Child sexual abuse correlates with ________

Increased sexual activity during adolescence as well asa with teenage pregnancy and prostitution

Conditions involving difficulties with specific skills such as reading, mathematics, or writing

Learning disorders

ASDs is associated with abnormalities in the ____, ____, ___ and _____ areas

Limbic system, hippocampus, frontal, midbrain

The brain's tendency to remain somewhat flexible or malleable until the synaptogenesis is complete and until the brain's synapses have been pruned and locked into particular functions

Plasticity

The ___ is one of the last areas to mature; located deep inside the frontal lobes and is responsible abstract reasoning and complex problem solving

Prefrontal cortex

Refers to the percentages or numbers of individuals who show particular problems or conditions

Prevelance rates

Reading ability substantially below the level expected given the child's age, intelligence and education

Reading disorder

ASD seen almost exclusively in girls

Rhett's syndrome

Windows of oppurtunity

Sensitive periods

The first areas of the brain to prune and mature are the ones that control our basic

Sensory and motor functions

Child sexual abuse is more likely in _____ or ___ families or when there is a ______ in the home

Separated, divorced, stepparent

Children who are socially isolated and have few friends are at higher risk for ____, as well as children who are physically attractive or who have gone through puberty earlier than their peers

Sexual abuse

After age 10, the brain actually __

Shrinks

Researchers have found that the brains of children with ASD are somewhat ____ at birth

Smaller

Repeating or prolonging sounds

Stuttering

During middle childhood, children need to be _______ while around water

Supervised

Brain shrinkage after age 10 is due to __

Synaptic pruning

Sexual abuse is more likely to be committed by someone

The child knows

The developmental outcome of any particular child is determined by the _____ that occur among all factors

Transactions

Communication and learning disorder are sometime thought of as "hidden" problems of childhood, they often go ___

Undiagnosed

Benefits of physical activity include _____, ______, and ______

Weight control, healthy lung function, cardiovascular health

Writing ability is substantially below the level expected given the child's age, intelligence, and education

Writing disorder