Developmental Psychology I: Child Quiz 4
knowledge telling
writing ideas in whatever order they come to mind, with little regard for communicating the ideas effectively
expressive language
written or spoken language used to convey thoughts
oxytocin
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that is linked with loving feelings
implicit association test
A technique for revealing non-conscious prejudices toward particular groups.
overregularization
Applying a grammatical rule too widely and thereby creating incorrect forms.
self-conscious emotions
Emotions that require self-awareness, especially consciousness and a sense of "me"
language disorders
Impairments in one's ability to understand language or to express ideas in one's native language.
early childhood language development
adding morphemes to change words, slowly expanding vocabulary
basic emotions
an automatic and unlearned set of emotions that arise early in development and have a biological basis
enrichment approach
an educational approach for gifted children in which the curriculum is covered but in greater depth, breadth, or complexity than is done in a typical classroom
anxious resistant attachment
an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion
anxious ambivalent attachment
an insecure attachment style characterized by a child's reluctance to leave caregiver and intense distress when reunited with a primary caregiver after separation
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence
examples of basic emotions
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
Whole language approach
approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual clues
academic mindsets
deeply held beliefs that influence our behaviors in academic settings; changing these can help level the playing field
intellectual disability
deficits in intellectual, social, adaptive functioning
telegraphic speech
early speech stage in which a child speaks using mostly nouns and verbs in short two-word statements
cooing
early vowel-like sounds that babies produce
sympathy
feelings of pity and sorrow for someone else's misfortune
transition from high school to college
first time away from home, autonomous, think critically, have to be autonomous, accept critical feedback and open to failure
individualistic culture emotions
general trend to be more expressive
syntax
grammar of a language, ordering and changing of a word
Wernicke's area
involved in language comprehension; located near the primary auditory cortex
Broca's area
involved in language production; located near motor center of brain
phobia
irrational fear of something specific that interferes with normal function
convergent thinking
narrows the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution
boy's academic performance
not as good as girls; there are calls to make more boy-friendly learning environment with experiential learning
anxiety disorder
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety that interferes with everyday activities
giftedness
refers to superior IQ combined with demonstrated or potential ability in such areas as academic aptitude, creativity, and leadership; high performance capability in intellectual, creative, artistic areas, etc.
Higher intelligence
related to the thickness of the cerebral cortex; longer period of myelin development
fastmapping
single exposure to a word leads children to intuit its meaning based on constraints, grammar
expectancy effects
the effect that the expectations of others can have on one's self-perception and behavior
social promotion
passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials of the previous grade level
syntactic bootstrapping
the strategy of using the grammatical structure of whole sentences to figure out meanings of words
cognitive processing theory
the theory that learning language is a process of "data crunching" in which the actual process of learning words and their meanings relies on the computational ability of the human brain
Big-C creativity
the type of creativity that transforms a culture by impacting the way we think or live our lives
small-c creativity
the type of creativity we use in everyday life to solve problems and adapt to change
Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory (P-FIT)
theory that proposes that intelligence comes from a distributed and integrated network of neurons in the parietal and frontal lobes of the brain
prenatal language development
unborn babies are capable of hearing spoken language
receptive language
ability to understand words or sentences
PEER strategy
- Prompt the child to talk about the story - Evaluate the child's response - Expand upon it by rephrasing or adding info - Repeat the expanded utterances
characteristics used to measure temperament
-activity level -adaptability -approach or withdrawal -attention span -persistence -distractibility -intensity of reactions -quality of mood -regularity -threshold of responsiveness
Ways that poverty negatively impacts education
-poor health, lack of resources, including after-school activities -frightening environments -familial instability -low-quality schools, inadequate facilities -discrimination
metalinguistic ability
Ability to understand and talk about language while assuming that words are not the same as what they mean
visual cliff experiment for emotions
Infants reacted more to display of anxiety by the father than by the mother
emergent literacy
Knowledge and skills relating to reading that children usually develop from experience with books and other print media before the beginning of formal reading instruction in school. Examples include how to hold a book and turn pages
Gardner's Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Many defined types of intelligence: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist, existential
semantics
Meaning of words and sentences
social (pragmatic) communication disorder
Persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
ESL programs
Students spend part of day in classes to learn English language and part in academic classes conducted entirely in English. -goal is to transition into full English classes sooner
anxiety
The condition of feeling uneasy or worried about what may happen
heritage language
The language spoken in the student's home or by members of the family.
ability grouping
The process of placing students of similar abilities into groups and attempting to match instruction to the needs of these groups.
Flynn effect
The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations
difficult temperament
a child's general responsiveness marked by a more negative mood, intense responses, slow adaptation to change, and irregular patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
easy temperament
a child's general responsiveness marked by positive mood, easy adaptation to change, and regularity and predictability in patterns of eating, sleeping, and elimination
three-ring model of giftedness
a conception of giftedness as the intersection of above average intellectual ability, creativity, and task commitment
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
major depression
a disorder characterized by severe negative moods or a lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
Head Start Program
a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status
slow-to-warm temperament
a general responsiveness marked by a slow adaptation to new experiences and moderate irregularity in eating, sleeping, and elimination
specific learning disorder
a marked deficit in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, or by an unusually stressful home environment
universal grammar
a proposed set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages
secure attachment
a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
language
a system of symbols used to communicate with others
dialogic reading
a technique used to facilitate early literacy, which involves an adult and a child looking at a book together while the adult asks questions and encourages a dialogue, followed by switching roles so the child asks questions of the adult
disorganized attachment
a type of attachment that is marked by an infant's inconsistent reactions to the caregiver's departure and return
accelerated program
a type of program that allows gifted students to move through the standard curriculum more quickly than is typical
knowledge transforming
a type of writing in which the goal is to convey a deeper understanding of a subject by taking information and transforming it into ideas that can be shared with a reader
emotional intelligence
ability to understand and control one's emotions and the emotions of others, and to use this undrestanding in human interactions
externalizing behaviors
aggressive or destructive behaviors that involve child "acting out" on the environment
emotional schemas
all the associations and interpretations that an individual connects to a certain emotion sadness is expressed based on what our conception of sadness looks like
balanced reading approach
an approach to teaching reading that combines elements of the whole language approach (which emphasizes comprehension and meaning) with elements of the phonics approach (which emphasizes decoding of words)
taxonomic constraint
an assumption language learners make that two objects that have features in common can have a name in common, but that each object also can have its own individual name
whole object bias
an assumption made by language learners that a word describes an entire object rather than just some portion of it
mutual exclusivity constraint
an assumption made by language learners that there is only one name for an object
internalizing behaviors
behaviors in which a child's emotions are turned inward and become hurtful to themselves
shame
blame directed inward about ourselves
guilt
blame directed inward for a certain behavior
interactionism
both biological readiness and language experience come together to bring about language development
Separation Anxiety Disorder
child is fearful when away from parent or caregiver; child can't tolerate separation as appropriate for the child's age
disinhibited social engagement disorder
child is indiscriminate in whom he goes to, does not seem to have any special relationship with caregiver, and behavior is the same whether he is interacting with a stranger or someone he knows well
reactive attachment disorder
child is not able to form any attachment with caregivers, is withdrawn from caregivers, and shows disturbance in both social and emotional functioning.
secure base script
child's expectation for how their distress will be met with care, concern and support
marshmallow study
children were given a marshmallow and told if they waited to eat it they could get another one those who waited did better later on than those who didn't
speech sound disorder
difficulty producing one sound or using proper sounds
Infant Language Development
distinguish sounds in all languages, narrow to sounds native to the infant's first language
divergent thinking
expanding the number of possible problem solutions
executive function
higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving; controls our attention, plan ahead, organize our responses, allot cognitive resources where they need to go.
vasopressin
hormone linked with the ability to recognize familiar individuals
nativism
human brains are innately wired to learn language; hearing spoken language activates a universal grammar
morpheme
in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning
range of reaction
the range of potential outcomes for any given genotype
Social Cognitive approach to language
infants learn language through imitating other people using the language
Behaviorist approach to language
infants learn language through operant conditioning; desired response to stating a word will cause the child to use the word that way even more
examples of self-conscious emotions
jealousy, empathy, embarrassment, pride, shame, guilt
egocentric speech
language that fails to consider the viewpoint of the listener
toddlerhood language development
learning single words at a time; vocabulary bursts to 200-500 words at age 2
emotion-coaching parents
monitor their children's emotions, view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching, assist them in labeling emotions, and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions
less individual centered culture emotions
more acceptable to display shame or guilt, since you express interest in improving
Mary Ainsworth's strange situation
observed child's behavior when mom was present, when mom left, when "stranger" enters, and when mom returns (reunion was most important)
constraints
principles used by toddlers that eliminate alternatives considered by the child as they learn a language
dyslexia
problems decoding written language: more active right brain, Broca's area
two-way immersion program
programs in which children who are native speakers of English and children who are not work together in a classroom where both English and the children's other native language are used
semantic bootstrapping
relying on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules
recast
repeating what children say but in a more advanced grammar to facilitate language learning
echolia
senseless repetition of a word or phrase spoken by another
phoneme
smallest unit of sound in a language
private speech
speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves
stages of humor
stage 0: infants laugh without connection to humor stage 1: laughter at attachment figure - social humor with parents, like peek-a-boo stage 2: treating an object as a different object - using a stuffed animal as a phone stage 3: misnaming objects or actions stage 4: experimenting with rhyming, made-up words that don't directly relate to anything stage 5: riddles and jokes - start memorizing jokes to start conversation stage 6: teens prefer spontaneous wit and amusing anecdotes
babbling
stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds
collaborative learning
students with different abilities work on a common goal. Promotes higher achievement, better self-esteem, greater social competency
phonology
study of sounds in a language
morphology
study of the way words are formed from phonemes and how the sounds are related to other words
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment
panic disorder
sudden intense feeling of terror and dread accompanied by physical sensations
phonics approach
teaching reading by first teaching the sounds of each letter and of various letter combinations
Analytical intelligence
the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving
Creative intelligence
the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems
effortful control
the ability to regulate one's emotions and actions through effort, not simply through natural inclination
practical intelligence
the ability to solve everyday problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge
empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
discourse skills
the ability to understand whether a story or information someone is hearing makes logical sense
delay of gratification
the ability to wait until later to get something desirable
stereotype threat
the apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype
pragmatics
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
emotion
the body's physiological reaction to a situation, cognitive interpretation of the situation, communication to another person, and your own actions
fear
the central nervous system's physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one's well-being
internal working model of attachment
the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figure(s), and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of experiences with caregivers. The working model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages
temperament
the general emotional style an individual displays in responding to events
child-directed speech
the high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants
goodness of fit
the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
self-fulfilling prophecy
the process by which expectations lead to behaviors that guarantee the fulfillment of the expectation
immersion programs
total English instruction tailored to current level
social referencing
using reactions of others to determine how to react in ambiguous situations
generalized anxiety disorder
vague but persistent worry that something bad is about to happen
emotion-dismissing parents
view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions
talent development approach
whatever a kid does well should be promoted