Developmental Psychology Chapter 1

Which of the following best describes Erikson's theory of development?

A multistage theory in which a developmental task in each stage confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

Which of the following statements is true with regard to conducting ethical research with human subjects at a college or university?

A research ethics committee must approve a study prior to its implementation.

______ processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature.

Biological

_______processes produce changes in an individual's physical nature.

Biological

Which theorist believed that development reflects the influence of five environmental systems?

Bronfenbrenner

refers to researchers' responsibility to keep the data collected private and anonymous.

Confidentiality

Which of the following is NOT a type of bias that is of special concern in studies of life-span development?

Correlational bias

_______takes place after a study has been completed, and participants are informed about the researchers' purpose and methods used.

Debriefing

(one word) research aims to observe and record behavior.

Descriptive

Which of the following types of research designs aims to observe and record behavior?

Descriptive

_______research aims to observe and record behavior.

Descriptive

Life-span ______ is the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Development

Which three of the following are key factors in social cognitive theory?

Environment, behavior, and cognition

Which psychoanalytic theorist proposed the eight-stage psychosocial theory of development?

Erikson

______ theory states that behavior is tied to evolution, is strongly affected by biological influence, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

Ethological

Deception (ethical principal)

For study purposes, participants are not told everything in advance because it would change their behavior and alter data. This is allowed as long as participants are not harmed.

A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of ______ bias.

Gender

refers to the nonbiological characteristics that lead people to identify as males or females.

Gender

Confidentiality (ethical principal)

Information on participants must not be published or revealed; ideally, participants' information will remain anonymous.

Which theoretical approach states that individuals develop a gradually increasing capacity for sensing, storing, and remembering data that allows them to acquire increasingly complex knowledge and skills?

Information processing

Which theory of development emphasizes individuals manipulating, monitoring, and strategizing about information?

Information-processing theory

Which of the following is an example of a normative history-graded influence?

Integration of the Internet into everyday life

What two processes underlie Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

Organization and adaptation

Informed Consent (ethical principal)

Participants must have information on the costs and benefits of their participation. They must be told that they have the right to withdraw.

Debriefing (ethical principal)

Participants will be advised of the purpose of the study and methods used once their participation has ended.

Which type of theory emphasizes work in the areas of unconscious thoughts and past experiences?

Psychoanalytic

father of psychoanalytic theory

Sigmund Freud

Which four of the following concepts are particularly useful when studying the sociocultural context?

Socioeconomic status, gender, culture, and ethnicity.

True or false: The life-span perspective involves sociocultural and individual factors, but not biological factors.

The life-span perspective does not include biological factors.

Which framework outlines how research in life-span development should be conducted?

The scientific method

Which of the following are possible reasons for the finding that happiness increases as people age?

There is less pressure to achieve for older people, Older people have better relationships, Older people have years of experience in problem-solving.

Which of Erikson's stages of development occurs during the first year of life?

Trust versus mistrust

The "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as

a biological perspective.

Each of Piaget's age-related stages consists of:

a distinct way of thinking.

Relying on a single theory to explain adolescent development would probably be:

a mistake.

The developmental periods are approximate______ranges, and there are also variations in individuals' capabilities.

age

The "nurture" portion of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as:

an environmental perspective on how people develop.

When does the prenatal period of development begin?

at conception

Ethological theory stresses ______ factors, and ecological theory emphasizes ______ factors.

biological; environmental

Which of the following are examples of biological processes that affect development?

brain development, weight gain, Genes inherited from parents, Cardiovascular decline, Hormonal changes of puberty

Which theoretical view holds that behavior, environment, and cognition are the key factors in development?

bundura's social cognitive theory

A research strategy that simultaneously compares people of different ages is known as the ______ approach.

cross-sectional

Dr. Brandon has to decide what form of research would work best with his research study. Since he hopes to complete his research within 6 months and is planning to assess different age groups of participants only once, he chooses the ______ research approach.

cross-sectional

As compared to Freud, today's psychoanalytic theorists place more emphasis on ______ as determinants of an individual's development.

cultural experiences

________encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from generation to generation.

culture

Which of the following are key characteristics of Vygotsky's theory? (Select all that apply)

culture and social interaction

Observation, surveys, interviews, standardized testing, physiological measures, and case studies are all methods of _____ collection.

data

The study of life span ______ includes the journey from conception to death.

development

The perspective that does not rigidly believe in any one theoretical perspective but considers multiple theories and selects the best features from each is known as a(n) ______ theoretical orientation.

eclectic

Joey is 21 years old. He is looking at his career options and who and what he wants to be. These choices are typical of an individual in the stage of ______ adulthood.

emerging

The transition from adolescence to adulthood, lasting from about age 18 to 25 and characterized by exploration and experimentation, is referred to as _____adulthood.

emerging

The term ______ comes from the Greek word for "nation."

ethnicity

True or false: The use of deception in research is strictly prohibited by the American Psychological Association's (APA) ethical guidelines.

false

True or false: Life-span development focuses mostly on the rapid growth and development that occurs during childhood.

false, the focus of life-span development is from conception to death.

A researcher draws conclusions about females' attitudes and behaviors from research conducted with males as the only participants. This is an example of _______ bias

gender

A sexual reawakening characterizes Freud's ______ psychosexual stage of development.

genital

In general, research on happiness has found that older people in the United States are

happier than younger people.

Which of the following are some of the methods of data collection used by developmental researchers?

interviews, standardized testing, and ovservations

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is FALSE?

level of education is an aspect of ethnicity.

Developmental science is ______ because researchers from many fields, including psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists, are interested in studying development through the life span.

multidisciplinary

A______ life event is an unusual occurrence that has a major influence on a person's life and may not occur for other people at the same time.

nonnormative

Patrick's mother died when he was 7 years old. This major impact on his life is best described as a _____

nonnormative life event

A ______ age-graded influence is one that is similar for people of a particular age group

normative

Most children in the United States start school when they are 5 or 6 years of age. This occurrence would best be described as a _____.

normative age-graded influence

Adele and Bettina shared the experience of the Cuban missile crisis during their senior year in high school. This is an example of a ________.

normative history-graded influence

A researcher who supports the ______ perspective of human development would point to influences such as family, schools, nutrition, accidents, and media, among others.

nurture

According to Freud, what are the five stages of psychosexual development?

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Marian Wright Edelman, a children's rights activist, believes that ______ is our society's most important function and needs to be taken more seriously than we have in the past.

parenting and nurturing the next generation of children

Infant mortality rate and the percentage of children living in_____ provide information for evaluating how well children are doing in a particular society.

poverty

The ____period of development is the time from conception to birth. (Watch your spelling!)

prenatal

According to Erikson, humans develop in ______ stages.

psychosocial

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized

sexual instincts.

According to today's psychoanalytic theories, Freud's theory overemphasized:

sexual instincts.

Freud believed that the primary motivation for human behavior is ______ in nature, whereas Erikson believed that is was ______

sexual; social

______ policy is a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens. It is affected by economics, values, and politics.

social

Vygotsky maintained that development is inseparable from:

social and cultural activities.

Culture, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are ______ components of life-span development.

sociocultural

A(n) _____ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain phenomena and make predictions.

theory

Jessica has formed an interrelated set of ideas to explain the phenomenon of social anxiety. Jessica has formed a(n):

theory

Which of the following refers to an individual who adopts a gender that differs from the one assigned to them at birth?

transgender

Which of the following is NOT a reason for conducting research in life-span development?

To determine whether development is important

True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

True, Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers are all interested in studying development across the life span.

Which of the following is included in studying life-span development where we will learn information about ourselves? (Select all that apply)

Who we are, how we came to be this way, how we will age.

The "nature" part of the nature vs. nurture controversy is best described as:

a biological perspective.

Dr. Xiong is comparing aspects of the populations of Uganda and Denmark. Her research is best described as ____

cross-cultural

According to ______, the presence or absence of certain experiences is especially important during specific time frames called critical periods.

ethologists

Which of the following correctly describes the life span in the study of human development?

it begins at birth, it occurs throughout life, it involves growth and change.

Which of the following correctly describes the life span in the study of human development? (Select all that apply)

it involves growth and change and it occurs throughout life.

Which of the following aspects is related to the life-span perspective of development?

it is lifelong, it is multidimensional, it is multidirectional.

A(n) ______ is a controlled setting for scientific observation, in which many of the complex factors of the "real world" are absent.

laboratory

Two-year-old Stacey and her mom, Patricia, have gone to the university to participate in a study. While they play together with some puppets, a researcher watches them from behind a one-way mirror. The researcher is utilizing:

laboratory research.

True or false: Developmental science is multidisciplinary because researchers from different disciplines are interested in studying development across the life span.

true

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development is the stage of ______ versus ______.

trust; mistrust