DHN 101 Exam 2 (ch. 5-7)
Healthy mid aged male after consuming a meal...
Blood glucose level increases Beta cells in the pancreas release insulin. Cells respond to insulin and take up glucose. Blood glucose level decreases back to normal levels.
the less common form of diabetes is an autoimmune disease...
autoimmune diseases that results in no pancreatic insulin.
Which of the following conditions is a common sign or symptom of untreated type 1 diabetes?
hyperglycemia
Which of the following conditions is clearly associated with eating dietary carbohydrates, especially sticky sugars?
hypertension
Primary sources of added sugars in a typical diet...
include sugar-sweetened beverages.
Major type of diabetes is characterized by...
insulin resistance.
Glucose
is a primary fuel for muscles and other cells
Insoluble fiber..
is in whole-grain products, including brown rice.
Dietary Guidelines (2015-2020)
people should limit their intake of saturated fatty acids to less than 10 percent of total calories keep trans fat and cholesterol intakes as low as possible.
Homocysteine...
possible marker for cardiovascular disease
Small intestine
primary site of triglyceride digestion and absorption
Complete Protein
provides adequate amounts of all essential amino acids.
A protein...
provides the same amount of energy per gram as a carbohydrate
What happens to excessive protein intake?
the excess amino acids can contribute to dehydration.
Diabetes is...
the leading cause of death in the United States.
Nutrients role in a body...
the primary role of glucose is to provide energy for cellular metabolism.
Liver
this organ receives glucose molecules by way of the hepatic portal vein. This occurs after sugars are absorbed into the intestinal bloodstream.
Each amino acid contains...
three different groups of atoms
Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include...
tobacco use
People gain weight when...
total intake of kilocalories from macronutrients and the non-nutrient alcohol exceeds their energy needs.
Lipoporteins
transport lipids in the bloodstream
5 percent of diabetes cases are...
type 1 diabetes, formally called juvenile-onset diabetes.
Which of the following physical states is characterized by positive nitrogen balance?
Puberty
Salivary amylase (salivary gland)
When you take a bite of a whole-grain cracker, an enzyme released from these glands begins to digest some of the starch in the cracker.
empty stomach causes...
blood glucose drops, which prompts your pancreas to release glucagon to stimulate breakdown of glycogen in the liver into glucose.
Type 1 diabetes who are not being treated..
blood sugar remain high for several hours after eating a meal because their pancreas does not make and release insulin.
after eating a large meal (pasta)
blood sugar rises and the pancreas releases insulin in an attempt to shuttle blood sugar into your cells.
Amino group
contains the nitrogen atom
Which of the following foods has a high glycemic index?
cornflakes cereal
Modifable risk factors for cardiovascular disease...
diabetes excess body fat tobacco use
Compared to a traditional diet that is based on animals foods, a vegan diet is higher in....
dietary fiber
To fulfill dietary guidelines...
diets should emphasize the consumption of fish, nuts and vegetable oils
R group
differs with each amino acid, identifies the molecule as a particular amino acid
Complementary protein
eating 2 or more of these incomplete proteins together form a
Not modifable risk factors for cardiovascular disesase...
family history age racial/ethnic background
Rich sources of polyunsaturated fat...
fatty fish soybean oil
type of diabetes to occur during pregnancy
gestational diabetes, increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes after giving birth
Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
group of diseases characterized by abnormal glucose, fat and protein metabolism.
Which of the following substances is a disaccharide?
maltose
Proteins roles in the body...
needed to make body components maintains fluid balance needed to make certain hormones contributes to immune function promotes satiety
Nonnutritive Sweetener
supply no energy per serving Examples: aspartame, saccharin, acesulfame-K, neotame, sucralose, and stevia leaf extracts
Which of the following foods is the best source of EPA and DHA?
tuna fatty fish good sources of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids
Which of the following foods contains incomplete protein?
A handful of peanuts
Carbohydrates per gram
4 kilcalories
A sign of marasmus is...
wasting
Majority of americans
with diabetes have type 2 diabetes, formally called adult-onset diabetes
Adult RDA for protein
0.8 g/kg of body weight
Nonessential amino acid
11 in total cysteine alanine aspartic acid glutamic acid serine asparagine
Essential amino acids
9 in total threonine tryptophan Lysine Methionine
Fat per gram
9 kilocalories
Protein per gram
4 kilocalories
What is the RDA for protein of a healthy adult woman who weights 62 kg?
49.6 g
what controls the assembly of amino acids into protein in cells?
DNA
Drinking during pregnancy can lead to what and what are signs?
FAS a sign is a thin upper lip in the baby
Which of the following foods generally provides the least amount of protein per serving?
Fruits
Triglyceride digestion in order
Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal Bile slats emulsify fats into smaller particles Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides Bile salts surround the fatty acids and monoglycerides to form a micelle Micelles help transport monoglycerides and fatty acids into the absorptive cells of the small intestine. The monoglycerides and fatty aicds are reformed into Triglycerides
Which of the following foods is a source of complementary protein?
Mashed chickpeas spread on pita bread
Rich sources of saturated fat..
Meat butter
Which of the following statements is false?
Proteins are part of triglycerides.
Large intestine
Some soluble fiber is fermented by bacteria. The bacteria in this organ ferment some of the crackers soluble fiber.
Type 2 Diabetes signs..
Sores on feet not healing Thirstier in the past Frequent trips to bathroom to urinate Blood sugar remains high after meals because cells do not respond to insulin.
Type 2 diabetes is...
often associated with excess body weight
Rich sources of monounsaturated fat...
olive oil peanut oil
Rectum
Very little carbohydrate form the cracker remains by the time food reaches this part of the digestive tract. Very little dietary carbohydrate is excreted in feces.
Stomach
When the cracker reaches this organ, the digestion of the cracker's starch stops. Activity of salivary amylase stops in the acidic environment here.
Trans fatty acids are...
a by-product of the hydrogenation process
Emulsifier
a compound that can suspend fat in water example: egg yolks contains the phospholipid lecithin mayonnaise
Synthesis of a specific protein is the end product of a number of intermediate steps (in order)
a gene is transcribed, producing messenger RNA Messanger RNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm of the cell. Messenger RNA travels to the ribosomes where the mRNA code is translated to produce a specific protein. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA link amino acids together to produce a polypeptide chain. The polypeptide chain twists and folds into three-dimensional structure of the protein coded for by the gene.
Glucose regulation
a number of hormones play an important role in this.
Nutritive Sweeters
add energy to foods and beverages Examples: Sugar, Fructose, Sorbitol, Dextrose, and Corn Syrup
Fats in foods...
add taste and contribute to mouth feel
Insulin (Chapter 5)
allows cells to take in glucose.
Phospholipids
are partially water-solube
Proteins or amino acids
are the building blocks
heart raising...
body releases epinephrine, which increases glycogen breakdown in the liver and raises your blood sugar.
Which of the following tips is a recommended way to reduce food costs?
buying food in bulk, if it can be used before spoiling
Carbon skeleton
can be converted to glucose and used for energy, important component of an amino acid because the body can convert this to glucose and use the simple sugar for energy
Excess dietary protein and amino acids...
can be used for energy
Good source of omega-3 fatty acids...
canned salmon
Which of the following statements is true?
certain fish are rich sources of omega-3 fatty acids
The body converts some of the monosaccharide...
glucose into fat, but much of the excess is burned for energy.
Which of the following signs is associated with metabolic syndrome?
high fasting blood glucose
plant foods are
high in fiber and contain no cholesterol or trans fat and little saturated fat.
Insulin..
is the hormone that enables glucose to enter cells
Deamination
is the process of removing nitrogen from an amino acid.
Incomplete protein
lacks adequate amounts of one or more of the essential amino acids
Fat digestion in order
minor digestion of fat in stomach through the action of a lipase in saliva. liver produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder and released through the bile duct into the small intestine. Small intestine is the primary site for digestion and absorption of lipids. 5% of ingested fat is normally excreted in the feces
Small intestine
most carbohydrate absorption occurs here. The starch in the cracker is digested and its component monosaccharides are absorbed in this organ.
A saturated fatty acid has...
no double bounds with the hydrocarbon chain
