Developmental Psych final
Aaron is a healthy 65-year-old man. Compared with his 24-year-old son Harry, Aaron has much less brain volume. Which of the following is most likely the reason for this difference?
Aaron is experiencing a shrinkage of neurons.
Which of the following is true of changes in sensory functioning in late adulthood?
For adults who are 75 years and older, there is a significant loss of hearing at high and middle frequencies.
In the context of cohabitation among older adults, which of the following statements is true?
In most cases, older adults cohabit more for companionship than for love.
Mr. Dalton has been complaining of irregular and involuntary movement in the right part of his body. The doctors notice that Mr. Dalton is also showing signs of slow movement and partial facial paralysis. The chronic and progressive nature of the illness is revealed in the pathological findings. Which of the following conditions does Mr. Dalton most likely suffer from?
Parkinson disease
In Hetherington's research, which of the following is a difference between the enhancers and the competent loners?
Unlike the enhancers, the competent loners have little interest in sharing their lives with anyone else
In older adults, a higher level of social support is related to
a lower probability of depression
In old age, according to Erikson, the positive resolution of the conflict of identity versus confusion culminates in
a sense of the complexity of life
When faced with external challenges such as stressful situations, the human body adapts by altering internal physiological processes. This process of adaptation and adjustment is referred to as
allostasis
Researchers have found that relationships between aging parents and their children are characterized by
ambivalence
What is an allele?
an alternative form of a gene
Which of the following is a recent trend in grandparenting?
an increase in the number of grandparents becoming great-grandparents
Which of the following statements about semantic memory, episodic memory, and aging is true?
episodic memory declines more than semantic memory in older adults.
According to research by Baltes and his colleagues, the time frame of _____ is the main age window for wisdom to emerge.
late adolescence and early adulthood
A Pew poll found that belief in God was higher in _____ than in any other age period
older adulthood
According to aging expert Laura Carstensen, who among the following tend to experience less intense positive emotions with new friends and equal levels of positive emotions with established friends?
older adults
One stereotype of _____ is that they are often residents in institutions, such as hospitals, mental hospitals, and nursing homes.
older adults
Which of the following reflects the attitudes of health-care providers for older adults?
they share society's stereotypes and negative attitudes toward older adults
Which of the following is a characteristic of insecure anxious individuals?
they show strong ambivalence toward a romantic partner
Which of the following is a problem that can plague cross-gender friendships?
unclear sexual boundaries
The matching hypothesis says that we choose partners
who are close to our level of physical attractiveness
On average, today's workers in the U.S. will spend _____ percent of their lives in retirement.
10 to 15
In the respiratory system, lung capacity drops _____ percent between the ages of 20 and 80, even when disease is not present.
40
According to the cellular clock theory of aging, cells can divide a maximum of
75 to 80 times
The oldest-old are individuals who are _____ years and older.
85
According to recent studies, which of the following is true of centenarians?
Chronic high-mortality diseases are markedly delayed for many years in centenarians.
_____ refers to the view that our aging society is being unfair to its younger members because older adults pile up advantages by receiving an inequitably large allocation of resources.
Generational inequity
Hashim, a 69-year-old, makes errors while performing tasks. He is unable to detect and correct the errors. He is also unable to deal effectively with difficult or novel circumstances. Given this information, it can be said that
Hashim has deficiencies in executive attention.
Rahim retired from his job at the age of 67. He and his wife, Fathima, have been maintaining a traditional family structure throughout their marriage. While Rahim went for work, Fathima was a homemaker. After retiring from his job, Rahim was able to maintain marital happiness and led a peaceful life with Fathima. Which of the following was Rahim most likely to have engaged in after retirement?
He would have helped Fathima around the house.
According to research by Baltes and his colleagues, which of the following statements about wisdom is true?
High levels of wisdom are rare.
Which of the following statements about retirement is true?
Higher levels of financial assets and job satisfaction are more strongly linked to men's higher psychological well-being in retirement.
Which of the following is a compensation strategy suggested by Baltes and his colleagues?
If things do not go well for you, be willing to let others help you
Why are older adults more likely to forget what items they wanted to buy at a grocery store (unless they write them down on a list and take it with them) than to forget how to drive a car?
Implicit memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging than explicit memory.
Which of the following is true of memory and aging?
Memory decline occurs primarily in explicit, episodic, and working memory.
Identify a true statement regarding remarriage in the United States.
Men tend to remarry after a divorce sooner than women do.
Which of the following statements is true regarding prospective memory?
Prospective memory involves remembering to do something in the future.
Sara is 17 years old. After being confused about her sexual orientation for a long time, Sara is finally able to identify herself as bisexual. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following is most likely to be true of Sara when she reaches old age?
She will appreciate the complexity of life.
Which of the following statements is true of mTOR pathway theory?.
Some scientists argue that the mTOR pathway is linked to longevity, the successful outcomes of calorie restriction, and reducing cognitive decline.
According to Erikson, who among the following is most likely to face a conflict between identity and confusion?
Teena, a 14-year-old who joins a new school after her family's relocation from California to Texas
In Hetherington's research, which of the following is a difference between the enhancers and the good-enoughs?
The enhancers are usually better at planning and are more persistent, in comparison with the good-enoughs.
In one cross-sectional study of self-esteem (Robins & others, 2002), researchers studied more than 300,000 individuals from 9 to 90 years of age. Which of the following was among the findings?
The self-esteem of males and females converged in their seventies and eighties.
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, the trajectory of motivation for knowledge-related goals peaks in
adolescence and early adulthood
Which of the following is true about gender differences in adult friendships?
adult male friendships are more competitive then those of women
According to recent studies, which of the following individuals showed lower levels of depressive symptoms?
adults with a secure attachment style
What is the triple jeopardy faced by African American and Latino women when it comes to income and financial levels of support in the elder years?
ageism, sexism, and racism
According to leading experts Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, individuals who ________ have a well-integrated sense of self-acceptance, self-esteem, and self-efficacy.
are securely attached
According to Erikson, which of the following stages of development does an individual experience in toddlerhood?
autonomy versus shame
Which of the following is among the preventive measures against osteoporosis in middle-aged women?
avoiding smoking
Remembering the name of a person's favorite toy from years ago when he or she was a child is an example of _____ memory.
episodic
Mae is 87 years old. She is most likely to have difficulty in understanding a person when he or she
calls her on the phone.
Gisela is suffering from a condition that involves thickening of the lenses of her eyes. This causes her vision to become cloudy or distorted. Identify the condition that Gisela is suffering from.
cataracts
_____ diseases have a slow onset and a long duration, and they are rare in early adulthood.
chronic
Which of the following is one of the best predictors of job performance in older adults?
cognitive ability
Lucas and Jonathan have been married for 15 years. When Lucas develops a potentially fatal lung disease, Jonathan retires in order to care for Lucas. This shows that Lucas and Jonathan's relationship has a high level of
commitment
A longitudinal study of more than 1,200 individuals across seven decades revealed that a higher score on the Big Five personality factor of _____ predicted a lower risk of earlier death from childhood through late adulthood.
conscientiousness
Which of the following improves adaptation to retirement?
cultivating interests unrelated to work
According to recent studies, which of the following is likely to improve the movement skills of individuals with Parkinson disease?
dance
Tasha is 68 years old. A change in her eating behavior over the years has led to harmful weight loss. Which of the following has most likely contributed to her weight loss?
decrease in snacking between meals
_____ refers to extended verbal expression in speech or writing.
discourse
Which of the following is/are the main treatment for Parkinson in the earlier stages?
dopamine agonists
Which of the following statements about cognitive mechanics and cognitive pragmatics is true?
educational qualifications and professional skills are components of cognitive pragmatics.
Following a divorce, Mildred goes back to college, renews old acquaintanceships, and takes up ballroom dancing. She starts focusing on her health and begins a fitness routine. A few months later, she meets an interesting person at a friend's party and enters into a romantic relationship with him. Based on Hetherington's research, Mildred is best described as a(n)
enhancer
According to E. Mavis Hetherington, the _____ were mostly women who "grew more competent, well-adjusted, and self-fulfilled" following their divorce.
enhancers
Which of the following scenarios will most likely increase the tendency of a child to become an introvert and create more emotional problems as an adult?
enrolling the child in a school that is overmanned
_____ are the leading cause of injury deaths among adults who are 65 years and older.
falls
Tara is 68 years old. In terms of percentage of total weight, which of following is most likely to increase in her late adulthood?
fat
According to research, which of the following is one of the most important characteristics men look for in a partner?
frugality
A cross-sectional study by Ursula Staudinger found that for adults from 85 to 105 years of age, _____ was most important in terms of personal investment.
health
Which of the following is an important factor in living the "good life" as an older adult in most cultures?
health
Shane is 67 years old. Although he does not have any disease, he goes for regular health checkups. Which of the following is likely to be observed in his medical report?
his chest has shrunk
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages is the most important issue to be negotiated in adolescence?
identity versus identity confusion
According to socioemotional selectivity theory, when does the emotional trajectory increase?
in late adulthood
Hajra describes how she feels about Rafael: "I'm very physically attracted to him, but we aren't what you would call emotionally close. I love being with him, but I don't know that this will be a long-lasting relationship." According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of love, which type of love is Hajra experiencing?
infatuation
Which of the following is Erikson's eighth stage of development?
integrity versus despair
The _____ plays an increasingly important role in providing access to information and communication for older adults as well as younger adults and youth.
internet
Theodore Wachs has proposed ways that linkages between temperament in childhood and personality in adulthood might vary depending on the
intervening contexts in individuals' experience
Erikson describes ________ as finding oneself while losing oneself in another person, and it requires a commitment to another person.
intimacy
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following stages occurs during early adulthood, after individuals are well on their way to establishing stable and successful identities?
intimacy versus isolation
Which of the following is a primary reason for the lowered brain volume of older adults, compared with that of younger adults?
lower numbers of synapses
A person with _____ does not feel well, loses stamina easily, has a poor appetite, and is listless and unmotivated.
major depression
Which of the following is an outcome of the growing trend of having fewer children?
men are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fathering
The tiny bodies within cells that supply essential energy for function, growth, and repair are known as
mitochondria
Calvin has just turned 90 years old. He would be considered among the
oldest-old
The _____ is involved in the sense of smell.
olfactory bulb
Which of the following is a parenting myth?
parenting is an instinctual process
In a classic study, Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer found that an important factor related to health, and even survival, in a nursing home is the
patient's feelings of control and self-determination
In a cross-sectional study of individuals ranging in age from 13 to 90 years, researchers found
physical
Which of the following is a factor that contributes to suicidal ideation?
physical discomfort
Which of the following is linked to more rapid onset of hearing difficulties in older adults?
poor nutrition and a lifetime of smoking
Which of the following is a use of the drug Namenda?
regulating the activity of glutamate
According to Mario Mikulincer and Phillip Shaver, when adults who are _________ face stress and adversity, they activate cognitive representations of security, are mindful of what is happening around them, and mobilize effective coping strategies.
securely attached
A person's knowledge about the world is called _____ memory.
semantic
Helen's knowledge of calculus and statistics is part of her _____ memory.
semantic
According to Ellen Berscheid, the most important ingredient of romantic love is
sexual desire
It is recommended that premarital education begin approximately
six months to a year before the wedding
In a cross-sectional study of individuals ranging in age from 13 to 90 years, researchers found that self-control was lowest in the _____ domain for individuals who were 13 to 18 years old.
social
Which of the following theories challenges the stereotype that older adults are in despair because of social isolation?
socioemotional selectivity theory
Which of the following is true of substance abuse?
substance abuse among older adults is an "invisible epidemic" in the United States.
_____ are DNA sequences that cap chromosomes.
telomeres
According to Erik Erikson, which of the following is true of individuals who do not develop an intimate relationship in early adulthood?
they face isolation
Which of the following observations about the connection between weight and mortality is supported by the research?
women who are 20 or more pounds underweight live longer