Developmental Psychology I: Child Quiz 4

knowledge telling

writing ideas in whatever order they come to mind, with little regard for communicating the ideas effectively

expressive language

written or spoken language used to convey thoughts

oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that is linked with loving feelings

implicit association test

A technique for revealing non-conscious prejudices toward particular groups.

overregularization

Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.

self-conscious emotions

Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"

language disorders

Impairments in one's ability to understand language or to express ideas in one's native language.

early childhood language development

adding morphemes to change words, slowly expanding vocabulary

basic emotions

an automatic and unlearned set of emotions that arise early in development and have a biological basis

enrichment approach

an educational approach for gifted children in which the curriculum is covered but in greater depth, breadth, or complexity than is done in a typical classroom

anxious resistant attachment

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion

anxious ambivalent attachment

an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's reluctance to leave caregiver and intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

examples of basic emotions

anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Whole language approach

approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues

academic mindsets

deeply held beliefs that influence our behaviors in academic settings; changing these can help level the playing field

intellectual disability

deficits in intellectual, social, adaptive functioning

telegraphic speech

early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs in short two-word statements

cooing

early vowel-like sounds that babies produce

sympathy

feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune

transition from high school to college

first time away from home, autonomous, think critically, have to be autonomous, accept critical feedback and open to failure

individualistic culture emotions

general trend to be more expressive

syntax

grammar of a language, ordering and changing of a word

Wernicke's area

involved in language comprehension; located near the primary auditory cortex

Broca's area

involved in language production; located near motor center of brain

phobia

irrational fear of something specific that interferes with normal function

convergent thinking

narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

boy's academic performance

not as good as girls; there are calls to make more boy-friendly learning environment with experiential learning

anxiety disorder

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety that interferes with everyday activities

giftedness

refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership; high performance capability in intellectual, creative, artistic areas, etc.

Higher intelligence

related to the thickness of the cerebral cortex; longer period of myelin development

fastmapping

single exposure to a word leads children to intuit its meaning based on constraints, grammar

expectancy effects

the effect that the expectations of others can have on one's self-perception and behavior

social promotion

passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials of the previous grade level

syntactic bootstrapping

the strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meanings of words

cognitive processing theory

the theory that learning language is a process of "data crunching" in which the actual process of learning words and their meanings relies on the computational ability of the human brain

Big-C creativity

the type of creativity that transforms a culture by impacting the way we think or live our lives

small-c creativity

the type of creativity we use in everyday life to solve problems and adapt to change

Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT)

theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain

prenatal language development

unborn babies are capable of hearing spoken language

receptive language

ability to understand words or sentences

PEER strategy

- Prompt the child to talk about the story - Evaluate the child's response - Expand upon it by rephrasing or adding info - Repeat the expanded utterances

characteristics used to measure temperament

-activity level -adaptability -approach or withdrawal -attention span -persistence -distractibility -intensity of reactions -quality of mood -regularity -threshold of responsiveness

Ways that poverty negatively impacts education

-poor health, lack of resources, including after-school activities -frightening environments -familial instability -low-quality schools, inadequate facilities -discrimination

metalinguistic ability

Ability to understand and talk about language while assuming that words are not the same as what they mean

visual cliff experiment for emotions

Infants reacted more to display of anxiety by the father than by the mother

emergent literacy

Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school. Examples include how to hold a book and turn pages

Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Many defined types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existential

semantics

Meaning of words and sentences

social (pragmatic) communication disorder

Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication

ESL programs

Students spend part of day in classes to learn English language and part in academic classes conducted entirely in English. -goal is to transition into full English classes sooner

anxiety

The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen

heritage language

The language spoken in the student's home or by members of the family.

ability grouping

The process of placing students of similar abilities into groups and attempting to match instruction to the needs of these groups.

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

difficult temperament

a child's general responsiveness marked by a more negative mood, intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination

easy temperament

a child's general responsiveness marked by positive mood, easy adaptation to change, and regularity and predictability in patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination

three-ring model of giftedness

a conception of giftedness as the intersection of above average intellectual ability, creativity, and task commitment

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

major depression

a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities

Head Start Program

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

slow-to-warm temperament

a general responsiveness marked by a slow adaptation to new experiences and moderate irregularity in eating, sleeping, and elimination

specific learning disorder

a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment

universal grammar

a proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

language

a system of symbols used to communicate with others

dialogic reading

a technique used to facilitate early literacy, which involves an adult and a child looking at a book together while the adult asks questions and encourages a dialogue, followed by switching roles so the child asks questions of the adult

disorganized attachment

a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return

accelerated program

a type of program that allows gifted students to move through the standard curriculum more quickly than is typical

knowledge transforming

a type of writing in which the goal is to convey a deeper understanding of a subject by taking information and transforming it into ideas that can be shared with a reader

emotional intelligence

ability to understand and control one's emotions and the emotions of others, and to use this undrestanding in human interactions

externalizing behaviors

aggressive or destructive behaviors that involve child "acting out" on the environment

emotional schemas

all the associations and interpretations that an individual connects to a certain emotion sadness is expressed based on what our conception of sadness looks like

balanced reading approach

an approach to teaching reading that combines elements of the whole language approach (which emphasizes comprehension and meaning) with elements of the phonics approach (which emphasizes decoding of words)

taxonomic constraint

an assumption language learners make that two objects that have features in common can have a name in common, but that each object also can have its own individual name

whole object bias

an assumption made by language learners that a word describes an entire object rather than just some portion of it

mutual exclusivity constraint

an assumption made by language learners that there is only one name for an object

internalizing behaviors

behaviors in which a child's emotions are turned inward and become hurtful to themselves

shame

blame directed inward about ourselves

guilt

blame directed inward for a certain behavior

interactionism

both biological readiness and language experience come together to bring about language development

Separation Anxiety Disorder

child is fearful when away from parent or caregiver; child can't tolerate separation as appropriate for the child's age

disinhibited social engagement disorder

child is indiscriminate in whom he goes to, does not seem to have any special relationship with caregiver, and behavior is the same whether he is interacting with a stranger or someone he knows well

reactive attachment disorder

child is not able to form any attachment with caregivers, is withdrawn from caregivers, and shows disturbance in both social and emotional functioning.

secure base script

child's expectation for how their distress will be met with care, concern and support

marshmallow study

children were given a marshmallow and told if they waited to eat it they could get another one those who waited did better later on than those who didn't

speech sound disorder

difficulty producing one sound or using proper sounds

Infant Language Development

distinguish sounds in all languages, narrow to sounds native to the infant's first language

divergent thinking

expanding the number of possible problem solutions

executive function

higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving; controls our attention, plan ahead, organize our responses, allot cognitive resources where they need to go.

vasopressin

hormone linked with the ability to recognize familiar individuals

nativism

human brains are innately wired to learn language; hearing spoken language activates a universal grammar

morpheme

in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning

range of reaction

the range of potential outcomes for any given genotype

Social Cognitive approach to language

infants learn language through imitating other people using the language

Behaviorist approach to language

infants learn language through operant conditioning; desired response to stating a word will cause the child to use the word that way even more

examples of self-conscious emotions

jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt

egocentric speech

language that fails to consider the viewpoint of the listener

toddlerhood language development

learning single words at a time; vocabulary bursts to 200-500 words at age 2

emotion-coaching parents

monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

less individual centered culture emotions

more acceptable to display shame or guilt, since you express interest in improving

Mary Ainsworth's strange situation

observed child's behavior when mom was present, when mom left, when "stranger" enters, and when mom returns (reunion was most important)

constraints

principles used by toddlers that eliminate alternatives considered by the child as they learn a language

dyslexia

problems decoding written language: more active right brain, Broca's area

two-way immersion program

programs in which children who are native speakers of English and children who are not work together in a classroom where both English and the children's other native language are used

semantic bootstrapping

relying on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules

recast

repeating what children say but in a more advanced grammar to facilitate language learning

echolia

senseless repetition of a word or phrase spoken by another

phoneme

smallest unit of sound in a language

private speech

speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves

stages of humor

stage 0: infants laugh without connection to humor stage 1: laughter at attachment figure - social humor with parents, like peek-a-boo stage 2: treating an object as a different object - using a stuffed animal as a phone stage 3: misnaming objects or actions stage 4: experimenting with rhyming, made-up words that don't directly relate to anything stage 5: riddles and jokes - start memorizing jokes to start conversation stage 6: teens prefer spontaneous wit and amusing anecdotes

babbling

stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds

collaborative learning

students with different abilities work on a common goal. Promotes higher achievement, better self-esteem, greater social competency

phonology

study of sounds in a language

morphology

study of the way words are formed from phonemes and how the sounds are related to other words

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment

panic disorder

sudden intense feeling of terror and dread accompanied by physical sensations

phonics approach

teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations

Analytical intelligence

the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving

Creative intelligence

the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems

effortful control

the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination

practical intelligence

the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge

empathy

the ability to understand and share the feelings of another

discourse skills

the ability to understand whether a story or information someone is hearing makes logical sense

delay of gratification

the ability to wait until later to get something desirable

stereotype threat

the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

pragmatics

the appropriate use of language in different contexts

emotion

the body's physiological reaction to a situation, cognitive interpretation of the situation, communication to another person, and your own actions

fear

the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being

internal working model of attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

temperament

the general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events

child-directed speech

the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants

goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

self-fulfilling prophecy

the process by which expectations lead to behaviors that guarantee the fulfillment of the expectation

immersion programs

total English instruction tailored to current level

social referencing

using reactions of others to determine how to react in ambiguous situations

generalized anxiety disorder

vague but persistent worry that something bad is about to happen

emotion-dismissing parents

view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

talent development approach

whatever a kid does well should be promoted