Developmental Psych Exam 4
3. Malika's family has begun expecting her to help out around the family's farm and take care of her younger siblings. Malika is probably age: A) 2. B) 6. C) 13. D) 18.
B) 6.
74. The most common cause of rejection of children by their peers is: A) shyness. B) aggressiveness. C) unattractiveness. D) high intelligence.
B) aggressiveness.
53. Kohlberg's "Heinz dilemma" asked children to decide whether a man should have stolen drugs for his sick wife when he couldn't pay for the drugs. Children's answers would occur in which order as they age from 6 to 10 years old? A) He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife. B) He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday. C) He should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife. D) He should steal the drug if he really loves his wife; He should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble.
A) He shouldn't steal the drug because he might get in trouble; he should steal the drug because he might need someone to steal it for him someday; he should steal the drug if he really loves his wife.
4. Nicte and Maria are cousins who are 10 years old. Although Nicte's parents are originally from Guatemala, she has been raised in the U.S. Her cousin Maria has been raised in Guatemala. Based on Bogin's study with Mayan families, what is likely to be the physical growth of the girls? A) Nicte is taller than Maria. B) Maria is taller than Nicte. C) There is no height difference between Nicte and Maria. D) Maria is heavier than Nicte.
A) Nicte is taller than Maria.
52. At the start of middle childhood, children play games: A) according to preexisting rules. B) with an understanding that rules are social conventions. C) with elaborate rules only if they are boys. D) with little regard for rules.
A) according to preexisting rules.
35. Emergent literacy includes: A) the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are the building blocks to learning how to read and write. B) the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are the building blocks to learning how to do math. C) using number words. D) reading beginner books
A) the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are the building blocks to learning how to read and write.
24. Information-processing theorists: A) agree with Piaget about his description of children's behavior during middle childhood but disagree with his explanation of their behavior. B) disagree with Piaget about his description of their children's behavior during middle childhood but agree with his explanation of behavior. C) disagree with Piaget about both his description and explanation of children's behavior during middle childhood. D) agree with Piaget about both his description and explanation of children's behavior during middle childhood, but use modern technologies, such as EEG scans, to confirm these patterns.
A) agree with Piaget about his description of children's behavior during middle childhood but disagree with his explanation of their behavior.
27. Children living in poor neighborhoods in the U.S.: A) are more likely to be exposed to environmental toxins shown to harm cognitive development. B) have more financial resources in the school they attend due to a greater need of the students in the school. C) have equal access to quality education. D) are more likely to have experienced teachers at their school.
A) are more likely to be exposed to environmental toxins shown to harm cognitive development.
9. Concrete operational thinking allows children to mentally: A) combine, separate, order, and transform objects and actions. B) form conceptual categories. C) represent events from the past. D) direct action toward abstract concepts.
A) combine, separate, order, and transform objects and actions.
67. Lee likes to set group activities and control the toys and play spaces in his second-grade class. Lee would be considered a(n) _____________ child. A) dominant B) controversial C) recessive D) active
A) dominant
49. What is the most common type of learning disability? A) dyslexia B) dysgraphia C) dyscalculia D) mental retardation
A) dyslexia
13. When 3-year-olds attempting to master a liquid conservation task are asked if there is more liquid in the taller beaker, they: A) focus on a single attribute. B) try to coordinate height and width. C) answer "yes" only because they cannot express what they really mean. D) decenter if shown that the liquid will be the same when poured back into the original container.
A) focus on a single attribute.
66. Relational aggression is most often seen among: A) girls. B) boys. C) younger children of both sexes. D) older children of both sexes.
A) girls.
6. Childhood obesity: A) has increased more than 50% since 1970. B) affects 50% of children between the ages of 6 to 11 years old. C) is related to increased popularity among peers. D) affects 1% of children between the ages of 6 to 11 years old.
A) has increased more than 50% since 1970.
41. Young children who are read to at age 14 months: A) have larger vocabularies at age 2 years. B) have smaller vocabularies at age 2 years. C) are less likely to be ready for school. D) are just as prepared for school as children who are not read to.
A) have larger vocabularies at age 2 years.
18. When a child correctly solves Piaget's conservation task and explains "If you pour it back, you'll see that it's the same," he is demonstrating an understanding of: A) identity. B) compensation. C) reversibility. D) decentration.
A) identity.
29. What methods of education would we be likely to see among the !Kung of the Kalahari desert? A) implicit instruction embedded in everyday activity B) education separate from kinship obligations and economic contributions C) tasks focused on individual work D) many years of practice before skills are put to use in work settings
A) implicit instruction embedded in everyday activity
51. The rules of fantasy play are _____________, whereas the rules of games are _____________. A) implicit; explicit B) nonexistent; real C) authoritarian; libertarian D) imposed by adults; imposed by children
A) implicit; explicit
75. Josefa is shown as having few nominations of any positive or negative kind on a sociogram for her classroom of children. We would say she falls in the _____________ category. A) neglected B) victim C) rejected D) controversial
A) neglected
22. When asked to draw a portrait of themselves with a third eye, 9-year-olds tended to: A) place the third eye close to the other two. B) place the third eye in a location that permitted an entirely different view. C) place the third eye far from the other two. D) were diverse in their answers.
A) place the third eye close to the other two.
59. A noticeable difference in the game playing of children in middle childhood compared with that of the preschool years is the: A) playing of games based upon rules. B) marked increase in fantasy role play. C) marked decrease in fantasy role play. D) following of social rules consistent with fantasy roles.
A) playing of games based upon rules.
46. Students whose mathematics instruction focused on traditional recitation scripts scored better in _____________, while students whose mathematics instruction focused on problem-oriented approaches scored better in _____________. A) procedural knowledge; conceptual knowledge B) conceptual knowledge; utilization knowledge C) conceptual knowledge; procedural knowledge D) utilization knowledge; conceptual knowledge
A) procedural knowledge; conceptual knowledge
5. During middle childhood, boys are generally better than girls at: A) running. B) hopping. C) drawing. D) skipping.
A) running.
71. Sociograms are used to investigate: A) social status. B) moral reasoning. C) social perspective taking. D) social repair mechanisms.
A) social status.
17. Identity refers to understanding that: A) some properties of an object stay the same even though it may look different. B) one mental operation can be reversed by the effects of another. C) changes in one aspect of a problem are compensated for by changes in another. D) changes limited to outside appearance do not change the amounts involved.
A) some properties of an object stay the same even though it may look different.
58. Kohlberg's investigation of moral reasoning used: A) story-dilemmas. B) role-playing situations. C) experiments that manipulated moral behavior. D) interviews with children about their lying behavior.
A) story-dilemmas.
19. Gardner and Rogoff (1990) asked groups of 4- to 6-year-olds and 7- to 10-year-olds to solve a maze and found that: A) when both speed and accuracy mattered, the children in both age groupplanned out part of their route ahead of time and then planned only when they came to uncertain points. B) when accuracy in navigating the maze was the only factor that counted, many of the younger children realized that a better strategy was to plan their entire set of moves before they began. C) when both speed and accuracy mattered, the older children planned out part of their route ahead of time and then planned only when they came to uncertain points. D) when accuracy in navigating the maze was the only factor that counted, the children in both age groups realized that a better strategy was to plan their entire set of moves before they began.
A) when both speed and accuracy mattered, the children in both age groups planned out part of their route ahead of time and then planned only when they came to uncertain points.
37. When Seti is asked to count his fingers, he counts each one and says, "three, five, six." These types of errors reveal: A) no competencies related to math learning. B) an understanding that the sequence of the numbers matter. C) an understanding of color words. D) a lack of understanding that different number words relate to different quantities.
B) an understanding that the sequence of the numbers matter.
69. According to Elliot Turiel, social conventions: A) are identical in concept to moral reasoning. B) are in a different domain from that of moral reasoning. C) are what true moral reasoning grows from. D) cannot be distinguished from moral infractions by preschoolers.
B) are in a different domain from that of moral reasoning.
72. During middle childhood, a child's popularity is positively related to his or her: A) activity level. B) attractiveness. C) aggressiveness. D) socioeconomic status
B) attractiveness.
73. Children who are rejected by their peers tend to: A) overestimate their social skills. B) be aggressive. C) underestimate their social skills. D) compensate for their social difficulties.
B) be aggressive.
2. The Ngoni of Malawi expect boys around age 6 to: A) begin formal schooling. B) begin living away from their mothers. C) develop social intelligence. D) behave in a more reasonable and logical manner.
B) begin living away from their mothers.
20. Jamie collects coins and has been able to organize them by country and metal. Jamie is exhibiting what aspect of concrete operations? A) conservation B) classification C) planning D) metacognition
B) classification
30. The contexts within which apprentices learn: A) are much like formal school contexts. B) combine instruction and productive labor. C) are not as effective as school contexts. D) involve deliberate teaching.
B) combine instruction and productive labor.
54. Maria is concerned with social standards and rules when she thinks about moral dilemmas. Kohlberg would say that she is at the _____________ level of moral development. A) preconventional B) conventional C) postconventional D) unconventional
B) conventional
8. The relationship between significant brain changes and the increasing competencies of a child in the middle childhood years can be described as: A) a direct causal link from brain changes to changes in behavior. B) correlational. C) a direct causal link from behavior changes to changes in the brain. D) nonexistent.
B) correlational.
28. In a study of nearly 4000 African American families that were moved from urban high-rise housing projects, where poverty and crime were pervasive, to new, private housing in a wealthier suburban school district, researchers found that students who had been moved: A) had higher school dropout rates. B) had lower school dropout rates. C) did not change in relation to school dropout rates. D) were less likely to attend college.
B) had lower school dropout rates.
57. When children begin to recognize that others have different perspectives, Kohlberg refers to this as: A) autonomous morality. B) instrumental morality. C) culturally generated morality. D) moral perspective taking.
B) instrumental morality.
47. Swedish and Finnish classrooms are: A) emphasizing teaching content that will help students pass mandatory statewide tests. B) moving in the direction of integrating play and art into classroom activities. C) focusing on math instruction. D) emphasizing content similar to content focused on in the U.S.
B) moving in the direction of integrating play and art into classroom activities.
63. Girls who are particularly well-practiced in relational aggression are: A) neglected. B) popular. C) rejected. D) outcasts.
B) popular.
10. All of the following are characteristic of the thought processes of middle childhood, according to Piaget, EXCEPT: A) thinking that includes consideration of alternatives. B) the ability to manipulate abstract ideas and symbols. C) the ability to mentally retrace steps when problem solving. D) the understanding that transformations in appearance do not change the basic properties of number, mass, and volume.
B) the ability to manipulate abstract ideas and symbols.
48. Identifying children with learning disabilities: A) is likely before children enter school. B) typically does not happen until children enter school. C) is easy to distinguish from challenges due to a disadvantaged environment. D) is easy to determine.
B) typically does not happen until children enter school.
61. According to research on a child's developing theory of mind, what is necessary for a child to demonstrate a mature capacity for moral reasoning? A) an ability to focus on the objective consequence of a person's action B) an ability to understand that it is wrong to harm another person and to recognize when someone has been harmed C) an ability to interpret a person's objective behavior in light of his or her subjective mental state D) a tendency to perceive that some "bad" actions are worse than others
C) an ability to interpret a person's objective behavior in light of his or her subjective mental state
64. Bullying appears to peak during the sixth grade in American schools because: A) this is when interest in the opposite sex is starting to rise. B) children at this age have fewer parental controls than in earlier years. C) children are moving from elementary to middle school, and new social groups are forming. D) children are frustrated by the increased academic demands of middle school, and bullying is a way to "blow off steam."
C) children are moving from elementary to middle school, and new social groups are forming.
34. The inability to break words into their component syllables and phonemes predicts: A) poor spelling. B) difficulty in speaking. C) difficulty in learning to read. D) difficulty in learning to write.
C) difficulty in learning to read.
60. Turiel and his colleagues asked children ages 5 to 11 to make a judgment related to a moral dilemma and social conventions. He found that children can: A) solve problems related to moral dilemmas before they can solve problems related to social conventions. B) solve moral dilemmas, but they cannot solve problems related to social conventions. C) distinguish moral dilemmas from social conventions. D) not solve problems related to either moral dilemmas or social conventions.
C) distinguish moral dilemmas from social conventions.
32. Which of the following skills is basic to learning to read? A) spelling B) seeing syllables C) hearing phonemes D) seeing phonemes
C) hearing phonemes
36. Recognizing that the word dog begins with the sound "d" is an example of: A) understanding that each word is represented by a cluster of graphic signs. B) whole language. C) phonological awareness. D) top-down processing.
C) phonological awareness.
38. The ability to identify and manipulate numeric units: A) seems to emerge only in the context of math class. B) seems to emerge only in the U.S. C) seems to emerge only in the context of school. D) is a universal trait found in all cultures.
C) seems to emerge only in the context of school.
7. During middle childhood, girls are generally better than boys at: A) jumping. B) catching. C) skipping. D) throwing.
C) skipping.
33. According to Luria's research, formal education is crucial to success in: A) hunter-gather societies. B) agrarian societies. C) technologically advance societies. D) no societies.
C) technologically advance societies.
39. Chinese-speaking children are able to map numbers to specific quantities at a younger age than English-speaking children because: A) Chinese-speaking children are smarter. B) Chinese-speaking children are better at math. C) the English language includes irregular number words. D) English words map very quickly to the base-10 number system.
C) the English language includes irregular number words.
23. Concrete operations are called "concrete" because: A) they are not reversible. B) they are "hard" to perform. C) they are performed on real objects. D) to perform them, children must suppress visual imagery
C) they are performed on real objects.
55. Regarding the development of prosocial moral reasoning, children: A) tend to think mainly of their own needs until they reach adolescence. B) do not go through stages. C) think first in terms of personal gain and then later express more empathy. D) would choose to go to a party rather than help someone who is hurt.
C) think first in terms of personal gain and then later express more empathy.
65. Bullies tend to: A) have poor social-information processing skills. B) pick on a small percentage of school children. C) use their well-developed social-information processing skills in an antisocial way. D) not be popular.
C) use their well-developed social-information processing skills in an antisocial way.
16. As part of a conservation-of-number task, a child counts the same number of items in each of two rows but says that the experimenter's longer row has more. When asked why, her most likely response is: A) "I can move them back." B) "The number is the same." C) "They are still the same cards." D) "This row goes all the way here."
D) "This row goes all the way here."
70. Victimized children tend to: A) have difficulty regulating their attention. B) lose their tempers easily. C) act in an immature and dependent way. D) All of the answers are correct.
D) All of the answers are correct.
44. Reciprocal teaching methods for increasing comprehension skills fit best with which theorist's views on development? A) Skinner's operant conditioning B) Freud's psychosocial approach C) Piaget's constructivist approach D) Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
D) Vygotsky's zone of proximal development
1. Which of the following accompanies the loss of baby teeth in some cultures? A) the development of preoperational thought B) additional responsibilities imposed by adults C) an increase in time spent supervised by adults D) a move into dormitories away from the family
D) a move into dormitories away from the family
11. According to Piaget, an operation is: A) a qualitatively new form of remembering. B) an abstract manipulation of formal thought. C) a way of increasing one's own knowledge base. D) an internalized mental action coordinated with others
D) an internalized mental action coordinated with others
43. Children who are most likely to benefit from preschool: A) are well-nourished. B) have a well-stocked bookshelf at home. C) are the most likely to be enrolled in a preschool program. D) are the least likely to be enrolled in a preschool program.
D) are the least likely to be enrolled in a preschool program.
31. When children learn to decode, they are learning: A) to read. B) to speak. C) to write the symbols of their language. D) correspondence between the letters of their alphabet and the sound of the language.
D) correspondence between the letters of their alphabet and the sound of the language.
56. Prosocial moral reasoning refers to thinking involved in: A) understanding that morals are social conventions. B) the belief that there are universal moral principles. C) determining fairness. D) deciding whether to help another at cost to oneself.
D) deciding whether to help another at cost to oneself.
21. When children were told accuracy and not speed was important in solving a maze task, 4- to 6-year-olds _____________ and 7- to 10-year-olds _____________. A) planned their entire set of moves before they started; planned as well B) did not perform differently than when they were told speed did matter; did this as well C) planned their entire set of moves before they started; did not perform differently than when they were told speed did matter D) did not perform differently than when they were told speed did matter; planned their entire set of moves before they started
D) did not perform differently than when they were told speed did matter; planned their entire set of moves before they started
26. Schools in economically impoverished neighborhoods tend to: A) provide a quality education. B) provide education of equal quality to suburban schools. C) have a low number of ethnic minority children enrolled. D) have a large number of ethnic minority children enrolled.
D) have a large number of ethnic minority children enrolled.
40. In an ethnographic study of 3-year-olds growing up in the U.S., Brazil, & Kenya, Tudge and his colleagues (2006) found that: A) in all cultures, children from the working class were more likely than their middle-class counterparts to engage with parents in academically oriented play and lessons. B) in all cultures, children from working-class families were more likely than their middle-class counterparts to be engaged with their parents in world lessons. C) in Kenya, but not in other cultures, children from the working class were more likely than their middle-class counterparts to engage with parents in academically oriented play and lessons. D) in Kenya, but not in other cultures, children from working-class families were more likely than their middle-class counterparts to be engaged with their parents in world lessons.
D) in Kenya, but not in other cultures, children from working-class families were more likely than their middle-class counterparts to be engaged with their parents in world lessons.
14. According to Piaget's observations, most children in the transitional stage for developing liquid conservation: A) usually traverse this stage at age 2. B) usually traverse this stage at age 8. C) are still unaware that they need to consider both the height and the width of the container. D) know that height and width are important but have difficulty keeping both in mind simultaneously
D) know that height and width are important but have difficulty keeping both in mind simultaneously
45. A study found that reciprocal teaching was: A) related to decline in reading scores. B) led to improved reading scores, but not as great an improvement was found when using explicit instruction. C) led to improved reading scores, but not as great an improvement was found when using modeling. D) led to improved reading scores, showing the greatest improvement compared to either explicit instruction or modeling.
D) led to improved reading scores, showing the greatest improvement compared to either explicit instruction or modeling.
25. A 6-year-old child who says it is easier to remember the lesson her teacher taught her yesterday than the lesson taught several months ago is demonstrating: A) memory organization. B) memory span. C) her ability to use memory strategies. D) metamemory
D) metamemory
15. Conservation of number refers to the ability to: A) count the number of items in two or more rows. B) assign number words to written number symbols and objects. C) recognize that the last number counted is the total number of items. D) recognize one-to-one correspondence between two sets of objects in spite of spatial rearrangements.
D) recognize one-to-one correspondence between two sets of objects in spite of spatial rearrangements.
62. Actions that threaten the relationship and social standing of peers are called: A) instrumental aggression. B) personal aggression. C) hostile aggression. D) relational aggression.
D) relational aggression.
68. A complex organization of relationships between individuals is called a(n): A) anthropometric scale. B) relational scheme. C) hierarchical analysis. D) social structure.
D) social structure.
12. Concrete operations are reflected in: A) increased aggressive behaviors. B) the appearance of symbolic play. C) the ability to form groups of similar objects. D) the ability to consider how others see oneself.
D) the ability to consider how others see oneself.
50. Motivation is defined as: A) the basic human drive to control the environment. B) arousal or energy mobilization. C) an individual seeking to restore his or her psychological equilibrium rather than move toward personal growth. D) the ability to try hard and persist in the face of difficulties.
D) the ability to try hard and persist in the face of difficulties.
42. Enrollment in preschools throughout the world has: A) doubled since 1950. B) tripled since 1950. C) doubled since 1970. D) tripled since 1970.
D) tripled since 1970.